SUMMARY
OBJECTIVE:
This study was conducted to determine the relationship between personality traits and premenstrual syndrome in university students
METHOD:
This cross-sectional study was conducted with 616 female university students between February and June 2020.
RESULTS:
The Premenstrual Syndrome Scale score was determined as a mean of 125.40±25.41. According to linear regression analysis, extrovert/introvert personality traits, emotional balance/neuroticism, and consistent/inconsistent personality traits were statistically significant predictive factors of premenstrual syndrome.
CONCLUSION:
The results of this study demonstrated that two-thirds of the students had premenstrual syndrome and personality traits affected premenstrual syndrome. It is recommended that attention should be paid to personality traits when coping with premenstrual syndrome.
KEYWORDS:
Personality traits; Premenstrual syndrome; Students
INTRODUCTION
Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is the umbrella term for a group of physical, emotional, and psychological symptoms of varying severity that occur in the late luteal phase of the menstrual cycle and end after the onset of menstruation11 Upadhyay M, Mahishale A, Kari A. Prevalence of premenstrual syndrome in college going girls-A cross sectional study. Clin Epidemiol Glob Health. 2023;20:101234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cegh.2023.101234
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cegh.2023.1012...
. Although the specific symptoms experienced vary greatly between individuals, commonly reported physical symptoms of PMS include breast tenderness, bloating, fatigue, headaches, and appetite changes. Emotional and psychological symptoms may include mood swings, irritability, anxiety, depression, and difficulty concentrating22 Takeda T. Premenstrual disorders: premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2023;49(2):510-8. https://doi.org/10.1111/jog.15484
https://doi.org/10.1111/jog.15484...
–44 Yonkers KA, Simoni MK. Premenstrual disorders. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2018;218(1):68-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2017.05.045
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2017.05.0...
. PMS symptoms can cause changes in body image and life activities, loss of workforce, economic losses, increased likelihood of accidents, decreased self-confidence, alcohol/drug use, increased tendency for crimes, deterioration in social relationships, and decreased academic performance55 Erbil N, Yücesoy H. Relationship between premenstrual syndrome and sleep quality among nursing and medical students. Perspect Psychiatr Care. 2022;58(2):448-55. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppc.12628
https://doi.org/10.1111/ppc.12628...
,66 Eshetu N, Abebe H, Fikadu E, Getaye S, Jemal S, Geze S, et al. Premenstrual syndrome, coping mechanisms and associated factors among Wolkite university female regular students, Ethiopia, 2021. BMC Womens Health. 2022;22(1):88. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-022-01658-5
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-022-01658...
.
Studies conducted in Turkey and other countries have shown that PMS is a common problem among women33 Dutta A, Sharma A. Prevalence of premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder in India: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Health Promot Perspect. 2021;11(2):161-70. https://doi.org/10.34172/hpp.2021.20
https://doi.org/10.34172/hpp.2021.20...
,77 Erbil N, Yücesoy H. Premenstrual syndrome prevalence in Turkey: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychol Health Med. 2023;28(5):1347-57. https://doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2021.2013509
https://doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2021.20...
,88 Geta TG, Woldeamanuel GG, Dassa TT. Prevalence and associated factors of premenstrual syndrome among women of the reproductive age group in Ethiopia: systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2020;15(11):e0241702. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0241702
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.024...
. PMS is considered an important health problem due to its prevalence and the negative effects of the symptoms on daily living activities, academic/professional life, and the individual's productivity99 Çitil ET, Çitil Canbay F. Premenstrual syndrome severity in Turkey: a meta-analysis study. Psychol Health Med. 2023;28(7):1783-94. https://doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2022.2105914
https://doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2022.21...
. Although it is many years since PMS was first described, the mechanism behind its occurrence is not yet fully understood44 Yonkers KA, Simoni MK. Premenstrual disorders. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2018;218(1):68-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2017.05.045
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2017.05.0...
