Cui J 20181313. Cui J, Bu H, He J, Zhao Z, Han W, Gao R, et al. The gamma-aminobutyric acid-B receptor (GABAB) encephalitis: clinical manifestations and response to immunotherapy. Int J Neurosci 2018; 128(7):627-633. doi: 10.1080/00207454.2017.1408618. PMID: 29166136. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207454.2017.14...
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N=11 patients with suspected encephalitis with anti-GAB-AB receptor antibodies of unknown etiology. 5 patients with small cell tumor |
First-line immunotherapy + standard treatment for lung cancer (surgery and/or CT and/or RT) |
Corticosteroids vs IVI vs corticosteroids + IVI |
Complete neurological and functional response; partial response and no response |
11 months |
Bai Y 2016 2424. Bai Y, Guan Q, Jiang J, Zhang Z. Treatment principles of ovarian teratoma with anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2016; 294(3):623-9. doi: 10.1007/s00404-016-4050-9. PMID: 27056053. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00404-016-4050-...
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N=10, 10 women and mean age of 23 years with ovarian teratoma associated with anti-NMDAR encephalitis. Treated with TU resection AND immunotherapy, combined or not. |
N=3 patients received only first-line immunotherapy with intravenous immunoglobulin therapy (IVIG). |
N=7 patients received intravenous immunoglobulin and glucocorticoids. N=4 patients received intravenous immunoglobulin, glucocorticoids, and plasmapheresis |
Improvement of mental and neurological symptoms |
14.2 months |
Titulaer MJ 2013 31 |
N=577 patients included for demographic analysis and treatment. 501 followed-up for at least 4 months. There was no predefined treatment protocol. |
N=251 The first-line immunotherapy was defined as the use of steroids, IVIG, or plasma exchange alone or combined. |
N=125 The second line of immunotherapy included rituximab or cyclophosphamide alone or combined. |
Good outcomes included - mRS improvement without ICU admission, early treatment, low severity |
Average of 24 months |
Kong SS 2019 s
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N=24 Patients with positive anti-NMDA receptor AB, 16 women, and 71% younger than 18 years. 3 had neoplasias. |
N=24 All patients were treated with corticosteroids and/ or immunoglobulin and/ or plasmapheresis with 1st line (14 received 2nd line with immune. and rituximab and/ or cyclophosphamide) No patients were treated with IVIG alone. |
Non-Comparative study |
4 patients (16.7%) had a recurrence of the disease or relapse; 10 patients with 1st line therapy, 4 with respiratory failure; and 6 admitted to the ICU; 14 patients with 2nd line treatment, 9 with respiratory failure, 4 relapsed |
6 months |
Huang X 2015 2828. Huang X, Fan C, Wu J, Ye J, Zhan S, Song H, et al. Clinical analysis on anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis cases: Chinese experience. Int J Clin Exp Med 2015; 8(10):18927-35. PMID: 26770517. |
N=33 Patients with autoimmune encephalitis, average age of 29.7 years. With anti-NMDAR encephalitis + N=3 cases with ovarian teratoma and 01 cervical TU. |
Of the 33 patients, 20 received antiretroviral drugs; N=331 1st line with immune steroid and plasmapheresis; None of the patients received IVIG alone |
Non-comparative study |
Average hospitalization = 36 days; Full recovery (asymptomatic) = 24, with 9 patients partially recovered (mild not detailed residual symptoms), among these, two with associated teratoma. |
7.8 months |