Menopause and metabolic syndrome: anthropometric, lipid, and dietary profiles

Gonçalves, Virginia Barros Sgorlon; Lima, Sônia Maria Rolim Rosa

doi:10.1590/1806-9282.20231571

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Sumário

Original Article • Rev. Assoc. Med. Bras. 70 (6) • 2024 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9282.20231571 copy

Menopause and metabolic syndrome: anthropometric, lipid, and dietary profiles

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

SUMMARY

OBJECTIVE:

The aim of this study was to characterize the anthropometric, lipid, and dietary profiles of postmenopausal women with metabolic syndrome attending a public health service and compare them with a group of women without metabolic syndrome.

METHODS:

A cross-sectional study was conducted with 60 postmenopausal women who were divided into two groups: control group and metabolic syndrome group, attending the Climacteric Outpatient Clinic at Santa Casa de São Paulo Hospital, Brazil, between February 2019 and December 2021. Participants were evaluated using a validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire, body mass index, waist circumference, and serum laboratory tests.

RESULTS:

Significant differences were observed between the groups regarding body mass index and all parameters of metabolic syndrome. The nutritional profile revealed an imbalance in the number of food portions consumed, particularly in the intake of carbohydrates in the form of flour and sweets, which was higher in the metabolic syndrome group.

CONCLUSION:

The analysis of the three profiles of postmenopausal women revealed significant imbalances, particularly in the metabolic syndrome group, highlighting the importance of regular adjustments and evaluations during this phase of a woman's life.

