Effects of Glutamine on the Mucosal Structure and Immune Cells in the Intestines of Broiler Chickens Challenged with Salmonella Enteritidis

Liu, Z; Wu, Q; Jiao, C; Cheng, B; Zhu, D; Ma, Y; Li, Y; Li, W

doi:10.1590/1806-9061-2020-1270

Brasil

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Original Article • Braz. J. Poult. Sci. 22 (03) • 2020 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9061-2020-1270 linkcopy

Effects of Glutamine on the Mucosal Structure and Immune Cells in the Intestines of Broiler Chickens Challenged with Salmonella Enteritidis

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of glutamine (Gln) on the intestinal mucosal structure and immune cells of broilers infected with Salmonella Enteritidis. 160 1-d-old commercial Arbor Acres (AA) broilers were randomly selected to receive one of four treatments, each of which had 5 replicates. Each replicate consisted of 8 chicks subjected to a 21-d feeding trial. Group I served as the unchallenged (CON). All birds in groups II (SCC) - IV were challenged with 2.0 × 10⁴ CFU/mL of S. Enteritidis. The birds in groups III and IV were treated with 0.5% and 1.0% Gln. The results showed that S. Enteritidis infection led to a decrease in the relative length and weight, villus height:crypt depth (VH:CD) of the jejunum and ileum, the number of intraepithelial lymphocyte cells, and number of goblet cells and an increase in the number of mast goblet cells compared with the measurements of these parameters in the CON group (p<0.05). In addition, the Gln groups had increased relative length and weight, VH:CD of the jejunum and ileum, numbers of intraepithelial lymphocyte cells, and numbers of goblet cells and decreased crypt depth in the jejunum and ileum and numbers of mast goblet cells compared with the measurements of these parameters in the SCC group (p<0.05). It was concluded that Gln added to broiler diets can effectively alleviate the intestinal mucosal damage caused by S. Enteritidis infection and improve its normal defense barrier function.

Keywords: Glutamine; intestinal villi; mucosal immunity; Salmonella Enteritidis; broiler

Item	1-21d
Feed Ingredients (g/kg)
Corn silage	575
Soybean meal	327
Corn gluten meal	30
Soybean oil	28
Limestone	9.5
Dicalcium phosphate	17.5
Salt	3
Choline chloride	3.0
Premix¹	3.0
L-Lysine	2.5
DL-Methionine	1.5
Total	1,000
Calculated nutrients levels (g/kg)
AME (MJ/kg )	14.5
CP	232.0
Ca	10.7
Available Phosphorus	4.2
Lys	11.8
Met	4.8
Met+cys	9.1

Items		Diet Treatments¹
Items		CON	SCC	Gln1	Gln2
Relative length (cm/kg)
Duodenum	4 d	191.33±9.74	176.25±12.06	184.32±9.55	194.67±11.39
	7 d	204.10±2.77^b	180.79±8.90^a	196.09±3.92^ab	215.45±4.84^b
	14 d	210.62±1.32^b	189.67±0.64^a	200.94±2.35^ab	220.38±4.78^b
	21 d	223.79±4.25^ab	197.15±0.45^a	213.88±1.65^a	230.96±3.24^b
Jejunum	4 d	469.85±22.26^b	440.12±1.15^a	470.60±20.08^ab	490.68±12.06^b
	7 d	470.26±15.23^b	449.41±11.15^a	462.69±1.12^a	483.45±2.04^b
	14 d	480.34±25.57^b	454.27±20.95^a	472.09±9.02^ab	512.15±2.38^b
	21 d	502.47±51.85	470.63±25.49	490.21±8.51	517.80±35.46
Ileum	4 d	221.70±23.22	207.07±32.22	214.48±15.01	238.35±16.43
	7 d	236.08±10.89^b	186.07±20.01^a	233.75±16.38^b	245.18±15.63^b
	14 d	236.45±0.30^b	221.03±0.33^a	235.20±1.05^b	261.28±0.07^b
	21 d	250.45±0.44^b	225.34±0.32^a	268.94±1.02^b	268.25±0.08^b
Relative weights (g/kg)
Duodenum	4 d	9.10±0.51	8.70±0.99	8.87±1.35	10.65±1.21
	7 d	11.27±1.83^b	9.11±1.30^a	9.65±0.62^ab	15.82±2.02^b
	14 d	13.56±0.56	11.29±1.49	13.49±1.22	15.88±0.03
	21 d	15.25±0.52	13.14±0.09	15.19±1.15	16.65±0.07
Jejunum	4 d	21.16±2.95	20.18±2.24	20.44±2.12	22.49±1.20
	7 d	27.71±3.63^b	21.59±1.14^a	25.13±0.63^ab	32.37±1.79^b
	14 d	31.43±1.10	28.85±3.83	30.02±1.07	33.31±0.02
	21 d	33.10±0.01	30.25±2.21	32.98±1.03	35.26±0.01
Ileum	4 d	9.50±0.90^b	7.06±1.03^a	9.38±1.39^b	9.51±0.87^b
	7 d	17.89±0.98^b	12.20±0.80^a	17.45±2.18^ab	19.06±0.58^b
	14 d	19.87±0.14^b	16.07±3.25^a	18.36±0.60^ab	22.61±0.01^b
	21 d	22.86±0.16^b	18.98±2.10^a	21.99±0.12^ab	24.36±0.02^b

