De Backer et al.,1111 De Backer D, Creteur J, Preiser JC, et al. Microvascular blood flow is altered in patients with sepsis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002;166:98-104. (Belgium) |
Single-center prospective study |
Abdominal, Genitourinary, Respiratory, Soft tissues, Others |
Healthy volunteers: 30 (26-36) years; Patients before surgery: 66 (56-74) years Acutelly ill noninfected patients: 64 (52-66) years Septic patients: 61 (50-72) years |
N/A 5 (3-5) 10 (7-20) 21 (17-25) |
N/A 0 (0-0) 3 (1-8) 13 (10-15) |
82 (80-87) 91 (79-99) 88 (75-94) 71 (63-79) |
69 (64-72) 68 (65-74) 69 (63-106) 105 (91-110) |
N/A N/A 1.4 (1.3-1.7) 2.2 (1.5-3.4) |
6 |
Sakr et al., 22 Sakr Y, Dubois MJ, De Backer D, et al. Persistent microcirculatory alterations are associated with organ failure and death in patients with septic shock. Crit Care Med. 2004;32:1825-31. (Belgium) |
Single-center prospective study |
Abdominal, Genitourinary, Respiratory, Others |
All Patients: 66 (51-78) Survivors: 61 (48-78) Nonsurvivors: 68 (56-78) |
16 (13-19) 15 (12-17) 19 (9-14) |
10 (9-12) 9 (9-11) 11 (9-14) |
70 (63-79) 72 (66-80) 67 (61-76) |
104 (96-118) 109 (94-121) 101 (98-117) |
2.1 (1.2-3.4) 1.7 (1.2-2.4) 2.5 (1.5-4.0) |
7 |
Doerschug et al.,33 Doerschug KC, Delsing AS, Schmidt GA, et al. Impairments in microvascular reactivity are related to organ failure in human sepsis. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2007;293:H1065-71. (United States of America) |
Single-center prospective study |
Data not shown |
Severe sepsis patients Median - 55 Minimum - 40 Maximum - 85 |
Data not shown |
9 2 18 |
69 55 90 |
92 72 121 |
3.0 1.1 10.3 |
6 |
Trzeciak et al.,1212 Trzeciak S, Mccoy JV, Dellinger PR, et al. Microcirculatory alterations in resuscitation and shock (MARS) investigators. Early increases in microcirculatory perfusion during protocol-directed resuscitation are associated with reduced multi-organ failure at 24 hours in patients with sepsis. Intensive Care Med. 2008;34:2210-7. (United States of America) |
Single-center prospective study |
Abdominal, Genitourinary, Respiratory, Skin, soft tissue, Undetermined |
All septic patients 61 ± 15 Survivors N/A Nonsurvivors N/A |
Data not shown |
5.8 ± 3.8 4.0 ± 3.2 8.3 ± 3.2 |
71 ± 10 N/A N/A |
Data not shown |
N/A 2.4 ± 1.5 5.8 ± 4.5 |
6 |
Leone et al.,1414 Leone M, Blidi S, Antonini F, et al. Oxygen tissue saturation is lower in nonsurvivors than in survivors after early resuscitation of septic shock. Anesthesiol. 2009;111:366-71. (France) |
Single-center retrospective study |
Respiratory Abdominal Genitourinary Skin, CNS |
Survivors 59 (40-67) Nonsurvivors 60 (55-73) |
Data not shown |
Data not shown |
79 (72-87) 80 (71-84) |
100 (85-114) 94 (88-115) |
2.3 (1.4-2.9) 2.5 (1.5-4.7) |
7 |
Spanos et al.,1515 Spanos A, Jhanji S, Vivian-Smith A, et al. Early microvascular changes in sepsis and severe sepsis. Shock. 2010;33:387-91. (United Kingdom) |
Single-center prospective study |
Abdominal, Genitourinary, Respiratory, Neurological, Soft tissue, Others. |
Sepsis 33 (25-58) Severe sepsis 66 (45-82) Survivors Nonsurvivors |
8 ± 5 18 ± 7 N/A N/A |
Data not shown |
88 ± 15 70 ± 16 N/A N/A |
