Cacchio et al.1717 Cacchio A, Blasis E, Necozione S, Orio F, Santilli V. Mirror therapy for chronic complex regional pain syndrome type 1 and stroke. N Engl J Med. 2009; 361(6):634-6.RCT |
Complex regional pain syndrome |
4 weeks 7 days a week 30 minutes |
Patients performed all of the cardinal (proximal to distal) movements of the affected arm |
|
Cacchio et al.1616 Cacchio A, De Blasis E, De Blasis V, Santilli V, Spacca G. Mirror therapy in complex regional pain syndrome type 1 of the upper limb in stroke patients. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2009; 23(8):792-9.RCT |
|
First 2 weeks 5 days a week 30 minutes Last 2 weeks 5 days a week 1 hour |
Flexion and extension of the shoulder, elbow and wrist, and pronosupination of the forearm |
Evidence of effect and effect maintained after 6 months |
Chan et al.1818 Chan BL, Witt R, Charrow AP, Magee A, Howard R, Pasquina PF, et al. Mirror therapy for phantom limb pain. N Engl J Med. 2007; 357(21):2206-7.RCT |
Phantom limb pain |
4 weeks 7 days a week 15 minutes |
Not specified |
Evidence of effect |
Brodie et al.2828 Brodie EE, Whyte A, Niven CA. Analgesia through the looking-glass? A randomized controlled trial investigating the effect of viewing a 'virtual' limb upon phantom limb pain, sensation and movement. Eur J Pain. 2007; 11(4):428-36.RCT |
Phantom limb pain |
1 session |
Patients attempted to perform the following movements: straighten and bend the legs at the same time, and alternately. Point feet upwards, and downwards. Turn soles in towards and away from each other. Move feet in a circle. Lift feet off the ground in a walking movement. Point toes upwards and downwards keeping ankle and foot still. Clench, unclench, spread out and relax toes. Point up big toe and point down the other toes, then reverse |
|
Michielsen et al.2323 Michielsen ME, Selles RW, van der Geest JN, Eckhardt M, Yavuzer G, Stam HJ, et al. Motor recovery and cortical reorganization after mirror therapy in chronic stroke patients: a phase II randomized controlled trial. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2011; 25(3):223-33.RCT |
|
6 weeks 5 days a week 1 hour |
Participants performed bimanual exercises, with the difficulty of the exercises depending on the patients' individual levels of functioning |
Evidence of no effect |
Dohle et al.1919 Dohle C, Püllen J, Nakaten A, Küst J, Rietz C, Karbe H. Mirror therapy promotes recovery from severe hemiparesis: a randomized controlled trial. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2009; 23(3):209-17.RCT |
Severe hemiparesis |
6 weeks 5 days a week30 minutes |
Arm, hand and finger postures in response to verbal instructions, protocol scaled according to the patients' level of performance |
|
Moseley2121 Moseley GL. Graded motor imagery for pathologic pain: a randomized controlled trial. Neurology. 2006; 67(12):2129-34.RCT |
Complex regional pain syndrome type 1 |
2 weeks 7 days a week 10 minutes for each waking hour |
Patients were instructed to conduct smooth and pain-free movements in accordance to pictures randomly presented |
Evidence of effect in combination with GMI |
Moseley2020 Moseley GL. Graded motor imagery is effective for long-standing complex regional pain syndrome: a randomised controlled trial. Pain. 2004; 108(1-2):192-8.RCT |
Complex regional pain syndrome type 1 |
2 weeks 7 days a week 10 minutes for each waking hour |
Patients were instructed to conduct smooth and pain-free movements in accordance to pictures randomly presented |
Evidence of effect in combination with GMI |
Flinn et al.2929 Flinn SR, Hotle AC. A case series report on amputees with pro digit hand prostheses receiving mirror therapy. J Hand Ther. 2011; 24(4):390-1.Non-randomized controlled trial |
Phantom limb pain |
Not specified |
Not specified |
Evidence of no effect |
McCabe et al.3030 McCabe CS, Haigh RC, Ring EF, Halligan PW, Wall PD, Blake DR. A controlled pilot study of the utility of mirror visual feedback in the treatment of complex regional pain syndrome (type 1). Rheumatology (Oxford). 2003; 42(1):97-101.RCT |
Complex regional pain syndrome |
1 session 5 minutes |
Flexion-extension cycles of both limbs with the range of movement and speed dictated by the patients' pain |
Evidence of effect |
Michenthaler3030 McCabe CS, Haigh RC, Ring EF, Halligan PW, Wall PD, Blake DR. A controlled pilot study of the utility of mirror visual feedback in the treatment of complex regional pain syndrome (type 1). Rheumatology (Oxford). 2003; 42(1):97-101.RCT |
Complex regional pain syndrome |
6 weeks 2 days a week 30 minutes |
Motor activities in 5 positions (not specified) |
Not reported |
Stein2626 Stein R. Influence of non-pharmacological interventions (repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation or mirror therapy) on pain intensity and pain associated central nervous plasticity in patients with phantom limb pain. Bochum: Ruhr-Universität Bochum; 2012. RCT |
Phantom limb pain |
5 days 45 minutes |
Motor and sensory tasks (not specified) |
Not reported |
Acerra et al.2727 Acerra NE. Is early post-stroke upper limb mirror therapy associated with improved sensation and motor recovery? A randomised-controlled trial. Sensorimotor dysfunction in CRPS1 and stroke: characteristics, prediction and intervention. Australia: University of Queensland; 2007. RCT |
Stroke |
2 weeks 7days a week 20 to 30 minutes |
Functional motor tasks (i.e. with objects); motor coordination tasks; sensory discrimination tasks; grip strength; active range of motion |
Not reported |