Evaluation of the Relationship Between the Breeder’s Age, Breed and the Incubator Types on Quality and Animal Welfare in the Hatchery

About 33.3% of chicken life is conditioned by the result of embryonic development. Therefore, understanding and improving the early phase of the broiler’s life is critical to guarantee their well-being. Thus, the objective of this research was to evaluate the relationship between the breeder’s age, breed and the incubator types on quality and animal welfare in the hatchery. The experimental design was completely randomized in a 2 x 2 x 3 factorial arrangement (incubator, breed and age), with 12 treatments and 6 replicates each. The eggs derived of Cobb 500 and Ross’s breeders at the beginning of the laying period, middle age and at the end of the laying period. It is concluded that the size of the eggs is related to the breeder’s age and breed, which influences directly the number of bled eggs. In addition, well-being in the hatchery can be affected by decreased hatching and contamination that is higher in older breeders. Cobb eggs also need more attention because they are larger, therefore, they have a higher risk of breakage and they are more sensitive to the low concentration of CO₂ at the hatcher.

Keywords:
Embryos; Hatch; Poultry

Authorship

CS Oro

Avian Pathology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (FMVZ - UNESP), Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Botucatu, SP, Brazil.UNESPBrazilBotucatu, SP, BrazilAvian Pathology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (FMVZ - UNESP), Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Botucatu, SP, Brazil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4355-9288

FEZ De Souza

Departamento of Zootecnia (UFPR), Palotina, 85950-000, Paraná, Brazil.UFPRBrazilPalotina, Paraná, BrazilDepartamento of Zootecnia (UFPR), Palotina, 85950-000, Paraná, Brazil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3495-8543

WC Rodrigues

Laboratory of Biotecnology (UFPR), Palotina, 85950-000, Paraná, Brazil.UFPRBrazilPalotina, Paraná, BrazilLaboratory of Biotecnology (UFPR), Palotina, 85950-000, Paraná, Brazil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1902-493X

JS Oro

Agricultural Supervisor, JBS Company, Dourados, 79804970, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil.JBS CompanyBrazilDourados, Mato Grosso do Sul, BrazilAgricultural Supervisor, JBS Company, Dourados, 79804970, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9037-9349

ECBP Guirro

College of Veterinary Medicine (UFPR), Veterinary Hospital, Palotina, 85950-000, Paraná, Brazil.UFPRBrazilPalotina, Paraná, BrazilCollege of Veterinary Medicine (UFPR), Veterinary Hospital, Palotina, 85950-000, Paraná, Brazil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3030-0042

Corresponding author e-mail address Camila de Souza Oro Rua professor Doutor Walter Maurício Correia, Botucatu, Paraná - 18618-681, Brasil. Phone: +55 (14) 3880-2073 Email:camila.oro@unesp.br

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Departamento of Zootecnia (UFPR), Palotina, 85950-000, Paraná, Brazil.UFPRBrazilPalotina, Paraná, BrazilDepartamento of Zootecnia (UFPR), Palotina, 85950-000, Paraná, Brazil.

Laboratory of Biotecnology (UFPR), Palotina, 85950-000, Paraná, Brazil.UFPRBrazilPalotina, Paraná, BrazilLaboratory of Biotecnology (UFPR), Palotina, 85950-000, Paraná, Brazil.

Figures | Tables

Figures (1)
Tables (9)

Thumbnail

Figure 1
Bled eggs that were accounted after in-eggs vaccination.

Thumbnail

Table 1
Values (average ± standard deviation) relating to the bled eggs were derived by young (Y), middle-age (M), old (O), Cobb and Ross breeders incubated in multiple-stage (ME) and single-stage (SS).

Thumbnail

Table 2
The unfolding of the triple interaction between breed x breeder’s age x incubator and values (averages) relating to the bled eggs were derived by young (Y), middle-age (M), old (O), Cobb and Ross breeders incubated in multiple-stage (ME) and single-stage (SS).

