The effect of COVID-19 fear on prenatal distress and childbirth preference in primipara

Ataman, Hacer; Tuncer, Merve

doi:10.1590/1806-9282.20221302

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Original Article • Rev. Assoc. Med. Bras. 69 (5) • 2023 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9282.20221302 copy

The effect of COVID-19 fear on prenatal distress and childbirth preference in primipara

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

SUMMARY

OBJECTIVE:

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of COVID-19 fear on prenatal distress and childbirth preference in primipara.

METHODS:

This descriptive and cross-sectional study was conducted with 206 primipara women in Istanbul between June and December 2021. The data were collected with an information form, “The Fear of COVID-19 Scale” and “The Prenatal Distress Questionnaire.”

RESULTS:

The median of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale was 14.00 (7–31) and the median of the Prenatal Distress Questionnaire was 10.00 (0–21). A statistically significant positive and weak correlation was found between “The Fear of COVID-19 Scale” and “The Prenatal Distress Questionnaire” (r=0.21; p=0.00). Overall, 75.2% of pregnant women preferred normal (vaginal) delivery. There was no statistically significant relationship between “The Fear of COVID-19 Scale” and childbirth preference (p>0.05).

CONCLUSION:

It was determined that fear of coronavirus increases prenatal distress. Women should be supported to cope with fear of COVID-19 and prenatal distress, both during the preconceptional and antenatal periods.

KEYWORDS:
Natural childbirth; Cesarean section; COVID-19; Fetal distress

Variables		X±(SD)	Min–Max
Age (years)		26.78±5.28	17.00–41.00
		n	%
Marital status	Married	206	100.0
Marital status	Single	0	0.0
Education level	Literate	5	2.4
	Primary School	37	17.9
	Secondary School	36	17.4
	High School	56	27.1
	Graduate and Master	72	34.9
Employment status	Employed	17	8.3
	Unemployed	179	86.9
	Unemployed because of pregnancy	10	4.9
Health insurance	Yes	146	70.9
Health insurance	No	60	29.1
Income status	Lower than expenditure	89	43.2
	Equal to expenditure	109	52.9
	Higher than expenditure	8	3.9
Trimester	1. Trimester	41	19.9
	2. Trimester	47	22.8
	3. Trimester	118	57.3
Health problems during pregnancy	Yes No	90 116	43.7 56.3
Health problems type during pregnancy	Nausea-vomiting	26	12.6
	Urinary tract infection	18	8.7
	Gestational diabetes	5	2.4
	Hypertension	5	2.4
	Pain	5	2.4
	Premature labor risk	11	5.3
	Placenta previa totalis	6	2.9
	COVID-19 infection	6	2.9
	Premature membrane rupture	4	1.9
	Hypothyroidism	4	1.9
Planned pregnancy	Yes	176	85.4
Planned pregnancy	No	30	14.6
Wanted having baby	Both parents want baby	198	96.1
	Mother wants, father doesn’t	5	2.4
	Father wants, mother doesn’t	3	1.5
Health problem in baby	Yes	18	8.7
Health problem in baby	No	188	91.3
Health problem Type in baby	Polihidramnios	6	2.9
	Intrauterine growth restriction	4	1.9
	Vaginal bleeding	4	1.9

	Fear of COVID-19 Scale
	r^* * p≤0.05, Spearman’s correlation. Bold values indicate statistical significance at the p<0.05 level.	p-value
Prenatal Distress Questionnaire	0.21^* * p≤0.05, Spearman’s correlation. Bold values indicate statistical significance at the p<0.05 level.	0.00
Physical and social changes due to pregnancy	0.14^* * p≤0.05, Spearman’s correlation. Bold values indicate statistical significance at the p<0.05 level.	0.03
Concerns about health care and health status	-0.08	0.23
Concerns about baby care and postpartum period	0.40^* * p≤0.05, Spearman’s correlation. Bold values indicate statistical significance at the p<0.05 level.	0.00
Financial concerns	0.25^* * p≤0.05, Spearman’s correlation. Bold values indicate statistical significance at the p<0.05 level.	0.00

