Effect of Broccoli Residues Fermented with Probiotics on the Growth Performance and Health Status of Broilers Challenged with Clostridium Perfringens

Liu, N; Deng, X; Liang, C; Cai, H

doi:10.1590/1806-9061-2018-0741

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Articles • Rev. Bras. Cienc. Avic. 20 (04) • Oct-Dec 2018 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9061-2018-0741 linkcopy

Effect of Broccoli Residues Fermented with Probiotics on the Growth Performance and Health Status of Broilers Challenged with Clostridium Perfringens

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

This study aimed at investigating the effects of broccoli residues fermented with probiotics (BF) on the growth performance, immunity, and gut health in broilers challenged with Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens). A total of 600 broilers (one day old) were randomly allotted into five treatments with six replicates of 20 birds each and were reared until 42 days of age. The treatments included a positive control (PC, fed a basal diet and reared on uncontaminated litter), a negative control (NC, birds reared on litter contaminated with C. perfringens and fed a basal diet), and NC plus BF at 25, 50 or 75 g/kg of diet. The BF contained yeast 3.1 × 10⁷cfu/g, lactic acid bacteria 9.5 × 10⁶cfu/g and Bacillus subtilis 3.5 × 10⁶cfu/g. Birds in the NC group showed lower (p<0.05) feed intake and body weight gain, whereas BF supplementation recovered (p<0.05) the growth performance to the levels of PC group. Dietary BF at 50and 75 g/kg reduced (p<0.05) broiler mortality. Similarly, compared to the NC group, BF increased (p<0.05) immune organ weights and serum immunoglobulins A, G, and M to the levels of PC group. The ileal populations of Escherichia coli and Gram-negative bacteria were decreased (p<0.05) by BF to the levels of PC, and C. perfringens was also decreased (p<0.05) by BF. The serum profiles of mono- and di-amine oxidase were decreased (p<0.05) by BF. BF at 75 g/kg reduced (p<0.05) monoamine oxidase compared with the other BF doses. The results suggest that broccoli residues fermented with probiotics can be a novel biological feed additive to protect the performance and health of broilers against C. perfringens infection.

Keywords: Broilers; broccoli residues fermented with probiotics; growth performance; gut health; immunity

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[TFN1] ADF, acid detergent fiber; ADL, acid detergent lignin; B. subtilis, Bacillus subtilis; LAB, lactic acid bacteria; NDF, neutral detergent fiber; NFE, nitrogen-free extract.

[TFN2] -, not detectable.

Ingredients	Contents	Ingredients	Contents	Ingredients	Contents
Microbiota, cfu/g		Chemical composition, g/100g			Minerals, mg/kg
Molds	<10	Dry matter	62.7	Ca	1.6×10³
Yeasts	3.1×10⁷	Crude protein	20.0	Total P	9.7×10³
LAB	9.5×10⁶	Mesonin	5.4	Available P	4.3×10³
B. subtilis	3.5×10⁶	Crude fat	2.0	Mg	4.5×10³
Bioactive materials, mg/100g		NFE	28.1	K	1.3×10⁴
Vitamin C	12.7	Crude ash	5.2	Na	826.0
DL-α-tocopherol	7.3	Crude fiber	7.4	Cu	5.1
Vitamin A	0.3	NDF	36.5	Fe	148.0
β-carotene	18.7	ADF	7.7	Mn	78.7
Flavonoids	3.0	ADL	0.7	Zn	41.7
Organic acids, mg/kg				Pb	-
Acetic acid	5.5×10³			As	-
Propanoic acid	33.0			Cd	-
Butyric acid	8.0
pH	4.5

	Contents, g/kg			Contents, g/kg
Ingredients	d 1 to 21	d 22 to 42	Nutrients	d 1 to 21	d 22 to 42
Corn	502.5	553.0	CP	219.2	198.6
Soybean meal	250.0	220.0	ME, MJ/kg	12.24	12.51
Corn gluten meal	70.0	55.0	Crude fiber	30.0	28.9
Corn germ meal	100.0	100.0	Ca	10.3	9.3
Soybean oil	25.0	30.0	Available P	5.0	4.4
Lysine	3.0	1.5	Lysine	12.4	10.0
Methionine	1.5	1.0	Methionine	5.0	4.2
Salt	3.0	3.0	Threonine	7.9	7.2
Limestone	12.0	11.0	Tryptophan	2.2	2.0
Dicalcium phosphate	21.5	20.0
Choline chloride	1.5	1.5
Premix^**	10.0	5.0

			BF^*, g/kg of diet
Items	PC	NC	25	50	75	SEM
		Birds reared on litter contaminated with C. perfringens
1 to 21 d of age
ADFI, g/bird	52.84^a	50.52^b	52.82^a	52.86^a	53.07^a	0.238
ADG, g/bird	40.90^a	37.77^b	41.04^a	41.03^a	41.03^a	0.272
FCR, g:g	1.293^ab	1.338^a	1.287^c	1.288^bc	1.294^ab	0.006
Mortality, %	3.33^b	8.33^a	4.17^ab	5.83^ab	5.83^ab	0.555
1 to 42 d of age
ADFI, g/bird	110.79^b	105.49^c	112.83^a	112.94^a	113.68^a	0.578
ADG, g/bird	53.19^c	49.12^d	54.69^b	56.26^a	55.52^ab	0.483
FCR, g:g	2.093^ab	2.145^a	2.063^b	2.007^c	2.048^bc	0.010
Mortality, %	5.83^b	11.67^a	9.17^ab	7.50^b	7.50^b	0.554

			BF^*, g/kg of diet
Items	PC	NC	25	50	75	SEM
		Birds reared on litter contaminated with C. perfringens
Organ weight/body weight, g/kg
Thymus	2.40^a	1.70^b	2.27^a	2.20^a	2.31^a	0.051
Spleen	1.41^a	1.10^b	1.44^a	1.38^a	1.44^a	0.030
Bursa	0.52^a	0.40^b	0.51^a	0.50^a	0.52^a	0.011
Serum immunoglobulins, mg/dL
IgA	55.43^a	44.00^b	55.47^a	53.03^a	54.19^a	0.938
IgG	27.65^a	20.82^b	27.20^a	25.33^a	24.51^ab	0.598
IgM	286.96^a	172.14^b	266.12^a	278.47^a	291.93^a	8.698

			BF^*, g/kg of diet
Items	PC	NC	25	50	75	SEM
		Birds reared on litter contaminated with C. perfringens
Intestinal bacteria, Log₁₀cfu/g of ileal digesta
E. coli	6.06^b	6.93^a	6.11^b	6.08^b	6.13^b	0.067
C. perfringens	1.69^c	4.25^a	3.62^b	3.80^b	3.59^b	0.168
Gram^-	5.43^b	6.78^a	5.16^b	4.96^b	5.32^b	0.132
Serum levels toxic markers, U/mL
Endotoxin	0.24^b	0.30^a	0.27^ab	0.25^ab	0.27^ab	0.031
DAO	0.89^c	1.37^a	1.05^b	1.02^bc	1.02^bc	0.178
MAO	3.36^bc	3.97^a	3.41^b	3.21^bc	3.11^c	0.062