Thumbnail

Table 3
Values (average ± standard deviation) relating to egg weight loss, chick yield weight loss and hatching percentage were derived by young (y), middle-age (m), old (o), cobb and ross breeders incubated in multiple-stage (me) and single-stage (ss).

Thumbnail

Table 4
The unfolding of the triple interaction between breed x breeder’s agex and values (averages) relating to hatching percentage were derived by young (Y), middle-age (M), old (O), Cobb and Ross breeders incubated in multiple-stage (ME) and single-stage (SS).

Thumbnail

Table 5
Values (average ± standard deviation) relating to embryonic mortality were derived by young (y), middle-age (m), old (o), cobb and ross breeders incubated in multiple-stage (me) and single-stage (ss).

Thumbnail

Table 6
Values (average ± standard deviation) relating to contaminated eggs were derived by young (y), middle-age (m), old (o), Cobb and Ross breeders incubated in multiple-stage (me) and single-stage (ss).

Thumbnail

Table 7
The unfolding of the triple interaction between breeder age x incubator and values (averages) relating to contaminated eggs were derived by young (Y), middle-age (M), old (O), Cobb and Ross breeders incubated in multiple-stage (ME) and single-stage (SS).

Thumbnail

Table 8
Values (average ± standard deviation) relating to Internal and external pip were derived by young (y), middle-age (m), old (o), cobb and ross breeders incubated in multiple-stage (me) and single-stage (ss).

Thumbnail

Table 9
The unfolding of the triple interaction between breed x incubator and values (averages) relating to Internal and external pip were derived by young (y), middle-age (m), old (o), cobb and ross breeders incubated in multiple-stage (me) and single-stage (ss).

Figure 1 Bled eggs that were accounted after in-eggs vaccination.

Table 1 Values (average ± standard deviation) relating to the bled eggs were derived by young (Y), middle-age (M), old (O), Cobb and Ross breeders incubated in multiple-stage (ME) and single-stage (SS).

Breed	Incubator	breeder’s age	Bled eggs
Ross	ME	Y	3,00±2,19
		M	6,17±2,86
		O	4,67±2,94
	SS	Y	14,33±6,38
		M	4,67±3,01
		O	7,50±2,95
Cobb	ME	Y	5,17±2,64
		M	8,00±5,66
		O	14,33±6,12
	SS	Y	4,50±1,87
		M	5,50±3,94
		O	9,83±4,45
p-value of interation			<.0001
Breed			0. 2246
Incubator			0.3843
Breeder’s age			0.0316
Breed x Incubator			0.0007
Breed x Breeder’s age			0.0004
Incubator x Breeder’s age			0.0053
Breed x Incubator x Breeder’s age			0.0682

Table 2 The unfolding of the triple interaction between breed x breeder’s age x incubator and values (averages) relating to the bled eggs were derived by young (Y), middle-age (M), old (O), Cobb and Ross breeders incubated in multiple-stage (ME) and single-stage (SS).

The Bled Eggs
Breed x Breeder’s Age
Interaction	Value of p
O x breed	0.0092
Cobb x breeder’s age	<0.001
Old breeder
Breed	Averages
Cobb	12.08^A
Ross	6.08^B
Cobb
breeder’s age	Averages
Y	4.83^B
M	6.75^B
O	12.08^A
Breed x Incubator
Interaction	Valueof P
ME x breed	0.0075
Ross x incubator	0.0097
ME
Breed	Averages
Cobb	9.16^A
Ross	4.61^B
Ross
Incubator	Averages
SS	8.83^A
ME	4.61^B
Breeder’s Age x Incubator
Interaction	Value of P
ME x breeder’s age	0.0364
Y x incubator	0.0188
ME
breeder’s age	Averages
Y	4.08^B
M	7.08^AB
O	9.5^A
Young breeder
Incubator	Averages
SS	9.41^A
ME	4.08^B

A,B - Different capital letters in the columns indicate statistical difference by the Tukey test (p<0.05); Equal letters not differ significantly between themselves.

