INFLUENCE OF TIME MANAGEMENT IN MODELING OF CURVE RESISTANCE TO THE PENETRATION OF A LATOSOL UNDER DIFFERENT USES AND MANAGEMENT OF PASTURES AND NATIVE WOODLAND

Fernandes, Kathleen Lourenço; Ribon, Adriana Aparecida; Tavares Filho, João; Custódio, Gustavo Dias; Barros, Leonardo Rodrigues

doi:10.1590/0100-67622016000300015

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Articles • Rev. Árvore 40 (3) • May-Jun 2016 • https://doi.org/10.1590/0100-67622016000300015 copy

INFLUENCE OF TIME MANAGEMENT IN MODELING OF CURVE RESISTANCE TO THE PENETRATION OF A LATOSOL UNDER DIFFERENT USES AND MANAGEMENT OF PASTURES AND NATIVE WOODLAND

INFLUÊNCIA DO TEMPO DE MANEJO NA MODELAGEM DA CURVA DE RESISTÊNCIA À PENETRAÇÃO DE UM LATOSSOLO SOB DIFERENTES USOS E MANEJO DE PASTAGENS E MATA NATIVA

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

The soil resistance to penetration study helps in understanding the state of soil compaction, indicating how best to manage it. The present study aimed to verify the influence of time management in modeling curves of resistance to penetration in Oxisol under different uses and management of pastures and woodland in field conditions, using the stepwise procedure. The study was conducted in the Cerrado region. Five (5) systems of uses and management of pastures and native woodland were evaluated: ILPF: crop-livestock-forest integration; ILP: crop-livestock integration; P: Area in the extensive grazing system; MN: native woodland; PIQ: rotated picket. The experiments were assessed for the years 2012/13 and 2013/14. To obtain the models, an analysis with four independent variables was performed: Gravimetric moisture (X1), bulk density (X2), total porosity (X3) and organic matter (X4) and the dependent variable, soil resistance to penetration (Y). The multiple regression analysis by STEPWISE with F of 0.15 was used. The equation that best estimated the resistance to penetration was RP = 14.68 to 0.26 for Native Woodland in layers from 0.20 - 0.40 m with R2 indices of 0.97 in year 1. For year 2, the equation that estimated the resistance to penetration was obtained in the PIQ treatment, PR = - 15.94 - 0.29 PT + 15.87 DS + 0.05 MO. with R2 of 0.94.

Keywords:
Soil compaction; Soil density; Total porosity

Table 1 Analysis of typical granulometric Oxisoil to the layers of 0-0.2 and 0.2-0.4 m.

Layer	Sand	Silt	Clay
	————— g Kg^-1 —————
0 – 0.20m	400	80	520
0.20 – 0.40m	300	80	620

Table 2 Statistical moments of year 1 for any variable at layers 0-0.2 and 0.2-0.4 m for soils under different land use systems and soil management and native woodland

Layer (m)	Variables	Ave.	SD	CV	Mod	Max.	Min	N
ZCrop-livestock integration
0-0.20	RP (MPa)	3.25	1.27	0.39	2.63	6.07	1.25	20
	Ug (kg.kg^-1)	0.15	0.03	0.17	0.17	0.20	0.1	20
	Ds (Mg.dm^-3)	1.81	0.14	0.08	1.87	2.05	1.48	20
	PT (cm³.cm^-3)	27.47	6.59	0.24	28	40.14	13.75	20
	Mo (g.kg^-1)	24.9	5.76	0.23	29.00	33.00	14	20

0.20-0.40	RP (MPa)	4.49	1.31	0.29	4.01	8.83	3.32	20
	Ug (kg.kg^-1)	0.15	0.02	0.13	0.15	0.18	0.10	20
	Ds (Mg.dm^-3)	1.92	0.08	0.04	1.97	2.07	1.74	20
	PT (cm³.cm^-3)	23.62	4.51	0.19	20.00	31.17	16.25	20
	Mo (g.kg^-1)	15.85	3.32	0.21	17.00	26.00	11.00	20
Extensive grazing
0-0.20	RP (MPa)	9.86	3.75	0.38	7.45	16.41	1.94	20
	Ug (kg.kg^-1)	1.14	4.28	3.74	0.16	19.8	0.13	20
	Ds (Mg.dm^-3)	1.77	0.11	0.06	1.82	1.94	1.40	20
	PT (cm³.cm^-3)	27.15	5.57	0.21	24.00	43.87	18.56	20
	Mo (g.kg^-1)	37.6	15.90	0.42	40.00	92.00	21.00	20