. The fact that most PMS symptoms are psychological and behavioral suggests that they may be related to personality structure1010 Erenoğlu R, Sözbir ŞY. Are premenstrual syndrome and dysmenorrhea related to the personality structure of women? A descriptive relation-seeker type study. Perspect Psychiatr Care. 2020;56(4):979-84. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppc.12551
https://doi.org/10.1111/ppc.12551...
. Individuals respond to events in line with their personality traits and determine ways to cope accordingly. There are studies in the literature showing that PMS is related to the personality structure of women, and it has been determined that the personality traits of "Neuroticism" and "Agreeableness" affect PMS and that neurotic personality is a predictor of PMS1111 Izadi-Mazidi M, Amiri S. Personality characteristics in female students with premenstrual dysphoric disorder and premenstrual syndrome. Adv Nurs Midwifery. 2019;28(3):40-5. https://doi.org/10.29252/anm-280307
https://doi.org/10.29252/anm-280307...
. Determining the relationship between personality structures and PMS may be beneficial in coping with and treating premenstrual complaints. Therefore, the aims of this study were as follows: (1) to determine the frequency of PMS in university students, (2) to determine the level of PMS and personality traits in university students, (3) to examine the relationship between PMS and personality traits, and (4) to identify significant factors predicting PMS in university students.
METHODS
This descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted between February and June 2020 at a university in the Central Anatolia region of Yozgat. The study sample consisted of 616 female students. The sample size was calculated with power analysis to provide an effect size of 0.05 and a 90% confidence interval determined with a 5% error level. The study group was formed of female students aged ≥18 years, who had a regular menstrual cycle and no known physical or psychological disorders. Students with any psychiatric illness were excluded from the study.
Data collection
Data were collected with the Personal Information Form, Premenstrual Syndrome Scale (PMSS), and Cervantes Personality Scale (CPS).
Personal Information Form: This form contained questions to determine the socio-demographic characteristics of the university students.
Premenstrual Syndrome Scale
This 44-item scale with Likert-type responses was developed by Gençdoğan in 2006. Depressive affect, anxiety, fatigue, irritability, depressive thoughts, pain, appetite change, sleep change, and bloating are the sub-dimensions of the scale. The total score that can be obtained from the scale ranges from 44 to 220 points. A total PMSS score of ≥111 indicates the presence of PMS. In the original study, the Cronbach's alpha coefficient of the PMSS items was 0.75, while that of the subscales was between 0.75 and 0.91. In this study, the Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.88 for PMSS items and varied between 0.57 and 0.65 for subscales1212 Gençdoğan B. A new scale for premenstrual syndrome. Psychiatry Turkey. 2006;8(2):81-7..
Cervantes Personality Scale
This scale was developed by Castelo-Branco et al. to evaluate the personality traits of women, and validity and reliability studies were conducted by Bal and Şahin. Each question in the scale is answered according to the individual's own experiences. The scale is a six-point Likert-type scale consisting of 20 items with three subscales (Extroversion/introversion, Emotional balance/neuroticism, Consistency, and inconsistency). As the mean scores from the sub-dimensions decrease, the personality traits of being extroverted, emotional balance, and consistency are seen more frequently. The Cronbach's alpha reliability coefficient of the CPS has been calculated as α=0.97 for the extroversion/introversion dimension, α=0.81 for the emotional balance/neuroticism dimension, and α=0.71 for the consistent/inconsistent dimension1212 Gençdoğan B. A new scale for premenstrual syndrome. Psychiatry Turkey. 2006;8(2):81-7.. In this study, the reliability coefficient was found to be 0.82 for extroversion/introversion, 0.78 for emotional balance/neuroticism, and 0.69 for consistency/inconsistency.
Ethical considerations
This study was approved by Yozgat University Social Sciences Ethics Committee. Before starting the data collection process, written permission was obtained from the university where the research was conducted. Written informed consent for voluntary participation in the research was provided by all students.
Statistical analysis
After examining the normality distribution of the data, descriptive statistical methods such as frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation were used in the analyses. Differences between independent groups were analyzed using the independent-samples t-test and one-way ANOVA test. Pearson correlation analysis was used to evaluate the relationships between the scale average scores. Multiple linear regression analysis was performed to evaluate the relationship between the PMSS scores and the subscales of the CPS. The reliability of the scales was evaluated with Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The level of statistical significance was accepted as p<0.05 (Table 1).
