Socioeconomic dimension |
Employed persons |
This corresponds to the number of workers in the municipality. Empirical market-based studies reveal critical links between the level of employment, wages, and consumption of the population. |
Carpenter and Moore (2006)Carpenter, J. M., & Moore, M. (2006). Consumer demographics, store attributes, and retail format choice in the US grocery market. International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management, 34(6), 434-452. doi:10.11108/09590550610667038 https://doi.org/10.11108/095905506106670...
and Shugan (2007)Shugan, S. M. (2007). Does good marketing cause bad unemployment? Marketing Science, 26(1), 1-17.
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Atlas do desenvolvimento humano (Pnud, 2013) |
Proportion of poor people |
It is the proportion of the poor population, considering residents with monthly household income below 1/2 minimum wage per capita, in relation to the total population of the municipality. This variable gained more relevance after the recent wave of consumption in the national market reached the poorest sections of the Brazilian population. Therefore, because of the need to know and differentiate the municipalities, this variable started to receive attention from companies interested in the most diverse segments and social classes. |
Prahalad (2006), Pereira, Maia, Joseph, Freitas, and Oyamada (2010)Pereira, B., Maia, J., Joseph, L., Freitas, A., & Oyamada, G. (2010). Pobreza e desigualdade de renda entre famílias da zona rural de Mato Grosso de 2004 a 2006. Revista Ciência Agronômica, 41(4), 536-545., Montenegro and Contel (2017)Montenegro, M., & Contel, F. (2017). Financeirização do território e novos nexos entre pobreza e consumo na metrópole de São Paulo. Revista Latinoamericana de Estudios Urbano Regionales, 43(130), 115-139., Cabral and Araujo (2012), Dias and Chiavegatto (2013)Dias, A., & Chiavegatto, P. (2013). How to include the characteristics of the districts of the Municipality of São Paulo in epidemiologic studies: An income inequality analysis using the propensity score matching approach. Saúde Soc., 22(4), 1145-1153., Souza, Souza, and Pinto (2014)Souza, T. S., Souza, E. R., & Pinto, L. W. (2014). The evolution of mortality by homicide in the State of Bahia in the period from 1996 to 2010. Ciência & Saúde Coletiva, 19(6), 1889-1900.
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Atlas do desenvolvimento humano (Pnud, 2013) |
The number of shopping malls in the municipalities |
This corresponds to the number of malls in the municipality, in units. The location, quantity, and format of stores are essential to combine retail opportunities with serving individuals in a community. The changes that have taken place in urban society are related to the expansion and modernization of tertiary activities, in which case shopping centers stand out. These have become important retail centers, acting in the way of life in cities, as well as boosting regional development and serving as an economic indicator of a given location. |
Meneely, Burns, and Strugnell (2009)Meneely, L., Strugnell, C., & Burns, A. (2009). Age associated changes in older consumers retail behavior. International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management, 37(12), 1041-1056. and Ortigoza (2010)Ortigoza, S. A. G. (2010). Paisagens do consumo: São Paulo, Lisboa, Dubai e Seul. São Paulo: Editora Unesp.
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Abrasce |
Geographical dimension |
Distance from capitals |
Distance from municipalities to the capitals of their states, measured in kms. |
Jackson (2001)Jackson, C. A. (2001). Model of spatial patterns across local retail property markets in Great Britain. Urban Studies, 38(9), 1445-1471., Buzzacchi and Valletti (2006)Buzzacchi, L., & Valletti, T. M. (2006). Firm size distribution: Testing the “independent submarkets model” in the Italian motor insurance industry. International Journal of Industrial Organization, 24(4), 809-834. and Lobo and Matos (2011)Lobo, C., & Matos, R. (2011). Migrações e a dispersão espacial da população nas regiões de influência das principais metrópoles brasileiras. Revista Brasileira de Estudos de População, 28(1), 81-101.
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Google Maps |
Human resources dimension |
The percentage of employed persons with a complete degree |
This corresponds to the percentage of workers in the municipality with complete higher education. Some authors affirm that education is a variable related to income, by showing that areas with higher income have higher education and vice versa. Additionally, the increase in the educational level of people equals wages between regions. This is because people tend to migrate to regions that pay better wages, although the capital may migrate to regions that offer cheaper qualified labor. The result, therefore, would be a better income distribution. |
Carpenter and Moore (2006)Carpenter, J. M., & Moore, M. (2006). Consumer demographics, store attributes, and retail format choice in the US grocery market. International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management, 34(6), 434-452. doi:10.11108/09590550610667038 https://doi.org/10.11108/095905506106670...
, Yang and Li (2008)Yang, J. Y., & Li, J. (2008). The development of entrepreneurship in China. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 25(2), 335-359. and Mendes et al. (2016) |
Atlas do desenvolvimento humano (Pnud, 2013) |
The percentage of employed persons in the service sector |
This pertains to the percentage of workers in the municipality working in the service sector. The index shows the ratio between the number of persons over 18 years of age who are employed in the service sector and the total number of employed persons. With this, it is possible to identify the area of activity and the segment of workers, the degree of qualification, and the percentage of people working, in addition for this percentage to be an economic indicator. |
Carvalho and Schoiozer (2012)Carvalho, C., & Schiozer, R. F. (2012). Working capital management: A comparative study between the practices of Brazilian and UK Firms. Revista de Administração Contemporânea, 16(4), 518-543. and Pnud (2013) |
Atlas do desenvolvimento humano (Pnud, 2013) |
The percentage of employed persons in the trade sector |
This corresponds to the percentage of workers in the municipality who work in commerce. This index shows the ratio between the number of people over 18 years of age who are employed in the trade sector and the total number of employed persons. The index is important for understanding the profile of workers and the segment in which the municipalities operate, the type of qualification, the level of employability in the city, and the degree of heating up of the economy. |
Carvalho and Schoiozer (2012)Carvalho, C., & Schiozer, R. F. (2012). Working capital management: A comparative study between the practices of Brazilian and UK Firms. Revista de Administração Contemporânea, 16(4), 518-543. and Pnud (2013) |
Atlas do desenvolvimento humano (Pnud, 2013) |
The percentage of self-employed workers |
This is the percentage of self-employed workers. Many municipalities, with many responsibilities to fulfill and few opportunities to attract large companies, need alternative ways to guarantee socioeconomic development. More important than the installation of industries is the possibility for each municipality to develop certain talents and capabilities of its population to encourage innovation and entrepreneurship. |
Jackson (2001)Jackson, C. A. (2001). Model of spatial patterns across local retail property markets in Great Britain. Urban Studies, 38(9), 1445-1471. and Yang and Li (2008)Yang, J. Y., & Li, J. (2008). The development of entrepreneurship in China. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 25(2), 335-359.
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Atlas do desenvolvimento humano (Pnud, 2013) |