0..20-0..40	RP (MPa)	8.27	2.42	0.29	8.14	15.03	4.69	20
	Ug (kg.kg^-1)	0.19	0.03	0.14	0.20	0.23	0.14	20
	Ds (Mg.dm^-3)	1.73	0.09	0.05	1.82	1.87	1.54	20
	PT (cm³.cm^-3)	29.1	5.29	0.18	25.00	42.54	20.79	20
	Mo (g.kg^-1)	20.7	3.99	0.19	17.00	30.00	16.00	20
Crop-livestock-forest integration
0-0.20	RP (MPa)	3.52	0.90	0.26	4.01	6.07	1.94	20
	Ug (kg.kg^-1)	0.13	0.01	0.10	0.12	0.16	0.12	20
	Ds (Mg.dm^-3)	1.75	0.12	0.07	1.66	1.94	1.56	20
	PT (cm³.cm^-3)	29.85	5.76	0.19	24.00	43.05	22.34	20
	Mo (g.kg^-1)	23.45	6.64	0.28	30.00	38.00	13.00	20

0.20-0.40	RP (MPa)	4.45	1.22	0.27	5.38	6.07	2.63	20
	Ug (kg.kg^-1)	0.16	0.02	0.10	0.15	0.21	0.14	20
	Ds (Mg.dm^-3)	1.89	0.05	0.03	1.91	1.96	1.81	20
	PT (cm³.cm^-3)	23.12	2.70	0.12	21.00	27.52	17.44	20
	Mo (g.kg^-1)	13.40	2.37	0.18	13.00	18.00	9.00	20
Picket
0-0.20	RP (MPa)	14.82	4.12	0.28	14.34	26.74	8.14	20
	Ug (kg.kg^-1)	0.15	0.03	0.22	0.16	0.24	0.10	20
	Ds (Mg.dm^-3)	1.65	0.06	0.04	1.62	1.75	1.50	20
	PT (cm³.cm^-3)	30.95	4.15	0.13	27.00	37.64	21.24	20
	Mo (g.kg^-1)	38.25	8.63	0.23	43.00	55.00	24.00	20

0.20-0.40	RP (MPa)	12.31	5.24	0.43	9.52	22.61	5.38	20
	Ug (kg.kg^-1)	0.16	0.02	0.11	0.16	0.22	0.14	20
	Ds (Mg.dm^-3)	1.62	0.11	0.07	1.72	1.78	1.39	20
	PT (cm³.cm^-3)	33.45	5.24	0.16	33.00	41.68	22.87	20
	Mo (g.kg^-1)	20.70	3.02	0.15	19.00	28.00	16.00	20
Native woodland
0-0.20	RP (MPa)	5.25	1.26	0.24	5.38	7.45	2.63	20
	Ug (kg.kg^-1)	0.27	0.03	0.11	0.24	0.32	0.23	20
	Ds (Mg.dm^-3)	1.37	0.10	0.07	1.32	1.52	1.18	20
	PT (cm³.cm^-3)	40.94	5.42	0.13	45.00	52.64	32.41	20
	Mo (g.kg^-1)	54.40	7.83	0.14	51.00	68.00	40.00	20

0.20-0.40	RP (MPa)	5.49	1.51	0.28	6.07	9.52	3.32	20
	Ug (kg.kg^-1)	0.26	0.04	0.17	0.27	0.35	0.15	20
	Ds (Mg.dm^-3)	1.52	0.13	0.09	1.66	1.77	1.32	20
	PT (cm³.cm^-3)	35.18	5.77	0.16	39.00	42.81	20.52	20

Table 3 Selected models for estimating soil resistance to penetration (RP) versus gravimetric moisture (GM), bulk density (DS), organic matter (OM) and total porosity (TP) of soils under different systems of use and management of soil and native woodland in the first year (2012/13).