Table 3 Values (average ± standard deviation) relating to egg weight loss, chick yield weight loss and hatching percentage were derived by young (y), middle-age (m), old (o), cobb and ross breeders incubated in multiple-stage (me) and single-stage (ss).

Breed	Incubator	Breeder’s age	% Eggweightloss	% Chickyieldweightloss	% Hatching
Ross	ME	Y	9.84±0.88	71.41±2.95	85.96±1.59
		M	10.78±1.76	70.44±3.55	88.75±0.64
		O	10.74±0.72	71.31±2.30	68.20±15.77
	SS	Y	9.86±0.21	71.06±1.04	90.23±0.22
		M	9.90±0.84	71.65±0.91	86.36±0.35
		O	10.55±1.16	70.28±1.47	66.79±16.11
Cobb	ME	Y	10.86±0.86	69.96±1.38	84.19±2.14
		M	10.08±1.07	69.93±2.01	89.48±1.26
		O	11.21±0.69	69.75±1.49	72.13±3.57
	SS	Y	10.25±0.35	71.37±1.69	89.31±2.55
		M	9.96±0.87	72.33±1.35	88.46±2.21
		O	10.96±0.95	70.70±1.24	81.46±2.87
p-value of interation			0.1138	0.4386	<.0001
Breed					0.055
Incubator					0.1518
Breeder’s age					<0.001
Breed x Incubator					0.1807
Breed x Breeder’s age					0.0236
Incubator x Breeder’s age					0.2095
Breed x Incubator x Breeder’s age					0.369

Table 4 The unfolding of the triple interaction between breed x breeder’s agex and values (averages) relating to hatching percentage were derived by young (Y), middle-age (M), old (O), Cobb and Ross breeders incubated in multiple-stage (ME) and single-stage (SS).

% Hatching - Breed x Breeder’s Age
Interaction	Value of p
Cobbxbreeder’s age	<0.0001
Rossxbreeder’s age	<0.0001
Mxbreed	0.0398
Cobb
Breeder’s age	Averages
Y	86.75^A
M	88.96^A
O	76.79^B
Ross
Breeder’s age	Averages
Y	88.09^A
M	87.55^A
O	67.49^B
Middle-agebreeder
Breed	Averages
Cobb	88.09^A
Ross	87.95^B

A,B - Different capital letters in the columns indicate statistical difference by the Tukey test (p<0.05); Equal letters not differ significantly between themselves.

Table 5 Values (average ± standard deviation) relating to embryonic mortality were derived by young (y), middle-age (m), old (o), cobb and ross breeders incubated in multiple-stage (me) and single-stage (ss).

Breed	Incubator	Breeder’s age	0 to 3	4 to 10	11 to 17	18 to 21
Ross	ME	Y	8.17±2.79	3.50±2.88	2.33±1.21	5.00±3.10
		M	11.50±9.35	4.67±5.35	5.00±5.10	5.00±6.96
		O	13.50±11.33	5.17±4.54	3.17±3.43	3.33±3.67
	SS	Y	3.83±2.93	2.00±2.10	2.83±3.13	2.83±1.83
		M	5.33±6.38	1.83±1.72	2.67±2.73	2.67±3.39
		O	11.33±13.09	4.83±4.31	8.67±9.09	3.17±5.38
Cobb	ME	Y	9.33±9.87	2.67±1.21	4.67±1.63	2.17±4.40
		M	4.83±4.17	1.50±1.64	2.83±1.33	2.67±4.13
		O	6.67±6.22	2.00±1.90	2.33±1.75	2.17±3.43
	SS	Y	7.17±9.20	1.33±1.51	4.00±3.46	3.33±2.07
		M	7.17±6.74	2.50±2.74	5.00±5.06	3.00±3.16
		O	11.33±10.48	2.33±2.66	4.67±4.68	3.00±3.90
p-value			0.6366	0.2977	0.3588	0.9785

Table 6 Values (average ± standard deviation) relating to contaminated eggs were derived by young (y), middle-age (m), old (o), Cobb and Ross breeders incubated in multiple-stage (me) and single-stage (ss).

