Armadilha de iliquidez: Sujeitos superendividados e suas consequências cognitivas

Toro-García, Guillermo León; Cobo, Sandra Balanta; Castellanos, Alexander Alegría

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ARTÍCULOS • Rev. adm. empres. 64 (1) • 2024 • https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-759020240103 copiar

Armadilha de iliquidez: Sujeitos superendividados e suas consequências cognitivas

Autoria SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

RESUMO

Esta pesquisa visa demonstrar a existência de um esgotamento da função cognitiva dos devedores como resultado de uma concentração de sua atenção em preocupações e problemas financeiros. Para tanto, o caso de oito pessoas residentes em três cidades colombianas que sofreram um cenário de endividamento problemático e passaram por um processo de insolvência foi estudado por meio de entrevistas. Os resultados obtidos são consistentes com a proposta teórico-empírica de Mullainathan e Shafir (2013)Mullainathan, S., & Shafir, E. (2013). Scarcity: Why having too little means so much. Henry Holt and Company. sobre o desgaste cognitivo de pessoas com sensação de escassez. Este trabalho contribui para a literatura empírica existente e representa um primeiro passo em direção à existência de uma armadilha de iliquidez da dívida que leva os devedores a perpetuar sua situação financeira crítica.

Palavras-chave:
superendividamento; escassez; armadilha de escassez; atenção; julgamento e tomada de decisões

				Participante
	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8
Edad	49 años	49 años	51 años	54 años	57 años	60 años	59 años	54 años
Sexo	Mujer	Hombre	Hombre	Mujer	Hombre	Hombre	Hombre	Hombre
Estrato socioeconómico	4	5	4	5	4	3	6	3
Domicilio	Cali	Cali	Bogotá	Cali	Barranquilla	Cali	Bogotá	Cali
Nivel educativo	Pregrado	Maestría	Esp.	Pregrado	Esp.	Técnico	Pregrado	Esp.
Número de hijos	2	1	2	2	2	2	2	1

Categoría 1
Códigos	Subcódigos	Sustento teórico
Desperdicio de la holgura		Mullainathan y Shafir (2013)Mullainathan, S., & Shafir, E. (2013). Scarcity: Why having too little means so much. Henry Holt and Company. Shah et al. (2012)Shah, A. K., Mullainathan, S., & Shafir, E. (2012). Some consequences of having too little. Science, 338(6107), 682-685. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1222426 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1222426...
Sensación de escasez
Acaparamiento de la atención	Dividendo de enfoque
Acaparamiento de la atención	Visión de túnel
Disminución de las capacidades cognitivas		Mullainathan y Shafir (2013)Mullainathan, S., & Shafir, E. (2013). Scarcity: Why having too little means so much. Henry Holt and Company. Kahneman (2013) Shah et al. (2012Pigou, A. C. (1920). The economics of welfare. The Macmillan Company., 2015Shah, A. K., Shafir, E., & Mullainathan, S. (2015). Scarcity frames value. Psychological Science, 26(4), 402-412. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797614563958 https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797614563958... , 2018Shah, A. K., Zhao, J., Mullainathan, S., & Shafir, E. (2018). Money in the mental lives of the poor. Social Cognition, 36(1), 4-19. https://doi.org/10.1521/soco.2018.36.1.4 https://doi.org/10.1521/soco.2018.36.1.4... ) Mani et al. (2013)Mani, A., Mullainathan, S., Shafir, E., & Zhao, J. (2013). Poverty impedes cognitive function. Science, 341(6149), 976-980. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1238041 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1238041...
Descuento hiperbólico		Mullainathan y Shafir (2013)Mullainathan, S., & Shafir, E. (2013). Scarcity: Why having too little means so much. Henry Holt and Company. Ericson y Laibson (2019) Frederick et al. (2002)Frederick, S., Loewenstein, G., & O’Donoghue, T. (2002). Time discounting and time preference: A critical review. Journal of Economic Literature, 40(2), 351-401. https://doi.org/10.1257/002205102320161311 https://doi.org/10.1257/0022051023201613...
Conductas miopes (malas decisiones)		Mullainathan y Shafir (2013)Mullainathan, S., & Shafir, E. (2013). Scarcity: Why having too little means so much. Henry Holt and Company. Shah et al. (2012Shah, A. K., Mullainathan, S., & Shafir, E. (2012). Some consequences of having too little. Science, 338(6107), 682-685. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1222426 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1222426... , 2015Shah, A. K., Shafir, E., & Mullainathan, S. (2015). Scarcity frames value. Psychological Science, 26(4), 402-412. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797614563958 https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797614563958... , 2018Shah, A. K., Zhao, J., Mullainathan, S., & Shafir, E. (2018). Money in the mental lives of the poor. Social Cognition, 36(1), 4-19. https://doi.org/10.1521/soco.2018.36.1.4 https://doi.org/10.1521/soco.2018.36.1.4... ) Mani et al. (2013)Mani, A., Mullainathan, S., Shafir, E., & Zhao, J. (2013). Poverty impedes cognitive function. Science, 341(6149), 976-980. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1238041 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1238041...