Layer (m)	Equation	CV	R	Fc	Pr>Fc
Crop-livestock integration
0-0.20	RP = 10.08 - 46.18 UG	11.29	0.92	220.65	0.000
0.20-0.40	RP = 44.74 + 0.29 MO - 29.20 UG - 18.96 DS - 0.17 PT	7.32	0.94	75.47	0.000
Extensice grazing
0-0.20	RP = 35.75 - 1.28 PT + 0.23 MO	12.18	0.90	88.97	0.000
0.20-0.40	RP = - 56.54 - 82.33 UG + 0.78 MO +36.89 DS	8.34	0.92	76.73	0.000
Crop-livestock-forest integration
0-0.20	RP = 6.42 - 0.12 MO	11.21	0.82	85.75	0.000
0.20-0.40	RP = - 44.56 + 25.85 DS	6.36	0.95	350.38	0.000
Picket
0-0.20	RP = 51.07 - 1.51 PT + 0.27 MO	6.88	0.94	154.54	0.000
0.20-0.40	RP = 92.30 - 1.36 PT - 21.28 DS	11.07	0.94	139.09	0.000
Native woodland
0-0.20	RP = 15.58 - 22.12 UG - 0.11 PT	6.32	0.93	136.47	0.000
0.20-0.40	RP = 14.68 - 0.26 PT	4.82	0.97	637.04	0.000

Table 4 Statistical moments of year 2 for variables analized in layers 0-0.2 and 0.2-0.4m for soils under different land use systems and soil management and native woodland.

Layer (m)	Variable	Ave.	SD	CV	Mod.	Max.	Min	N
Crop-livestock integration
0-0.20	RP (MPa)	2.76	0.56	0.20	2.62	4.00	1.93	20
	Ug (kg.kg^-1)	0.18	0.01	0.08	0.18	0.21	0.16	20
	Ds (Mg.dm^-3)	1.86	0.07	0.04	1.88	1.97	1.66	20
	PT (cm³.cm^-3)	24.30	4.86	0.20	25.00	34.00	13.00	20
	Mo (g.kg^-1)	23.00	7.94	0.35	34.00	34.00	12.00	20

0.20-0.40	RP (MPa)	2.79	0.90	0.32	1.938	5.38	1.93	20
	Ug (kg.kg^-1)	0.22	0.01	0.05	0.22	0.25	0.20	20
	Ds (Mg.dm^-3)	1.80	0.05	0.03	1.81	1.91	1.70	20
	PT (cm³.cm^-3)	26.60	4.13	0.16	23.00	39.00	20.00	20
	Mo (g.kg^-1)	13.60	4.76	0.35	11.00	31.00	8.00	20
Extensive grazing
0-0.20	RP (MPa)	3.69	0.94	0.25	2.62	6.07	2.62	20
	Ug (kg.kg^-1)	0.23	0.02	0.09	0.23	0.28	0.20	20
	Ds (Mg.dm^-3)	1.76	0.07	0.04	1.80	1.95	1.65	20
	PT (cm³.cm^-3)	26.15	3.24	0.12	26.00	34.00	20.00	20
	Mo (g.kg^-1)	32.70	7.09	0.22	41.00	50.00	22.00	20

0.20-0.40	RP (MPa)	3.41	0.91	0.26	3.31	6.07	1.93	20
	Ug (kg.kg^-1)	0.37	0.44	1.19	0.27	2.30	0.20	20
	Ds (Mg.dm^-3)	1.67	0.07	0.04	1.74	1.85	1.56	20
	PT (cm³.cm^-3)	29.15	3.61	0.12	28.00	35.00	23.00	20
	Mo (g.kg^-1)	19.10	2.68	0.14	20.00	25.00	15.00	20
Crop-livestock-forest integration
0-0.20	RP (MPa)	2.17	0.55	0.25	2.62	3.31	1.24	20
	Ug (kg.kg^-1)	0.17	0.02	0.13	0.16	0.23	0.14	20
	Ds (Mg.dm^-3)	1.77	0.13	0.07	1.64	1.93	1.47	20
	PT (cm³.cm^-3)	28.00	5.10	0.18	25.00	42.00	22.00	20
	Mo (g.kg^-1)	26.00	6.46	0.25	32.00	42.00	15.00	20