RESULTS
The PMS scale total mean score was found to be 125.40±25.41, and the incidence of PMS was determined to be 72.4%.
The age of the students, father's education level, and menstruation duration were determined to be variables affecting PMS, and the difference between the groups was statistically significant (p<0.05). Students in the age group of 17-20 years, whose fathers were high-school graduates, and students whose menstruation lasted 9 days or more were found to have PMS. The average score of those students was higher than that of other groups (Table 2).
Comparison of personality characteristics of students according to premenstrual syndrome status.
Of those experiencing PMSS, the mean score was determined as 25.55±4.79 in the extroversion/introversion dimension, 20.88±4.54 in the emotional balance/neuroticism dimension, and 17.02±4.93 in the consistent/inconsistent dimension. A statistically significant relationship was found between the emotional balance/neuroticism dimension and consistent/inconsistent personality and PMS scores of the students participating in the study (Table 3).
The predictive power of the linear regression model calculated using the backward elimination method (adjusted R22 Takeda T. Premenstrual disorders: premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2023;49(2):510-8. https://doi.org/10.1111/jog.15484
https://doi.org/10.1111/jog.15484...
) was determined to be 24.7%. Extrovert/introvert personality trait (β=-0.159), Emotional balance/Neuroticism (β=0.361), and Consistent/inconsistent personality trait (β=0.167) were found to be significant predictors of students experiencing PMS (p<0.05).
DISCUSSION
Premenstrual syndrome affects the lives of women of reproductive age, with prevalence varying from country to country. The results of this study showed that the average PMSS score was 125.40±25.41 and the frequency of PMS was 72.4%. In a systematic review and meta-analysis study conducted to determine the frequency of menstrual cycle disorders in university students in all geographical regions of the world, the prevalence of PMS was determined as 51.3%1313 Maity S, Wray J, Coffin T, Nath R, Nauhria S, Sah R, et al. Academic and social impact of menstrual disturbances in female medical students: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Med (Lausanne). 2022;9:821908. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2022.821908
https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2022.821908...
. In other systematic review and meta-analysis studies, the prevalence of PMS has been reported to be 70.8% in Iran1414 Ranjbaran M, Omani Samani R, Almasi-Hashiani A, Matourypour P, Moini A. Prevalence of premenstrual syndrome in Iran: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Reprod Biomed. 2017;15(11):679-86. PMID: 29404529, 53% in Ethiopia88 Geta TG, Woldeamanuel GG, Dassa TT. Prevalence and associated factors of premenstrual syndrome among women of the reproductive age group in Ethiopia: systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2020;15(11):e0241702. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0241702
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.024...
, 43% in India33 Dutta A, Sharma A. Prevalence of premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder in India: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Health Promot Perspect. 2021;11(2):161-70. https://doi.org/10.34172/hpp.2021.20
https://doi.org/10.34172/hpp.2021.20...
, and 52.2% in Turkey77 Erbil N, Yücesoy H. Premenstrual syndrome prevalence in Turkey: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychol Health Med. 2023;28(5):1347-57. https://doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2021.2013509
https://doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2021.20...
. The prevalence of PMS among university students in Turkey has been reported to vary between 33 and 91.8%55 Erbil N, Yücesoy H. Relationship between premenstrual syndrome and sleep quality among nursing and medical students. Perspect Psychiatr Care. 2022;58(2):448-55. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppc.12628
https://doi.org/10.1111/ppc.12628...
,77 Erbil N, Yücesoy H. Premenstrual syndrome prevalence in Turkey: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychol Health Med. 2023;28(5):1347-57. https://doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2021.2013509
https://doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2021.20...
,1515 Topatan S, Kahraman Ş. The methods they applied for coping and the quality of life of university students living the premenstrual syndrome anatolian. J Nurs Health Scie. 2020;23(1):35-44.–1919 Kaplan S, Gürler M, Gönenç ILM. Relationship between fear of COVID-19 and premenstrual syndrome in Turkish university students. Women Health. 2022;62(7):644-54. https://doi.org/10.1080/03630242.2022.2103611
https://doi.org/10.1080/03630242.2022.21...
