| Patel et al.2929. Patel S, Chen BR, Mancinelli C, Paganoni S, Shih L, Welsh M, et al. Longitudinal monitoring of patients with Parkinson's disease via wearable sensor technology in the home setting. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2001;2011:1552-5., 2011 |
“Longitudinal Monitoring of Patients with Parkinson's Disease via wearable sensor technology in the home setting” |
Prospective longitudinal study |
Estimate the UPDRS score, by means of wearable devices (Mercurylive, developed by the authors), which will evaluate two aspects: stomping heel first on the floor repeatedly and alternating pronation and supination of both hands. |
The authors concluded that it is possible to evaluate the UPDRS score in its integrity using wearable devices with an acceptable range of error. However, it is still a challenge to develop this type of technology that can be applied in the home of patients; it would be necessary to have techniques to deal with the uncontrolled environment of patients' homes. |
| Son et al.3030. Son H, Park WS, Kim H. Mobility monitoring using smart technologies for Parkinson's disease in free-living environment. Collegian. 2018;25(5):549-60., 2018 |
“Mobility monitoring using smart technologies for Parkinson's disease in free-living environment” |
Systematic review |
Gather and review studies that tested the feasibility of technology (wearable devices) for non-ambulatory continuous monitoring of PD patients. |
There are several wearable devices (WD) with different goals, such as to evaluate motor symptoms and their fluctuations or provide instant feedback (both positive and negative) to the patient about their posture. However, despite this myriad of WDs and the problems associated with its adoption and acceptance, they proved to be effective as an adjuvant factor to the therapeutic process of PD patients. |
| Pastorino et al.2121. Pastorino M, Cancela J, Arredondo MT, Pastor-Sanz L, Contardi S, Valzania F. Preliminary results of ON/OFF detection using an integrated system for Parkinson's disease monitoring. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2013;2013:941-4., 2013 |
“Preliminar results os ON/OFF detection using an integrated system for Parkinson's disease monitoring” |
Case series |
Assess the motor fluctuations throughout the day of PD patients (ON/OFF effects) by means of wearable devices. Such assessments are carried out in patients' homes (uncontrolled environment) and later compared with data collected from diaries kept by patients based on motor symptoms throughout the day. |
It is concluded that wearable devices are a great tool to assess PD patients (particularly motor symptoms and their daily fluctuations) remotely so that the doctor can adjust doses or change medications. In addition, it is associated with a low cost for patients with chronic diseases. However, there is a need for greater accuracy of wearable devices so that they can be used indiscriminately. |
| Tzallas et al.2424. Tzallas AT, Tsipouras MG, Rigas G, Tsalikakis DG, Karvounis EC, Chondrogiorgi M, et al. PERFORM: a system for monitoring, assessment and management of patients with Parkinson's disease. Sensors (Basel). 2014;14(11):21329-57., 2014 |
“PERFORM: a system for monitoring, assessment and management of patients with Parkinson's disease” |
Prospective longitudinal study |
Describe the technological system for remote management and monitoring of PD patients regarding their: characteristics; features compared to other systems; assessment of motor symptoms in PD patients; analyses and aid in the management of the disease. |
The management and treatment of PD are difficult challenges since the treatment is different and individualized, and management requires the active participation of the patient for an assessment of the daily routine and feedback. It shows the types of analysis of the signs and symptoms by the system, in addition to pointing out that, with the Perform system, the health professional can have a remote, precise and efficient assessment of the state of the patient by means of gyroscopes and accelerometers, and the continuous analysis of motor symptoms, both quantitatively and qualitatively outside the hospital environment, especially regarding clinical information on medication response. |
| Ossig et al.3131. Ossig C, Antonini A, Buhmann C, Classen J, Csoti I, Falkenburger B, et al. Wearable sensor-based objective assessment of motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna). 2016;123(1):57-64., 2016 |
“Wearable sensor-based objective assessment of motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease” |
Systematic review |
Evaluate relevant data obtained by wearable devices based on sensors for assessing motor symptoms in PD patients. The research focused on systems based on accelerometers and/or gyroscopes. |
It is concluded that although it has been shown that some devices or technologies are useful to distinguish between patients with or without PD and provide access to quantified methods of continuous monitoring, the feasibility of data obtained from devices based on wearable sensors remains unclear as a defining tool for trials and to improve routine clinical care of PD patients. |
| Del Din et al.99. Del Din S, Godfrey A, Mazzà C, Lord S, Rochester L. Free-living monitoring of Parkinson's disease: Lessons from the field. Mov Disord. 2016;31(9):1293-313., 2016 |
“Free-living monitoring of Parkinson's disease: lessons from the field” |
Systematic review |
Generally analyze the current state of the use of wearable devices by patients outside the clinical environment and describe the benefits and disadvantages, future developments, evidence and usefulness, and main challenges of passive patient evaluation devices regarding PD, in the precise detection and measurement of clinical data. |
The advantages of the use of wearable devices in PD have reached a stage in which they surpass evaluations that require attention and concentration, in addition to scales (although important) that are subjective and dependent on the patient. Therefore, devices can quantify relevant clinical results and response to treatment, thus reducing variations in assessments and improving patient engagement in the treatment. In general, technologies are a necessity and promising, but further studies and development are still needed, along with a multidisciplinary approach of sectors, so that they can be finally adopted clinically and broadly. |
| Godinho et al.3232. Godinho C, Domingos J, Cunha G, Santos AT, Fernandes RM, Abreu D, et al. A systematic review of the characteristics and validity of monitoring technologies to assess Parkinson's disease. J Neuroeng Rehabil. 2016;13:24., 2016 |
“A systematic review of the characteristics and validity of monitoring Technologies to assess Parkinson's disease” |
Systematic review |
Perform a systematic review to list, compare, and classify technological devices (wearable, not wearable, and hybrids) used to evaluate the motor symptoms of PD patients. |
It is concluded that there is a rise in the development of technologies to evaluate PD patients (with clinical evaluations or not and related to motor symptoms or not). However, attention must be paid to the clinical-measurement properties of these devices. |