0.20-0.40	RP (MPa)	2.42	0.69	0.29	1.93	4.00	1.24	20
	Ug (kg.kg^-1)	0.19	0.04	0.19	0.19	0.27	0.10	20
	Ds (Mg.dm^-3)	1.85	0.07	0.04	1.91	2.00	1.74	20
	PT (cm³.cm^-3)	24.45	4.04	0.17	25.00	31.00	16.00	20
	Mo (g.kg^-1)	14.10	2.34	0.17	13.00	18.00	10.00	20
Picket
0-0.20	RP (MPa)	3.86	1.24	0.32	4.00	6.76	1.93	20
	Ug (kg.kg^-1)	0.20	0.01	0.04	0.20	0.22	0.19	20
	Ds (Mg.dm^-3)	1.70	0.06	0.03	1.73	1.81	1.58	20
	PT (cm³.cm^-3)	31.75	3.24	0.10	32.00	39.00	26.00	20
	Mo (g.kg^-1)	33.35	10.90	0.33	24.00	58.00	19.00	20

0.20-0.40	RP (MPa)	2.69	0.61	0.23	2.62	4.00	1.93	20
	Ug (kg.kg^-1)	0.21	0.01	0.03	0.22	0.23	0.20	20
	Ds (Mg.dm^-3)	1.68	0.08	0.05	1.66	1.85	1.56	20
	PT (cm³.cm^-3)	32.15	4.36	0.14	33.00	38.00	23.00	20
	Mo (g.kg^-1)	16.10	2.55	0.16	18.00	21.00	12.00	20
Native woodland
0-0.20	RP (MPa)	2.11	0.53	0.25	1.93	3.31	1.24	20
	Ug (kg.kg^-1)	0.42	0.03	0.07	0.44	0.47	0.36	20
	Ds (Mg.dm^-3)	1.34	0.09	0.07	1.38	1.50	1.16	20
	PT (cm³.cm^-3)	42.10	4.54	0.11	38.00	50.00	34.00	20
	Mo (g.kg^-1)	39.85	6.59	0.17	44.00	51.00	25.00	20

0.20-0.40	RP (MPa)	2.17	0.73	0.34	1.93	4.00	1.24	20
	Ug (kg.kg^-1)	0.42	0.07	0.15	0.42	0.59	0.31	20
	Ds (Mg.dm^-3)	1.37	0.12	0.09	1.34	1.67	1.14	20
	PT (cm³.cm^-3)	40.89	5.45	0.13	33.00	49.00	32.00	20
	Mo (g.kg^-1)	34.90	7.06	0.20	37.00	44.00	15.00	20

Table 5 Selected models for estimating soil resistance to penetration (RP) versus gravimetric moisture (GM), bulk density (DS), organic matter (OM) and total porosity (TP) of soils under different systems of use and management of soil and native woodland in year 2 (2013/14).

Layer (m)	Equation	CV	R	Fc	Pr>Fc
Crop-livestock integration
0-0.20	RP = 5.41 - 0.11 PT	8.34	0.84	99.93	0.000
0.20-0.40	RP = -59.57 + 31.48 DS - 0.20 PT	10.85	0.89	78.1	0.000
Extensive grazing
0-0.20	RP = - 6.66 + 6.86 DS - 0.05 MO	9.66	0.86	60.03	0.000
0.20-0.40	RP = -2.23 + 6.73 DS - 20.59 UG	9.71	0.87	65.54	0.000
Crop-livestock-forest integration
0-0.20	RP = - 4.70 + 3.88 DS	10.67	0.83	92.7	0.000
0.20-0.40	RP = - 1.47 - 11 78 UG + 3.31 DS	9.05	0.9	91.37	0.000
Picket
0-0.20	RP = -15.94 - 0.29 PT + 15.87 DS + 0.05 MO	8.15	0.94	98.06	0.000

Sociedade de Investigações Florestais Universidade Federal de Viçosa, CEP: 36570-900 - Viçosa - Minas Gerais - Brazil, Tel: (55 31) 3612-3959 - Viçosa - MG - Brazil
E-mail: rarvore@sif.org.br

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