115 ± 15 114 ± 25 N/A N/A |
N/A N/A 1.8 (1.2-2.4) 2.7 (1.4-5.4) |
6 |
Sakr et al.,1616 Sakr Y, Gath V, Oishi J, et al. Characterization of buccal microvascular response in patients with septic shock. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2010;27:388-94. (Germany) |
Single-center prospective study |
Respiratory, Abdominal, Blood stream Others |
All patients 61 ± 11 |
28.8 ± 6.4 |
10.6 ± 3.4 |
Data not shown |
Data not shown |
Data not shown |
5 |
Ait-Oufella et al.,1717 Ait-Oufella H, Lemoinne S, Boelle PY, et al. Mottling score predicts survival in septic shock. Intensive Care Med. 2011;37:801-7. (France) |
Single-center prospective study |
Respiratory, Abdominal, Genitourinary Soft tissue, Others |
All patients 66 ± 16 |
Data not shown |
11.5 (8.5 - 14.5) |
Data not shown |
Data not shown |
Data not shown |
5 |
Rodriguez et al.,1818 Rodriguez A, Lisboa T, Martín-Loeches I, et al. Mortality and regional oxygen saturation index in septic shock patients: a pilot study. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2011;70:1145-52. (Spain) |
Single-center prospective study |
Abdominal, Genitourinary Respiratory |
All Patients 65.0 ± 12.3 Survivors 61.0 ± 14.9 Nonsurvivors 68.5 ± 9.0 |
24.4 ± 7.5 19.2 ± 5.1 28.1 ± 6.4 |
9.0 ± 2.6 7.1 ± 1.3 10.4 ± 2.5 |
73.6 ± 7.3 75.9 ± 7.3 71.8 ± 8.1 |
Data not shown |
N/A 1.2 ± 0.75 2.32 ± 1.25 |
6 |
Shapiro et al.,1919 Shapiro NI, Arnold R, Sherwin R, et al. The association of near-infrared spectroscopy-derived tissue oxygenation measurements with sepsis syndromes, organ dysfunction and mortality in emergency department patients with sepsis. Crit Care. 2011;15:223-32. (United States of America) |
Multicenter prospective study |
Data not shown |
Septic shock 68 ± 16 Sepsis 55 ± 17 Control 68 ± 16 |
Data not shown |
Data not shown |
75 ± 19 89 ± 16 96 ± 16 |
Data not shown |
3.5 ± 2.5 1.7 ± 1.1 1.4 ± 0.7 |
7 |
Ait-Oufella et al.,2020 Ait-Oufella H, Joffre J, Boelle PY, et al. Knee area tissue oxygen saturation is predictive of 14-day mortality in septic shock. Intensive Care Med. 2012;38:976-83. (France) |
Single-center prospective study |
Respiratory, Abdominal, Genitourinary Soft tissue |
All patients 68 ± 15 Nonsurvivors N/A Survivors N/A |
Data not shown |
11 (9-15) 15 (13-19) 9 (6-10) |
75 ± 14 74 ± 12 79 ± 14 |
Data not shown |
5.4 ± 4.8 8.8 ± 5.0 2.2 ± 1.5 |
5 |
Edul et al., 2121 Edul VSK, Enrico C, Laviolle B, et al. Quantitative assessment of the microcirculation in healthy volunteers and in patients with septic shock. Crit Care Med. 2012;40:1443-8. (Argentina) |
Single-center prospective study |
Abdominal Respiratory Genitourinary Intravascular Bone |
Survivor 69 ± 13 Nonsurvivor 72 ± 13 |
22 ± 5 23 ± 8 |
9 ± 3 11 ± 2 |
78 ± 13 72 ± 8 |
88 ± 12 103 ± 17 |
1.9 ± 1.1 4.1 ± 3.8 |
6 |
De Backer et al.,2222 De Backer D, Donadello K, Sakr Y, et al. Microcirculatory alterations in patients with severe sepsis: impact of time of assessment and relationship with outcome. Crit Care Med. 2013;41:791-9. (Belgium) |
Single-center retrospective study |
Abdominal, Genitourinary Respiratory, Skin |
All patients 69 (55-76) Survivors N/A Nonsurvivors N/A |
N/A 20 (17-27) 23 (18-28) |
