The subfamily Ceasalpinioideae (Leguminosae) comprises around 2,800 species, many of which occurring in Brazil. For the Southern region of Brazil, 56 species economically, socially and scientifically important, are cited, distributed along different environments, but detailed taxonomic and cytogenetic studies are still missing. This paper reports chromosome number analysis in 74 accessions of 27 taxa belonging to ten genera of tribes Cassieae, Caesalpinieae, and Cercideae. The determined chromosome numbers were 2n = 32, 28, 26, 24, 22, 16 and 14. For seven species the chromosome numbers were determined for the first time: Cassia leptophylla, Senna araucarietorum, S. hilariana, S. neglecta, S. oblongifolia, Chamaecrista repens and Pomaria stipularis. Most species had 2n = 28 chromosomes, 2n = 26, 24, and 22 being also found. The genus Chamaecrista differs from the others studied as all its taxa presented 2n = 32, 16, and 14, the first one derived by polyploidy. The basic number of x = 14 was proposed for the species of nine of the studied genera, while x = 13, 12 and 11 would have probably been originated by disploidy. For the genus Chamaecrista, x = 8 is suggested for most species and x = 7 for the species of section Xerocalyx. Polyploidy seems to have played an important role in the initial diversification of the group, accompanied by several disploid reductions during the evolutionary process. The number of chromosomes distinguishes Chamaecrista from the other genera. This, together with other analyzed characteristics, as well as literature data, supports the separation of this genus from the other Cassieae genera.
Caesalpinioideae; chromosome number; evolution; Leguminosae; systematics