Items		Diet Treatments¹
Items		CON	SCC	Gln1	Gln2
4 d
Jejunum	Villus height	651.65±30.10^b	556.31±16.71^a	643.01±20.31^b	648.13±24.07^b
	Crypt depth	90.12±8.37^a	112.06±9.18^b	96.68±7.64^a	95.01±8.35^a
	Villus height:crypt depth	7.23±1.02^b	4.96±0.95^a	6.65±1.10^b	6.82±0.87^b
Ileum	Villus height	418.37±20.38^b	386.29±16.47^a	405.34±16.31^b	410.13±19.16^b
	Crypt depth	108.04±8.01^a	123.68±10.14^b	112.19±8.31^a	110.92±7.52^a
	Villus height:crypt depth	3.87±0.27^b	3.12±0.16^a	3.61±0.19^b	3.70±0.11^b
7 d
Jejunum	Villus height	756.12±30.15^b	612.03±21.20^a	728.92±17.91^b	744.91±22.83^b
	Crypt depth	96.54±10.03^a	117.04±8.81^b	98.37±8.67^a	95.94±9.20^a
	Villus height:crypt depth	7.83±0.86^b	5.23±0.69^a	7.41±0.81^b	7.76±0.93^b
Ileum	Villus height	452.64±18.67^b	401.75±10.75^a	442.18±12.06^b	448.61±11.14^b
	Crypt depth	118.34±7.38^a	138.48±9.01^b	119.26±9.27^a	117.13±8.64^a
	Villus height:crypt depth	3.83±0.86^b	2.91±0.75^a	3.71±0.63^b	3.83±0.81^b
14 d
Jejunum	Villus height	1004.59±25.34^b	869.23±34.18^a	990.37±19.43^b	999.17±30.75^b
	Crypt depth	122.81±7.45^a	130.17±6.21^b	125.07±5.98^a	123.75±4.25^a
	Villus height:crypt depth	8.18±0.59^b	6.68±0.76^a	7.92±0.63^b	8.07±0.49^b
Ileum	Villus height	572.14±25.01^b	477.05±18.43^a	549.18±15.27^b	557.83±10.46^b
	Crypt depth	130.28±12.01^a	152.92±7.63^b	136.34±10.04^a	133.71±8.25^a
	Villus height:crypt depth	4.39±0.58^b	3.12±0.67^a	4.03±0.81^b	4.17±0.75^b
21 d
Jejunum	Villus height	1135.31±65.07	1100.37±42.51	1112.65±54.64	1127.38±70.13
	Crypt depth	134.36±16.87	138.36±18.67	136.09±10.02	134.32±9.64
	Villus height:crypt depth	8.45±1.02	7.95±2.25	8.18±2.99	8.39±1.11
Ileum	Villus height	744.12±16.37^b	607.25±13.84^a	721.08±19.62^b	738.94±16.34^b
	Crypt depth	136.12±9.31^a	154.27±7.69^b	140.02±8.63^a	138.18±10.02^a
	Villus height:crypt depth	5.47±0.25^b	3.94±0.39^a	5.15±0.46^b	5.35±0.27^b