N/A 10 (8-11) 11 (9-14) |
N/A 71 (66-78) 69 (64-75) |
N/A 102 (88-117) 105 (94-116) |
2.1 (1.3-3.3) 1.9 (1.2-2.8) 2.4 (1.4-4.0) |
7 |
He et al.,55 He HW, Liu DW, Long Y, et al. The peripheral perfusion index and transcutaneous oxygen challenge test are predictive of mortality in septic patients after resuscitation. Crit Care. 2013;17:116-25. (China) |
Single-center prospective study |
Abdominal, Bloodstream Genitourinary Respiratory, Soft tissue, Unknown |
Survivors 58 ± 16 Nonsurvivors 67 ± 16 |
18 ± 6 20 ± 6 |
9 ± 2 10 ± 2 |
Data not shown |
Data not shown |
2.3 ± 2.0 5.6 ± 4.9 |
4 |
Hernandez et al.,2323 Hernandez G, Boerma EC, Dubin A, et al. Severe abnormalities in microvascular perfused vessel density are associated to organ dysfunctions and mortality and can be predicted by hyperlactatemia and norepinephrine requirements in septic shock patients. J Crit Care. 2013;28:538-43. (Chile, Argentina, and the Netherlands) |
Multicenter retrospective study |
Abdominal, Catheter related Genitourinary Respiratory, |
All patients 65 (18-84) |
21 (18-25) |
10 (7-12) |
67 (61-72) |
Data not shown |
2.3 (1.3-4.5) |
5 |
Ait-Oufella et al.,2424 Ait-Oufella H, Bige N, Boelle PY, et al. Capillary refill time exploration during septic shock. Intensive Care Med. 2014;40:958-964. (France) |
Single-center prospective study |
Abdominal,Genitourinary Respiratory, Soft tissue |
All patients 69 ± 14 Nonsurvivors N/A Survivors N/A |
Data not shown |
10 (7-14) 13 (9-15) 8 (7-11) |
76 ± 10 73 ± 10 78 ± 11 |
Data not shown |
4.5 ± 4.6 7.7 ± 5.8 2.5 ± 1.4 |
8 |
Mari et al.,2525 Mari A, Vallée F, Bedel J, et al. Oxygen challenge test in septic shock patients: prognostic value and influence of respiratory status. Shock. 2014;41:504-9. (France) |
Single-center prospective study |
Respiratory Abdominal Soft tissue Genitourinary Others |
Survivors 54 ± 19 Nonsurvivors 62 ± 12 |
Data not shown |
9 ± 4 (T0) 8 ± 3 (T24) 11 ± 3 (T0) 11 ± 3 (T24) |
80 ± 11 (T0) 82 ± 13 (T24) 79 ± 14 (T0) 78 ± 14 (T24) |
100 ± 23 (T0) 96 ± 22 (T24) 105 ± 30 (T0) 96 ± 21 (T24) |
2.9 ± 2.4 (T0) 1.7 ± 1.1 (T24) 3.7 ± 2.2 (T0) 3.3 ± 2.1 (T24) |
5 |
Galbois et al.,2626 Galbois A, Bigé N, Pichereau C, et al. Exploration of skin perfusion in cirrhotic patients with septic shock. J Hepatol. 2015;62:549-55. (France) |
Single-center prospective study |
Abdominal, Genitourinary Respiratory, Others |
All patients 58.7 (52.4-68.5) |
14 (12-18) |
Data not shown |
Data not shown |
Data not shown |
Data not shown |
6 |
Rasmy et al.,2727 Rasmy I, Mohamed H, Nabil N, et al. Evaluation of perfusion index as a predictor of vasopressor requirement in patients with severe sepsis. Shock. 2015;44:554-9. 2015 (Egypt) |
Single-center prospective study |
Abdominal Respiratory Soft tissue |
All patients 50 ± 17.9 Vasopressors 54 ± 16.5 No vasopressors 45 ± 19 |
21 ± 11 21 ± 6 20 ± 16 |
4 ± 2 5 ± 2 3 ± 2 |
N/A 63 (55-66) 80 (69-95) |
N/A 120 (102-134) 105 (100-123) |
N/A 4.5 ± 3.4 1.7 ± 1.1 |
8 |
Rodríguez et al.,2828 Rodríguez A, Claverias L, Marín J, et al. Regional oxygen saturation index (rSO2) in brachioradialis and deltoid muscle. Correlation and prognosis in patients with respiratory sepsis. Med Intensiva. 2015;39:68-75. (Spain) |