. It is thought that these differences in the prevalence of PMS may be due to unequal genetic, dietary, and lifestyle factors among young adult women and various socially accepted practices during the premenstrual and menstrual period2020 Ansong E, Arhin SK, Cai Y, Xu X, Wu X. Menstrual characteristics, disorders and associated risk factors among female international students in Zhejiang Province, China: a cross-sectional survey. BMC Womens Health. 2019;19(1):35. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-019-0730-5
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-019-0730-...
,2121 Gudipally PR, Sharma GK. Premenstrual syndrome. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2020..
The results of the current research showed that students exhibited the personality trait of being extroverted/introverted more than that has been reported in other studies2222 Ölçer Z, Bakır N, Aslan E. The effect of personality traits on premenstrual complaints in university students. J Düzce Univ Health Sci Institute. 2017;7(1):30-7.,2323 Şener N, Taşhan S T. The relationship between premenstrual syndrome and personal traits in university students. Acıbadem Univ J Health Sci. 2021;12(2):464-71.. The extrovert personality traits include being open to communication, energetic, warm-blooded, sociable, talkative, enthusiastic, and excited. It is known that these people are successful and happy in establishing ties with their environment and in business and family life. Individuals with introvert personality traits are calm, introverted, and non-social individuals2424 Bal DM, Hotun ŞN. Adaptation of the Cervantes Personality Scale into Turkish: validity and reliability study. J Educ Res Nurs. 2011;8(1):39-45.. Some personality traits may cause intense reactions to PMS-related complaints1010 Erenoğlu R, Sözbir ŞY. Are premenstrual syndrome and dysmenorrhea related to the personality structure of women? A descriptive relation-seeker type study. Perspect Psychiatr Care. 2020;56(4):979-84. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppc.12551
https://doi.org/10.1111/ppc.12551...
. In this study, it was determined that the extrovert/introvert personality trait affected PMS, but there appears to be no consensus on this issue in the literature. Some studies have found that being extroverted/introverted did not affect PMS2222 Ölçer Z, Bakır N, Aslan E. The effect of personality traits on premenstrual complaints in university students. J Düzce Univ Health Sci Institute. 2017;7(1):30-7.,2323 Şener N, Taşhan S T. The relationship between premenstrual syndrome and personal traits in university students. Acıbadem Univ J Health Sci. 2021;12(2):464-71., while others have reported that PMS is less common in those with high levels of extroversion2525 Arslantaş H, Abacigil F, Çinakli Ş. Relationship between premenstrual syndrome and basic personality traits: a cross-sectional study. Sao Paulo Med J. 2018;136(4):339-45. https://doi.org/10.1590/1516-3180.2018.0061240418
https://doi.org/10.1590/1516-3180.2018.0...
,2626 Doost HN, Yousefi Z. The relationship between big five personality traits and family communication with premenstrual syndrome. Ind J Health Wellbeing. 2014;5(7):8-12..
In this study, the emotional balance/neuroticism rates were found to be similar to the rates in other studies2222 Ölçer Z, Bakır N, Aslan E. The effect of personality traits on premenstrual complaints in university students. J Düzce Univ Health Sci Institute. 2017;7(1):30-7.,2323 Şener N, Taşhan S T. The relationship between premenstrual syndrome and personal traits in university students. Acıbadem Univ J Health Sci. 2021;12(2):464-71.. Neuroticism is directly related to depression and can cause both adaptation and health problems. Individuals with emotionally balanced personality traits are defined as people who are relaxed, have a high level of self-confidence, and are patient. Neurotic individuals are described as anxious, angry, introverted, and insecure. The results of this study regarding the predictive effect of personality traits on PMS showed that the emotional balance/neuroticism sub-dimension predicts PMS at a significant level. A previous study conducted in Spain showed that the frequency of PMS was higher in people with neurotic personality traits2727 Fernández M, Regueira-Méndez C, Takkouche B. Psychological factors and premenstrual syndrome: a Spanish case-control study. PLoS One. 2019;14(3):e0212557. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0212557
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.021...