Categoría 2
Códigos	Subcódigos	Sustento teórico
Consecuencias psicológicas	Depresión	Drentea y Reynolds (2012)Drentea, P., & Reynolds, J. R. (2012). Neither a borrower nor a lender be: The relative importance of debt and SES for mental health among older adults. Journal of Aging and Health, 24(4), 673-695. https://doi.org/10.1177/0898264311431304 https://doi.org/10.1177/0898264311431304... Bridges y Disney (2010)Bridges, S., & Disney, R. (2010). Debt and depression. Journal of Health Economics, 29(3), 388-403. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhealeco.2010.02.003 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhealeco.2010.... Fitch et al. (2011)Fitch, C., Hamilton, S., Bassett, P., & Davey, R. (2011). The relationship between personal debt and mental health: A systematic review. Mental Health Review Journal, 16(4), 153-166. https://doi.org/10.1108/13619321111202313 https://doi.org/10.1108/1361932111120231... .
	Insomnio	Mullainathan y Shafir (2013)Mullainathan, S., & Shafir, E. (2013). Scarcity: Why having too little means so much. Henry Holt and Company.
	Tendencia suicida	Sweet et al. (2013)Sweet, E., Nandi, A., Adam, E. K., & McDade, T. W. (2013). The high price of debt: Household financial debt and its impact on mental and physical health. Social Science & Medicine, 91, 94-100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.05.009 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2013... Meltzer et al. (2011)Meltzer, H., Bebbington, P., Brugha, T., Jenkins, R., McManus, S., & Dennis, M. S. (2011). Personal debt and suicidal ideation. Psychological Medicine, 41(4), 771-778. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291710001261 https://doi.org/10.1017/S003329171000126...
	Deterioro físico	Chou et al. (2016)Chou, E. Y., Parmar, B. L., & Galinsky, A. D. (2016). Economic insecurity increases physical pain. Psychological Science, 27(4), 443-454. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797615625640 https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797615625640...
	Irritabilidad o falta de autocontrol	Mullainathan y Shafir (2013)Mullainathan, S., & Shafir, E. (2013). Scarcity: Why having too little means so much. Henry Holt and Company.
Prácticas comunes	Prácticas de barajado	Bernthal et al. (2005)Bernthal, M. J., Crockett, D., & Rose, R. L. (2005). Credit cards as lifestyle facilitators. The Journal of Consumer Research, 32(1), 130-145. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/429605 http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/429605...
	Deudores rotativos	Walker et al. (2014)Walker, C., Hanna, P., Cunningham, L., & Ambrose, P. (2014). ‘A kind of mental warfare’: An economy of affect in the UK debt collection industry. The Australian Community Psychologist, 26(2), 54-67. Packman (2014)Packman, C. (2014). Payday lending: Global growth of the high-cost credit market. Palgrave Macmillan UK.
	Refinanciación y consolidación de cartera	Sparkes et al. (2018)Sparkes, M., Gumy, J., & Burchell, B. (2018). Debt: Beyond Homo economicus. In The Cambridge handbook of psychology and economic behaviour (pp. 198-233). Cambridge University Press.
Presión de los acreedores		Poster (2013)Poster, W. R. (2013). Hidden sides of the credit economy: Emotions, outsourcing, and Indian call centers. International Journal of Comparative Sociology, 54(3), 205-227. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020715213501823 https://doi.org/10.1177/0020715213501823... Walker et al. (2014) Edwards (2003)Edwards, S. (2003). In too deep: CAB clients’ experience of debt. Citizens Advice.

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