Items	Diet Treatments¹
Items	CON	SCC	Gln1	Gln2
4 d
Duodenum	12.04±0.28^b	8.38±0.51^a	11.61±1.04^b	11.93±0.95^b
Jejunum	11.20±1.24^b	7.92±0.28^a	10.88±0.81^b	11.08±1.57^b
Ileum	9.73±0.27^b	6.67±0.62^a	9.24±0.40^b	9.65±0.52^b
7 d
Duodenum	15.84±0.31^b	10.23±0.52^a	14.97±0.86^b	15.06±0.71^b
Jejunum	14.67±0.27^b	9.37±0.61^a	13.89±0.81^b	14.07±0.53^b
Ileum	12.37±0.28^b	8.69±0.55^a	11.81±0.34^b	12.20±0.61^b
14 d
Duodenum	19.20±0.13^b	11.42±0.63^a	18.91±0.79^b	19.12±0.88^b
Jejunum	17.26±0.29^b	10.63±0.45^a	17.07±0.67^b	17.33±0.27^b
Ileum	15.32±0.31^b	9.67±0.30^a	14.81±0.27^b	15.27±0.35^b
21 d
Duodenum	21.56±1.83^b	13.67±2.15^a	20.28±1.78^b	21.06±1.89^b
Jejunum	20.17±1.41^b	11.67±2.18^a	19.32±2.23^b	19.86±1.63^b
Ileum	17.25±1.38^b	10.08±2.10^a	16.97±1.85^b	17.06±1.94^b

Items	Diet Treatments¹
Items	CON	SCC	Gln1	Gln2
4 d
Duodenum	9.28±0.23^b	6.53±0.17^a	8.95±0.14^b	9.19±0.22^b
Jejunum	11.13±0.18^b	8.30±0.30^a	10.65±0.21^b	10.08±0.27^b
Ileum	13.59±0.20	9.65±0.24	13.07±0.18	13.46±0.20
7 d
Duodenum	12.10±0.15^b	8.10±0.20^a	11.56±0.27^b	11.97±0.11^b
Jejunum	14.01±0.32^b	10.27±0.40^a	13.27±0.30^b	13.98±0.28^b
Ileum	15.36±0.24^b	12.11±0.14^a	14.21±0.19^b	15.18±0.25^b
14 d
Duodenum	14.73±0.12^b	11.48±0.30^a	13.87±0.14^b	14.58±0.16^b
Jejunum	15.39±0.62^b	12.67±0.60^a	14.92±0.17^b	15.27±0.22^b
Ileum	16.21±0.42^b	13.01±0.23^a	15.51±0.37^b	16.12±0.18^b
21 d
Duodenum	17.89±1.05	15.34±2.96	16.96±1.37	17.28±1.54
Jejunum	19.76±0.91	17.92±1.87	18.39±1.64	19.27±1.89
Ileum	20.49±1.06^b	14.31±0.84^a	18.64±0.92^b	19.87±0.87^b

Items	Diet Treatments¹
Items	CON	SCC	Gln1	Gln2
4 d
Duodenum	42.18±1.19^a	51.43±1.82^b	43.37±2.08^a	42.85±1.64^a
Jejunum	30.92±1.50^a	39.07±1.21^b	32.01±2.17^a	31.24±1.54^a
Ileum	29.42±1.01^a	37.35±1.14^b	30.64±2.07^a	30.20±1.30^a
7 d
Duodenum	49.10±2.60^a	60.01±1.08^b	50.31±2.01^a	49.68±2.71^a
Jejunum	33.61±1.30^a	44.83±1.11^b	34.08±2.01^a	33.91±2.22^a
Ileum	32.15±2.17^a	41.28±1.62^b	33.63±3.11^a	32.79±1.09^a
14 d
Duodenum	57.36±3.64^a	68.31±5.30^b	58.52±4.37^a	57.21±3.42^a
Jejunum	38.07±1.69^a	47.17±1.92^b	39.48±1.91^a	38.91±1.34^a
Ileum	37.46±1.39^a	42.05±2.01^b	38.69±1.83^a	38.19±2.04^a
21 d
Duodenum	68.25±5.17	77.34±2.30	69.07±2.19	68.33±3.01
Jejunum	42.18±1.37^a	51.05±1.38^b	43.16±2.54^a	42.49±1.17^a
Ileum	41.07±1.47^a	50.56±2.38^b	42.06±2.01^a	41.38±2.37^a

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[TFN1] Note:¹Each kg of premix contained: Fe (from ferrous sulfate), 80 mg; Cu (from copper sulfate), 8 mg; Mn (from manganese sulfate), 110 mg; Zn (Bacitracin Zn), 65 mg; iodine (from calcium iodate), 1.1 mg; Se (from sodium selenite), 0.3 mg. Vitamin A (transretinyl acetate), 10,000 IU; Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol), 3,000 IU; Vitamin E (all-rac-α-tocopherolacetate), 30 IU; menadione, 1.3 mg; thiamine 2.2 mg; riboflavin, 8 mg; nicotinamide, 40 mg; calcium pantothenate, 10 mg; pyridoxine·HCl, 4 mg; biotin, 0.04 mg; folic acid, 1 mg; vitamin B12 (cobalamine), 0.013 mg.