PHOSPHORUS FERTILIZATION AND HARVEST INTERVALS INFLUENCE ENERGETIC AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF BRIQUETTES AND LARGE BRANCHES OF MATE

Santin, Delmar; Gonçalves Sobrinho, Marcelino Breguez; Carneiro, Angélica de Cássia Oliveira; Benedetti, Eliziane Luiza; Barros, Nairam Félix de

doi:10.1590/1806-90882017000100010

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Articles • Rev. Árvore 41 (1) • 2017 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-90882017000100010 copy

PHOSPHORUS FERTILIZATION AND HARVEST INTERVALS INFLUENCE ENERGETIC AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF BRIQUETTES AND LARGE BRANCHES OF MATE

ADUBAÇÃO FOSFATADA E INTERVALOS DE COLHEITA INFLUENCIAM AS PROPRIEDADES ENERGÉTICAS E FÍSICAS DE BRIQUETES E DE GALHOS GROSSOS DE ERVA-MATE

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

In mate crop, the commercial part consists of leaves and thin branches, while the large branches (LB) are considered unused residues and left in the field, although they may have potential for use as energy. The objective of this paper was to evaluate the influence of phosphorus fertilization and harvest interval in productivity of mate large branches and in their physical and energetic properties, as well as in derived briquettes. In a seven-year-old plantation, doses of 0, 20, 40, 80, 160 and 320 kg.ha^-1 of P₂O₅ were applied considering harvest intervals of 12, 18 and 24 months. Dry mass, average diameter, P content, and physical and energetic properties of LB were determined. With LB, after its transformation into particles and briquetting, physical and energetic properties were determined, as well as P availability in soil. The phosphorus fertilization increased LB productivity in larger harvest intervals, increasing the amount of energy produced per unit of area, but did not change basic density and gross calorific value of wood. Mate harvest intervals did not affect the apparent density and calorific value of briquettes produced by LB. LB harvested at intervals of 18 and 24 months produced wood with higher basic density and gross calorific value. LB or briquettes have adequate energetic and physical properties, being technically a plant residue with great potential for use as energy.

Keywords:
Plant residues; Renewable energy; Ilex paraguariensis

Table 1 Clay content and soil chemical properties of the experimental site in São Mateus do Sul, PR, in a soil from 0 to 20 cm of depth.

CO	Clay	pH	P	K⁺		Ca²⁺	Mg²⁺	Al³⁺	H+Al	CTC_pH7.0		V	m
---g.kg^-1---		H₂O	--mg.dm^-3--			----------cmol c .dm^-3----------						---%---
31.2	770	3.92	1.31	56.80		0.95	0.39	4.47	15.78	17.27		8,6	71.2

Table 2 Fertilizer splitting and time of application, and harvest time according to mate harvest intervals.

Harvest	Fertilizing splitting and time of application of doses of P₂O₅						Harvest
Interval	1^st parcel		2^nd parcel		3^rd parcel
Months	% dose P₂O₅	Period	% dose P₂O₅	Period	% dose P₂O₅	Period	Period
12	50.09	Jan/200	50.0	Sept/2009	——	——	Jan/2010
18	33.3	Jan/2009	33.3	Sept/2009	33.3	Jan/2010	Jul/2010
24	33.3	Jan/2009	33.3	Sept/2009	33.3	Set/2010	Jan/2011

Table 3 Properties of briquettes produced with large branches of mate plants harvested at different harvest intervals. The averages followed by the same letter do not vary statistically (p<0.05), among harvest intervals, according to the Tukey test and ns not significant.

Harvest Interval	Moisture Content	Bulk density	Tensile Strength	Gross calorific value	Energy density
Month	%	g.cm^-3	kgf.cm^-2	kcal.kg^-1	Gcal.m^-3
12	10.4a		71.5b		4.37b
18	10.0b	0.99^ns	71.8b	11.058^ns	4.64a
24	9.9b		105.3a		4.43b

Table 4 Correlation coefficients (r) between soil P content and large branch characteristics of mate plants harvested at different harvest intervals affected by phosphorus doses.

VariableVariable^/1 /1 Variable in the doses of 0 and 320 kg.ha-1 of P2O5;	Large branch of mate plant variables^/1 /1 Variable in the doses of 0 and 320 kg.ha-1 of P2O5; harvested at different intervals
	Productivity	Diameter	Basic Density	Gross calorific value	Energy density	Ash content
	t.ha^-1	mm	g.cm^-3	kcal.kg^-1	Gcal.ha^-1	%
Harvest interval of 12 months
P soil^/2 /2 availability of P in the 0-20 cm layer of the soil;	0.587^ns ns not significant.	0.743^* *, , ***** correspond to 5, 1, 0.1 % and	-0.105^ns ns not significant.	-0.096^ns ns not significant.	0.587^ns ns not significant.	-0.290^ns ns not significant.
P GG^/3 /3 total content of P in the plant tissue of the large branch (LB) of mate plant harvesting.	0.490^ns ns not significant.	0.753^* *, , ***** correspond to 5, 1, 0.1 % and	-0.248^ns ns not significant.	-0.158^ns ns not significant.	0.490^ns ns not significant.	-0.025^ns ns not significant.
Ash content	-0.054^ns ns not significant.	0.111^ns ns not significant.	-0.135^ns ns not significant.	-0.054^ns ns not significant.	-0.014^ns ns not significant.	————
Harvest interval of 18 months
P soil^/2 /2 availability of P in the 0-20 cm layer of the soil;	0.960^* , , **** correspond to 5, 1, 0.1 % and	0.839^ , , **** correspond to 5, 1, 0.1 % and	0.010^ns ns not significant.	-0.311^ns ns not significant.	0.960^* , , **** correspond to 5, 1, 0.1 % and	-0.055^ns ns not significant.
P GG^/3 /3 total content of P in the plant tissue of the large branch (LB) of mate plant harvesting.	0.858^ , , **** correspond to 5, 1, 0.1 % and	0.725^* *, , ***** correspond to 5, 1, 0.1 % and	0.106^ns ns not significant.	-0.340^ns ns not significant.	0.858^ , , **** correspond to 5, 1, 0.1 % and	0.118^ns ns not significant.
Ash content	-0.130^ns ns not significant.	-0.339^ns ns not significant.	0.213^ns ns not significant.	-0.130^ns ns not significant.	-0.527^ns ns not significant.	————
Harvest interval of 24 months
P solo^/2 /2 availability of P in the 0-20 cm layer of the soil;	0.975^* , , **** correspond to 5, 1, 0.1 % and	0.778^ , , **** correspond to 5, 1, 0.1 % and	0.413^ns ns not significant.	-0.382^ns ns not significant.	0.975^* , , **** correspond to 5, 1, 0.1 % and	-0.272^ns ns not significant.
P GG^/3 /3 total content of P in the plant tissue of the large branch (LB) of mate plant harvesting.	0.893^* , , **** correspond to 5, 1, 0.1 % and	0.702^* *, , ***** correspond to 5, 1, 0.1 % and	0.322^ns ns not significant.	-0.300^ns ns not significant.	0.893^* , , **** correspond to 5, 1, 0.1 % and	-0.250^ns ns not significant.
Ash content	-0.363^ns ns not significant.	-0.383^ns ns not significant.	0.282^ns ns not significant.	-0.363^ns ns not significant.	-0.066^ns ns not significant.	————

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