Single-center prospective study |
Respiratory |
All Patients 55.0 ± 16.3 Suvirvors 52.9 ± 17.0 Nonsurvivor 63.0 ± 14.0 |
15.6 ± 6.3 14.2 ± 3.9 21.0 ± 10.9 |
4.2 ± 1.9 3.9 ± 1.4 5.0 ± 3.4 |
Data not shown |
Data not shown |
Data not shown |
5 |
Bourcier et al.,2929 Bourcier S, Pichereau C, Boelle PY, et al. Toe-to-room temperature gradient correlates with tissue perfusion and predicts outcome in selected critically ill patients with severe infections. Ann Intensive Care. 2016;6:63-71. (France) |
Single-center prospective study |
Respiratory Abdominal Genitourinary Soft tissue Other |
Severe sepsis 65 (56-73) Septic shock 68 (60-83) |
Data not shown |
4 (3-5) 12 (8-14) |
75 (69-84) 71 (67-76) |
Data not shown |
1.2 (0.9-1.9) 2.3 (1.4-6.0) |
8 |
Houwink et al.,3030 Houwink AP, Rijkenberg S, Bosman RJ, et al. The association between lactate, mean arterial pressure, central venous oxygen saturation and peripheral temperature and mortality in severe sepsis: a retrospective cohort analysis. Crit Care. 2016;20:56. (Netherlands) |
Single-center retrospective cohort study |
Data not shown |
All patients 64.0 ± 14.4 |
0.34 (0.16-0.60) APACHE IV |
7.8 ± 3.7 |
76.9 ± 21 |
Data not shown |
1.9 (1.2-3.5) |
4 |
Erikson et al.,3131 Erikson K, Liisanantti JH, Hautala N, et al. Retinal arterial blood flow and retinal changes in patients with sepsis: preliminary study using fluorescein angiography. Crit Care. 2017;21:86-93. (Finland) |
Single-center prospective study |
Respiratory Abdominal Genitourinary Soft tissue Unknown |
All patients 62.1 (50.6-75.8) |
22 (18-25) |
8 (5-10) |
73.9 (68-88) |
Data not shown |
1.9 (1.3-2.5) |
8 |
Fontana et al.,3232 Fontana V, Spadaro S, Bond O, et al. No relationship between red blood cell distribution width and microcirculatory alterations in septic patients. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc. 2017;66:131-41. (Belgium) |
Single-center retrospective cohort study |
Respiratory Abdominal Genitourinary Skin, others |
All patients 64 ± 16; Severe sepsis 66 ± 16; Septic shock 64 ± 16 |
22 (17-28) 23 (17-27) 21 (17-28) |
10 (8-12) 8 (6-10) 10 (9-12) |
70 (67-77) 72 (66-76) 69 (66-78) |
104 (92-120) 103 (91-120) 107 (94-121) |
2.0 (1.3-3.2) 1.9 (1.2-3.2) 2.1 (1.5-3.3) |
9 |
Lara et al.,3333 Lara B, Enberg L, Ortega M, et al. Capillary refill time during fluid resuscitation in patients with sepsis-related hyperlactatemia at the emergency department is related to mortality. PloS One. 2017;12:e0188548. (Chile) |
Single-center prospective study |
Abdominal Respiratory Genitourinary CNS, Skin Others |
All patients 67 ± 18 |
16 (10-21) |
4 (2-7) |
84 ± 20 |
110 ± 21 |
4.3 ± 2.5 |
8 |
Macdonald et al.,3434 Macdonald SP, Kinnear FB, Arendts G, et al. Near-infrared spectroscopy to predict organ failure and outcome in sepsis: the Assessing Risk in Sepsis using a Tissue Oxygen Saturation (ARISTOS) study. Eur J Emerg Med. 2019;26:174-9. (Australia) |
Multicenter, prospective study |
Respiratory Genitourinary skin Soft-tissues |
Control 61 (44-75) Sepsis 68 (52-81) |
Data not shown |
1 (0-1) 4 (2-6) |
Data no shown |
108 ± 18 109 ± 23 |
1.8 ± 0.8 2.7 ± 2.1 |
6 |