ENVINDEX |
Environmental Disclosure: This variable ranges from 0 (less environmental disclosure by the company) to 25 (greater disclosure of environmental issues by the company). |
This index was created based on Gamerschlag et al. (2011)Gamerschlag, R., Möller, K., & Verbeeten, F. (2011). Determinants of voluntary CSR disclosure: Empirical evidence from Germany. Review of Managerial Science, 5(2), 233-262. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11846-010-0052-3 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11846-010-0052-...
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BMEET |
Board meetings: Number of meetings held by the board per year. |
Birindelli et al. (2018)Birindelli, G., Dell’Atti, S., Iannuzzi, A. P., & Savioli, M. (2018). Composition and activity of the board of directors: Impact on ESG performance in the banking system. Sustainability (Switzerland), 10(12), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10124699 https://doi.org/10.3390/su10124699...
; Ji et al., (2020)Ji, J., Talavera, O., & Yin, S. (2020). Frequencies of board meetings on various topics and corporate governance: Evidence from China. Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting, 54(1), 69-110. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11156-018-00784-2 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11156-018-00784...
; Yusoff et al. (2019)Yusoff, H., Ahman, Z., & Darus, F. (2019). The influence of corporate governance on corporate social responsibility disclosure: A focus on accountability. Academy of Accounting and Financial Studies Journal, 23(1), 1-16. https://search.proquest.com/docview/2238483401?accountid=142908 https://search.proquest.com/docview/2238...
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BINDP |
Board Independence: Percentage of independent auditors on the board of directors |
Endo (2020)Endo, K. (2020). Corporate governance beyond the shareholder-stakeholder dichotomy: Lessons from Japanese corporations’ environmental performance. Business Strategy and the Environment, 29(4), 1625-1633. https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.2457 https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.2457...
; Fallah and Mojarrad (2019)Fallah, M. A., & Mojarrad, F. (2019). Corporate governance effects on corporate social responsibility disclosure: Empirical evidence from heavy-pollution industries in Iran. Social Responsibility Journal, 15(2), 208-225. https://doi.org/10.1108/SRJ-04-2017-0072 https://doi.org/10.1108/SRJ-04-2017-0072...
; Hussain et al. (2018)Hussain, N., Rigoni, U., & Orij, R. P. (2018). Corporate Governance and sustainability performance: Analysis of triple bottom line performance. Journal of Business Ethics, 149(2), 411-432. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-016-3099-5 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-016-3099-...
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BSIZE |
Board size: Total number of directors on the board of directors. |
Bae et al. (2018)Bae, S. M., Masud, M. A. K., & Kim, J. D. (2018). A cross-country investigation of corporate governance and corporate sustainability disclosure: A signaling theory perspective. Sustainability (Switzerland), 10(8), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10082611 https://doi.org/10.3390/su10082611...
; Husted and Sousa-Filho (2019)Husted, B. W., & Sousa-Filho, J. M. de. (2019). Board structure and environmental, social, and governance disclosure in Latin America. Journal of Business Research, 102, 220-227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2018.01.017 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2018.0...
; Olthuis and Oever (2020) |
SUSCM |
Sustainability Committee: Presence of a sustainability committee (1), absence of a sustainability committee (0). |
Adel et al. (2019)Adel, C., Hussain, M. M., Mohamed, E. K. A., & Basuony, M. A. K. (2019). Is corporate governance relevant to the quality of corporate social responsibility disclosure in large European companies? International Journal of Accounting and Information Management, 27(2), 301-332. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJAIM-10-2017-0118 https://doi.org/10.1108/IJAIM-10-2017-01...
; Burke et al. (2019); Orazalin (2020)Orazalin, N. (2020). Do board sustainability committees contribute to corporate environmental and social performance? The mediating role of corporate social responsibility strategy. Business Strategy and the Environment, 29(1), 140-153. https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.2354 https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.2354...
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GENDI |
Gender diversity: Percentage of women on the board over the total number of members on the board of directors |
Furlotti et al. (2019)Furlotti, K., Mazza, T., Tibiletti, V., & Triani, S. (2019). Women in top positions on boards of directors: Gender policies disclosed in Italian sustainability reporting. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 26(1), 57-70. https://doi.org/10.1002/csr.1657 https://doi.org/10.1002/csr.1657...
; Jizi (2017)Jizi, M. (2017). The Influence of board composition on sustainable development disclosure. Business Strategy and the Environment, 26(5), 640-655. https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.1943 https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.1943...
; Nadeem et al. (2020)Nadeem, M., Gyapong, E., & Ahmed, A. (2020). Board gender diversity and environmental, social, and economic value creation: Does family ownership matter? Business Strategy and the Environment, 29(3), 1268-1284. https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.2432 https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.2432...
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GRI |
Adoption of GRI guidelines: it takes the value 1 if the company publishes a CSR report following the GRI guidelines and 0, otherwise. |
Fuente et al. (2017); Kuzey and Uyar (2017); Torelli et al. (2020) |
ROA |
Return on Assets: Net Income / Total Assets |
Bae et al. (2018)Bae, S. M., Masud, M. A. K., & Kim, J. D. (2018). A cross-country investigation of corporate governance and corporate sustainability disclosure: A signaling theory perspective. Sustainability (Switzerland), 10(8), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10082611 https://doi.org/10.3390/su10082611...
; Frías-Aceituno et al. (2013); Husted and Sousa-Filho (2019)Husted, B. W., & Sousa-Filho, J. M. de. (2019). Board structure and environmental, social, and governance disclosure in Latin America. Journal of Business Research, 102, 220-227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2018.01.017 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2018.0...
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FIRMSIZE |
Firm Size: This variable is measured by: number of employees/10000. |
Adel et al. (2019)Adel, C., Hussain, M. M., Mohamed, E. K. A., & Basuony, M. A. K. (2019). Is corporate governance relevant to the quality of corporate social responsibility disclosure in large European companies? International Journal of Accounting and Information Management, 27(2), 301-332. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJAIM-10-2017-0118 https://doi.org/10.1108/IJAIM-10-2017-01...
; Huang (2013) |
SECTOR |
High Impact Sector: it takes the value 1 if the company operates in an industry with strong and direct environmental impact and 0, otherwise. |
Gallego-Álvarez and Pucheta-Martínez (2020); Odoemelam and Okafor (2018)Odoemelam, N., & Okafor, R. (2018). The influence of corporate governance on environmental disclosure of listed non-financial firms in Nigeria. Indonesian Journal of Sustainability Accounting and Management, 2(1), 25-49. https://doi.org/10.28992/ijsam.v2i1.47 https://doi.org/10.28992/ijsam.v2i1.47...
; Torelli et al. (2020) |
AUSTRALIA |
Dummy variable: 1 = if the firm is in Australia; 0 = Otherwise. |
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CANADA |
Dummy variable: 1 = if the firm is in Canada; 0 = Otherwise. |
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IRELAND |
Dummy variable: 1 = if the firm is in Ireland; 0 = Otherwise. |
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NEWZEALAND |
Dummy variable: 1 = if the firm is in New Zealand; 0 = Otherwise. |
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UK |
Dummy variable: 1 = if the firm is in the United Kingdom; 0 = Otherwise. |
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USA |
Dummy variable: 1 = if the firm is in the United States; 0 = Otherwise. |
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