. A relationship between PMS and neurotic personality traits has also been reported in Nigerian university students, and PMS was seen to be significantly more common in women exhibiting neurotic personality traits2828 Singh C, Jain J, Singh K, Jain M, Chaudhary A. A study of premenstrual dysphoric disorder prevalence, phenomenology and personality factors in college going students. Ind J Health Wellbeing. 2016;7(10):962. https://doi.org/10.4103/0019-5545.183796
https://doi.org/10.4103/0019-5545.183796...
. From the personality traits sub-dimension, the trait of being consistent/inconsistent refers to a situation being persistent and not contradictory. In this study, consistent personality trait was determined as a predictive variable of PMS. Ölçer et al. evaluated university students and found a significant difference between the PMS and CPS subscale consistent/inconsistent, similar to the current research.
Strengths and limitations
It is thought that the results obtained from this study will guide healthcare professionals in protecting the mental health of university students experiencing PMS. However, this study also had some limitations. As the study was conducted in a single university, it cannot be generalized to all students experiencing PMS. Another limitation of the study was that because it was a cross-sectional study, a causal relationship could not be established. Therefore, there is a need for further studies with large samples to examine the causal relationship and variables between PMS and personality traits in university students.
CONCLUSION
The results of this study demonstrated that two-thirds of the students experienced PMS and that personality traits and PMS are interrelated dynamics.
-
Funding:
none.
REFERENCES
-
1Upadhyay M, Mahishale A, Kari A. Prevalence of premenstrual syndrome in college going girls-A cross sectional study. Clin Epidemiol Glob Health. 2023;20:101234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cegh.2023.101234
» https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cegh.2023.101234 -
2Takeda T. Premenstrual disorders: premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2023;49(2):510-8. https://doi.org/10.1111/jog.15484
» https://doi.org/10.1111/jog.15484 -
3Dutta A, Sharma A. Prevalence of premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder in India: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Health Promot Perspect. 2021;11(2):161-70. https://doi.org/10.34172/hpp.2021.20
» https://doi.org/10.34172/hpp.2021.20 -
4Yonkers KA, Simoni MK. Premenstrual disorders. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2018;218(1):68-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2017.05.045
» https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2017.05.045 -
5Erbil N, Yücesoy H. Relationship between premenstrual syndrome and sleep quality among nursing and medical students. Perspect Psychiatr Care. 2022;58(2):448-55. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppc.12628
» https://doi.org/10.1111/ppc.12628 -
6Eshetu N, Abebe H, Fikadu E, Getaye S, Jemal S, Geze S, et al. Premenstrual syndrome, coping mechanisms and associated factors among Wolkite university female regular students, Ethiopia, 2021. BMC Womens Health. 2022;22(1):88. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-022-01658-5
» https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-022-01658-5 -
7Erbil N, Yücesoy H. Premenstrual syndrome prevalence in Turkey: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychol Health Med. 2023;28(5):1347-57. https://doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2021.2013509
» https://doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2021.2013509 -
8Geta TG, Woldeamanuel GG, Dassa TT. Prevalence and associated factors of premenstrual syndrome among women of the reproductive age group in Ethiopia: systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2020;15(11):e0241702. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0241702
» https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0241702 -
9Çitil ET, Çitil Canbay F. Premenstrual syndrome severity in Turkey: a meta-analysis study. Psychol Health Med. 2023;28(7):1783-94. https://doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2022.2105914
» https://doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2022.2105914 -
10Erenoğlu R, Sözbir ŞY. Are premenstrual syndrome and dysmenorrhea related to the personality structure of women? A descriptive relation-seeker type study. Perspect Psychiatr Care. 2020;56(4):979-84. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppc.12551
» https://doi.org/10.1111/ppc.12551 -
11Izadi-Mazidi M, Amiri S. Personality characteristics in female students with premenstrual dysphoric disorder and premenstrual syndrome. Adv Nurs Midwifery. 2019;28(3):40-5. https://doi.org/10.29252/anm-280307
» https://doi.org/10.29252/anm-280307 -
12Gençdoğan B. A new scale for premenstrual syndrome. Psychiatry Turkey. 2006;8(2):81-7.