KEYWORDS:
Diet; Questionnaire; Metabolic syndrome; Menopause

Sample characteristics	Control group	MetS group¹1 World Health Organization (WHO). World health statistics. 2023. Available from: https://www.who.int/data/gho/publications/world-health-statistics https://www.who.int/data/gho/publication...	p-value
Age (years)^* * Student's t-test (mean and SD);	55.0 (±4.9)	56.0 (±5.3)	0.339
Weight (kg)^* * Student's t-test (mean and SD);	64.0 (±10.2)	76.0 (±8.0)	0.000
Height (m)^ Mann–Whitney test (median, minimum, and maximum);	1.55 (1.48–1.77)	1.59 (1.44–1.72)	0.239
BMI (kg/m²)^ Mann–Whitney test (median, minimum, and maximum);	25.4 (18.8–33.2)	29.7 (24.0–35.0)	0.000
Time after menopause (years)^ Mann–Whitney test (median, minimum, and maximum);	4.5 (2.0–16.0)	4.5 (2.0–23.0)	0.922
HDL cholesterol (mg/dL)^ Mann–Whitney test (median, minimum, and maximum);	59.0 (102.0–42.0)	50.5 (84.0–34.0)	0.002
LDL cholesterol (mg/dL)^ Mann–Whitney test (median, minimum, and maximum);	120.5 (236.0–81.0)	121.0 (161.0–50.2)	0.217
VLDL cholesterol (mg/dL)^ Mann–Whitney test (median, minimum, and maximum);	21.5 (40.6–10.0)	32.1 (69.2–17.2)	0.001
Non-HDL cholesterol (mg/dL)^ Mann–Whitney test (median, minimum, and maximum);	150.4 (269.6–101.2)	151.2 (201.4–73.6)	0.929
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)^ Mann–Whitney test (median, minimum, and maximum);	209.6 (325.6–168.2)	198.3 (249.4–158.0)	0.079
Triglycerides (mg/dL)^ Mann–Whitney test (median, minimum, and maximum);	107.5 (203.0–50.0)	158.5 (346.0–15.8)	0.001
Systolic blood pressure (≥130 mmHg)^§ § iChi-square test (mean and SD); BMI: body mass index; kg: kilograms; m: meter; kg/m2: kilogram per square meter; mg/dL: milligram per deciliter; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; VLDL: very-low-density lipoprotein; mmHg: millimeter of mercury; cm: centimeters; MetS1: metabolic syndrome; FCMSCSP: Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da Santa Casa de São Paulo. Bold indicates statistically significant p-value.	12.0 (±1.6)	13.6 (±1.2)	0.024
Diastolic blood pressure (≥85 mmHg)^§ § iChi-square test (mean and SD); BMI: body mass index; kg: kilograms; m: meter; kg/m2: kilogram per square meter; mg/dL: milligram per deciliter; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; VLDL: very-low-density lipoprotein; mmHg: millimeter of mercury; cm: centimeters; MetS1: metabolic syndrome; FCMSCSP: Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da Santa Casa de São Paulo. Bold indicates statistically significant p-value.	7.7 (±1.1)	8.4 (±0.8)	0.024
Waist circumference (>88 cm)^§ § iChi-square test (mean and SD); BMI: body mass index; kg: kilograms; m: meter; kg/m2: kilogram per square meter; mg/dL: milligram per deciliter; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; VLDL: very-low-density lipoprotein; mmHg: millimeter of mercury; cm: centimeters; MetS1: metabolic syndrome; FCMSCSP: Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da Santa Casa de São Paulo. Bold indicates statistically significant p-value.	88.8 (±8.1)	102.0 (±8.7)	0.000
Fasting blood glucose (≥110 mg/dL)^§ § iChi-square test (mean and SD); BMI: body mass index; kg: kilograms; m: meter; kg/m2: kilogram per square meter; mg/dL: milligram per deciliter; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; VLDL: very-low-density lipoprotein; mmHg: millimeter of mercury; cm: centimeters; MetS1: metabolic syndrome; FCMSCSP: Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da Santa Casa de São Paulo. Bold indicates statistically significant p-value.	93.5 (±9.7)	105.6 (±14.0)	0.001
Triglycerides (≥150 mg/dL)^§ § iChi-square test (mean and SD); BMI: body mass index; kg: kilograms; m: meter; kg/m2: kilogram per square meter; mg/dL: milligram per deciliter; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; VLDL: very-low-density lipoprotein; mmHg: millimeter of mercury; cm: centimeters; MetS1: metabolic syndrome; FCMSCSP: Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da Santa Casa de São Paulo. Bold indicates statistically significant p-value.	115.3 (±38.6)	161.7 (±52.9)	0.002
HDL cholesterol (<50 mg/dL)^§ § iChi-square test (mean and SD); BMI: body mass index; kg: kilograms; m: meter; kg/m2: kilogram per square meter; mg/dL: milligram per deciliter; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; VLDL: very-low-density lipoprotein; mmHg: millimeter of mercury; cm: centimeters; MetS1: metabolic syndrome; FCMSCSP: Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da Santa Casa de São Paulo. Bold indicates statistically significant p-value.	63.5 (±14.1)	52.5 (±12.5)	0.002

Foods	Partial number	Control group	MS¹1 World Health Organization (WHO). World health statistics. 2023. Available from: https://www.who.int/data/gho/publications/world-health-statistics https://www.who.int/data/gho/publication... group	Total n=60	Chi square
Foods	nº	%	%	%	p
Assorted meats	11	20.0	16.6	18.3	0.238
Fish	1	0.0	3.3	1.6	0.339
Eggs	18	23.3	36.3	30.0	0.364
Whole animal derivatives	33	40.0	70.0	55.0	0.084
Semi-skimmed and skimmed	11	20.0	16.6	18.3	0.238
Greens and vegetables	22	46.6	26.6	36.6	0.007
Roots	5	6.6	10.0	8.3	0.309
Legumes	38	66.6	60.0	63.3	0.191
Cereals	42	70.0	70.0	70.0	0.366
Fruits	23	50.0	26.6	38.3	0.059
Fruit juice	3	6.6	3.3	5.0	0.009
White and whole wheat flour	31	33.3	70.0	51.6	<0.001
Sugary cereal, cake, cookies, and candy	6	3.3	16.6	10.0	<0.001
Mono- and polyunsaturated fat	11	36.6	0.0	18.3	0.001
Sweets in general	13	16.6	26.6	21.6	<0.001
Fast food	4	0.0	13.3	6.66	0.009
Alcoholic beverage	0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.079
Regular soda and artificial juice	9	10.0	20.0	60.0	0.079
Sugar for added	25	36.3	46.6	41.6	0.004

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[1] *Corresponding author: vibarros00@gmail.com