Scales		FCV-19S		PDQ		Physical and social changes due to pregnancy		Concerns about health care and health status		Concerns about baby care and postpartum period		Financial concerns
Variables		Median (Min–Max)	Test p-value	Median (Min–Max)	Test p-value	Median (Min–Max)	Test p-value	Median (Min–Max)	Test p-value	Median (Min–Max)	Test p-value	Median (Min–Max)	Test p-value
Trimester	1. Trimester	25.00 (7–28)	25.374^ Kruskall-Wallis test, p<0.05. 0.00	10.00 (0–15)	7.263^ Kruskall-Wallis test, p<0.05. 0.02	7.00 (0–12)	5.571^ Kruskall-Wallis test, p<0.05. 0.05	1.00 (0–2)	4.888^ Kruskall-Wallis test, p<0.05. 0.08	1.00 (0–2)	13.044^ Kruskall-Wallis test, p<0.05. 0.00	1.00 (0–3)	8.785^ Kruskall-Wallis test, p<0.05. 0.01
	2. Trimester	16.00 (11–27)		10.00 (0–19)		6.00 (0–11)		1.00 (0–2)		1.00 (0–4)		1.00 (0–3)
	3. Trimester	13.00 (7–31)		8.00 (2–21)		5.50 (0–13)		0.50 (0–5)		0.00 (0–3)		0.00 (0–3)
Planned pregnancy	Yes	15.00 (7–31)	-1.291^* * Mann-Whitney U test 0.19	10.00 (0–21)	-2.192^* * Mann-Whitney U test 0.02	6.00 (0–13)	-2.096^* * Mann-Whitney U test 0.03	0.00 (0–5)	-2.253^* * Mann-Whitney U test 0.02	0.00 (0–4)	-2.677^* * Mann-Whitney U test 0.00	1.00 (0–3)	-2.007^* * Mann-Whitney U test 0.04
Planned pregnancy	No	14.00 (11–21)	-1.291^* * Mann-Whitney U test 0.19	13.00 (5–15)	-2.192^* * Mann-Whitney U test 0.02	10.00 (3–11)	-2.096^* * Mann-Whitney U test 0.03	1.00 (0–2)	-2.253^* * Mann-Whitney U test 0.02	1.00 (0–2)	-2.677^* * Mann-Whitney U test 0.00	0.00 (0–3)	-2.007^* * Mann-Whitney U test 0.04
Health problems in baby	Yes	19.00 (13–21)	-1.340^* * Mann-Whitney U test 0.18	19.00 (0–21)	-3.366^* * Mann-Whitney U test 0.00	10.00 (0–13)	-3.293^* * Mann-Whitney U test 0.00	2.00 (0–5)	-3.295^* * Mann-Whitney U test 0.00	3.00 (0–4)	-4.589^* * Mann-Whitney U test 0.00	0.00 (0–3)	-1.977^* * Mann-Whitney U test 0.04
Health problems in baby	No	14.00 (7–31)	-1.340^* * Mann-Whitney U test 0.18	9.00 (0–15)	-3.366^* * Mann-Whitney U test 0.00	6.00 (0–12)	-3.293^* * Mann-Whitney U test 0.00	1.00 (0–3)	-3.295^* * Mann-Whitney U test 0.00	0.00 (0–2)	-4.589^* * Mann-Whitney U test 0.00	1.00 (0–3)	-1.977^* * Mann-Whitney U test 0.04
Preferred type of delivery	Normal (vaginal) delivery	15.00 (7–28)	-0.543^* * Mann-Whitney U test 0.58	10.00 (0–21)	-0.097^* * Mann-Whitney U test 0.92	6.00 (0–13)	-0.912^* * Mann-Whitney U test 0.36	0.00 (0–5)	-2.623^* * Mann-Whitney U test 0.00	0.00 (0–3)	-2.619^* * Mann-Whitney U test 0.00	1.00 (0–3)	-1.620^* * Mann-Whitney U test 0.10
Preferred type of delivery	Caesarean delivery	14.00 (11–31)	-0.543^* * Mann-Whitney U test 0.58	8.00 (2–19)	-0.097^* * Mann-Whitney U test 0.92	6.00 (0–11)	-0.912^* * Mann-Whitney U test 0.36	1.00 (0–2)	-2.623^* * Mann-Whitney U test 0.00	1.00 (0–4)	-2.619^* * Mann-Whitney U test 0.00	1.00 (0–3)	-1.620^* * Mann-Whitney U test 0.10

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[1] *Corresponding author: hacer.ataman@medeniyet.edu.tr