-
13Maity S, Wray J, Coffin T, Nath R, Nauhria S, Sah R, et al. Academic and social impact of menstrual disturbances in female medical students: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Med (Lausanne). 2022;9:821908. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2022.821908
» https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2022.821908 -
14Ranjbaran M, Omani Samani R, Almasi-Hashiani A, Matourypour P, Moini A. Prevalence of premenstrual syndrome in Iran: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Reprod Biomed. 2017;15(11):679-86. PMID: 29404529
-
15Topatan S, Kahraman Ş. The methods they applied for coping and the quality of life of university students living the premenstrual syndrome anatolian. J Nurs Health Scie. 2020;23(1):35-44.
-
16Bakır N, Beji NK. Prevalence of premenstrual syndrome and affecting factors in university students. J İnönü Univ Vocat Sch Health. 2021;9(1):264-77.
-
17Çevik A, Alan S. Determining the relationship between the frequency of premenstrual syndrome and the stress level perceived by midwifery students. Mersin University Faculty of Medicine Lokman Hekim. J Med Hist Folkloric Med. 2021;11(1):104-13.
-
18Yorulmaz DS, Karadeniz H. Cultural practices of university students experiencing premenstrual syndrome to reduce their complaints. J İnönü Univ Vocat Sch Health Serv. 2021;9(2):755-76.
-
19Kaplan S, Gürler M, Gönenç ILM. Relationship between fear of COVID-19 and premenstrual syndrome in Turkish university students. Women Health. 2022;62(7):644-54. https://doi.org/10.1080/03630242.2022.2103611
» https://doi.org/10.1080/03630242.2022.2103611 -
20Ansong E, Arhin SK, Cai Y, Xu X, Wu X. Menstrual characteristics, disorders and associated risk factors among female international students in Zhejiang Province, China: a cross-sectional survey. BMC Womens Health. 2019;19(1):35. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-019-0730-5
» https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-019-0730-5 -
21Gudipally PR, Sharma GK. Premenstrual syndrome. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2020.
-
22Ölçer Z, Bakır N, Aslan E. The effect of personality traits on premenstrual complaints in university students. J Düzce Univ Health Sci Institute. 2017;7(1):30-7.
-
23Şener N, Taşhan S T. The relationship between premenstrual syndrome and personal traits in university students. Acıbadem Univ J Health Sci. 2021;12(2):464-71.
-
24Bal DM, Hotun ŞN. Adaptation of the Cervantes Personality Scale into Turkish: validity and reliability study. J Educ Res Nurs. 2011;8(1):39-45.
-
25Arslantaş H, Abacigil F, Çinakli Ş. Relationship between premenstrual syndrome and basic personality traits: a cross-sectional study. Sao Paulo Med J. 2018;136(4):339-45. https://doi.org/10.1590/1516-3180.2018.0061240418
» https://doi.org/10.1590/1516-3180.2018.0061240418 -
26Doost HN, Yousefi Z. The relationship between big five personality traits and family communication with premenstrual syndrome. Ind J Health Wellbeing. 2014;5(7):8-12.
-
27Fernández M, Regueira-Méndez C, Takkouche B. Psychological factors and premenstrual syndrome: a Spanish case-control study. PLoS One. 2019;14(3):e0212557. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0212557
» https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0212557 -
28Singh C, Jain J, Singh K, Jain M, Chaudhary A. A study of premenstrual dysphoric disorder prevalence, phenomenology and personality factors in college going students. Ind J Health Wellbeing. 2016;7(10):962. https://doi.org/10.4103/0019-5545.183796
» https://doi.org/10.4103/0019-5545.183796
Publication Dates
-
Publication in this collection
16 Aug 2024 -
Date of issue
2024
History
-
Received
30 Jan 2024 -
Accepted
10 Mar 2024