Breed	Incubator	Breeder’s age	Contaminated eggs
Ross	ME	Y	0.00±0.00
		M	0.17±0.41
		O	0.50±1.22
	SS	Y	0.17±0.41
		M	0.17±0.41
		O	1.67±1.51
Cobb	ME	Y	0.00±0.00
		M	0.00±0.00
		O	0.17±0.41
	SS	Y	0.33±0.82
		M	0.17±0.41
		O	2.50±2.35
p-value of interaction			0.0002
Breed			0. 7103
Incubator			0.0029
Breeder’s age			0.0001
Breed x Incubator			0.2673
Breed x Breeder’s age			0.8309
Incubator x Breeder’s age			0.0057
Breed x Incubator x Breeder’s age			0.5757

Table 7 The unfolding of the triple interaction between breeder age x incubator and values (averages) relating to contaminated eggs were derived by young (Y), middle-age (M), old (O), Cobb and Ross breeders incubated in multiple-stage (ME) and single-stage (SS).

Contaminated Eggs - Incubator x Breeder’s Age
Interaction	Value of p
SSxbreeder’s age	0.0004
Oxincubator	0.0092
SS
Breeder’s age	Averages
Y	0.25^B
M	0.16^B
O	2.08^A
Old breeder
Incubator	Averages
SS	2.08^A
ME	0.33^B

A,B - Different capital letters in the columns indicate statistical difference by the Tukey test (p<0.05); Equal letters not differ significantly between themselves.

Table 8 Values (average ± standard deviation) relating to Internal and external pip were derived by young (y), middle-age (m), old (o), cobb and ross breeders incubated in multiple-stage (me) and single-stage (ss).

Breed	Incubator	Breeder’s age	Internal and external pip
Ross	ME	Y	1.67±1.21
		M	1.67±1.21
		O	1.33±0.82
	SS	Y	1.17±1.33
		M	1.00±0.89
		O	2.17±2.56
Cobb	ME	Y	0.00±0.00
		M	2.17±1.33
		O	0.50±0.84
	SS	Y	2.33±1.37
		M	2.67±1.21
		O	1.83±1.72
p-value of interaction			0.0389
Breed			0.7926
Incubator			0.0473
Breeder’s age			0.3056
Breed x Incubator			0.0206
Breed x Breeder’s age			0.0823
Incubator x Breeder’s age			0.2713
Breed x Incubator x Breeder’s age			0.3056

Table 9 The unfolding of the triple interaction between breed x incubator and values (averages) relating to Internal and external pip were derived by young (y), middle-age (m), old (o), cobb and ross breeders incubated in multiple-stage (me) and single-stage (ss).

Internal and External Pip - Breed x Incubator
Interaction	Value of p
Cobbxincubator	0.0039
Cobb
Incubator	Averages
SS	2.27^A
ME	0.88^B

A,B - Different capital letters in the columns indicate statistical difference by the Tukey test (p<0.05); Equal letters not differ significantly between themselves.

How to cite

copy

Fundação de Apoio à Ciência e Tecnologia Avicolas Rua Barão de Paranapanema, 146 - Sala 72, Bloco A, Bosque., CEP: 13026-010. , Tel.: +55 (19) 3255-8500 - Campinas - SP - Brazil
E-mail: revista@facta.org.br

Acompanhe os números deste periódico no seu leitor de RSS

Versão para download de PDF

PDF

Inglês

Versões e tradução automática

Versão original do texto

English

Tradução automática

Google Translator
Microsoft Translator

Como citar

RIS

BIBTEX

Outros formatos de citação e exportação:

SciELO - Scientific Electronic Library Online
Rua Dr. Diogo de Faria, 1087 – 9º andar – Vila Clementino 04037-003 São Paulo/SP - Brasil
E-mail: scielo@scielo.org