Abstract:
This article offers a brief reflection on the nature of research and development (R&D) investment in Brazil, contributing to advancing the debate on this topic. R&D is one of the bases of innovation and productivity, and since 1999 Brazil has consistently increased investment in this area. However, this effort has yielded limited results, suggesting that supplying sufficient resources must be accompanied by effective implementation strategies.
Keywords:
technological development; innovation; economic growth; public policy; Brazil
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Source: Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovações (MCTIC) (Brazilian Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation) and Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).
Source: Elaborated by the authors.
Note: The item “others” includes higher education institutions and nonprofit organizations.Source: MCTIC (Brazil) and OECD (www.stats.oecd.org).
Source: Elaborated by the authors.
Source: Elaborated by the authors.
Notes: (1) Brazil: average of the period 2000-2014; South Korea: average of the period 2000-2015. (2) As for the socio-economic objective “higher education institutions” (HEI), according to the MCTIC (our translation): “Some expenses are subtracted from the annual budget executed by federal and state institutions offering Master and PhD degrees recognized by the Brazilian agency CAPES in order to estimate the portion of resources directed to graduate programs. These expenses are interest and debt amortization, expenses related to judicial sentences, expenses with inactive personnel and pensioners, and university hospitals’ maintenance. The result obtained after the subtraction is multiplied by the quotient [number of professors in graduate programs/number of professors of the HEIs in the respective year] (except for the years 2004 to 2006 in federal institutions. For those years, the calculation considered the quotient based on numbers from 2003).” According to the MCTIC, this category includes investments in buildings and facilities, as well as salaries for professors and other professionals. (3) According to OECD accounting (see MCTIC), in OECD countries, the category “non-oriented research” is included in “higher education institutions.” (4) Percentages calculated based on values in USD constant in 2011. Source: Elaborated by the authors based on data from MCTIC (Brazil) and OECD (https://stats.oecd.org), chapter GBARD.
Note: The same notes for 
Source: Elaborated by the authors.
Source: Elaborated by the authors.
Source: Adapted from 
Source: Elaborated by the authors.
