Effect of Early Post-Hatch Feeding Time on Growth and Carcass Performance of Mule Ducks Reared Intensively in the Humid Tropics

Willians, MA; Lallo, CHO

doi:10.1590/1806-9061-2019-1143

Brasil

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Review • Braz. J. Poult. Sci. 22 (03) • 2020 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9061-2019-1143 linkcopy

Effect of Early Post-Hatch Feeding Time on Growth and Carcass Performance of Mule Ducks Reared Intensively in the Humid Tropics

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

A prolonged period without feed access negatively impacts the growth and development of poultry. This study evaluated the effect of early post-hatch feeding times on the growth and carcass performance of Mule ducks reared intensively in the tropics. A total of 48 Mule ducklings were obtained from a local hatchery and assigned in a completely randomized design to 4 treatments based on 4 feeding regimes, (T) as follows: T1 3hrs, T2 24hrs, T3 36hrs and T4 48hrs post-hatch. On day 1 the ducklings were individually weighed, followed by weekly weighing until harvest at 63 days. Feed and feed refusal was measured daily for a period of 63 days. At harvest the body weight at slaughter, eviscerated and hot carcass weight, as well as the initial pH and pH₂₄ of the breast, leg, and thigh quarters was evaluated. Weights of the organs of the gastrointestinal tract were then taken. The feed conversion ratio (FCR), feed intake and meat: skin: bone ratio was calculated. At 0-7 days cumulative feed intake and FCR was influenced by treatment (p=0.022, p=0.026; respectively). Body weight at slaughter ranged from 2969-3382.5g. Treatment did not affect the weights of the bone, fat, muscle and skin, of the breast quarter (p=0.698, p=0.893, p=0.940; respectively). However, weight of the bone for the leg and thigh quarter differed among treatments. A lower pH₂₄ was observed for both breast and leg and thigh quarters. The study suggests that early post-hatch feeding at 3-48hrs does not affect the performance of Mule ducks.

Keywords: Carcass evaluation; feed conversion; growth performance; Mule ducklings; pH

Ingredients (g/kg^-1 DM)	Starter	Grower
Soyabean Meal (470g CPkg¹DM)	415.2	251.2
Ground corn	356.4	548.1
Rice Bran	80.0	100.0
Broken Rice	60.6	0
Bran Shorts	30.0	45.0
Soyabean Oil	15.0	15.0
Dicallcium Phosphate	13.5	11.4
Limestone	12.8	14.5
Broiler Premix-9943	7.5	7.5
NACl (salt)	4.6	2.8
Bentonite	3.0	3.0
Luprosil Salt	0.9	0.9
Methionine dl	0.4	0.6
Calculated Chemical Composition (g/kg^-1 DM)
Dry Matter*	889	893
ME (kcalg^-1 DM)	2.850	3.038
Crude Protein*	224	178
NDF*	164	330
Ca	10.5	10.5
Available P	4.6	4.0
Ca: Available P	2.3	2.6
Lysine	15.0	10.6
Methionine	4.66	4.05
Methionine + Cysteine	9.16	7.666
Tryptophan	3.55	2.48
ME/P	12.7	17.1
Feed Pellet Quality Factor (FPQF)	Crumble	3.8

Treatment (hours)	Body weight (g)	Cumulative Feed Intake (g)	Feed conversion
0-7 days
3 hours	119.17 ^a	84.50 ^a	0.71 ^a
24 hours	129.17 ^a	73.42^ab	0.57^ab
36 hours	122.50 ^a	71.25^ab	0.59^ab
48 hours	119.58 ^a	63.88 ^b	0.55^b
±SEM	0.804	0.646	0.611
p-value	0.694	0.022	0.026
0-21 days
3 hours	477.1 ^a	681.9 ^a	1.53 ^a
24 hours	562.5 ^a	603.9 ^a	1.10 ^a
36 hours	505.4 ^a	563.4 ^a	1.16 ^a
48 hours	568.8 ^a	572.4 ^a	1.01 ^a
±SEM	0.122	1.861	0.115
p-value	0.375	0.106	0.065
0-63 days
3 hours	3102.9 ^a	6500 ^a	2.11 ^a
24 hours	3039 ^a	6589 ^a	2.27 ^a
36 hours	3077 ^a	6045 ^a	1.96 ^a
48 hours	3051.5 ^a	5774.8 ^a	1.90 ^a
±SEM	7.25	16.11	0.355
p-value	0.975	0.669	0.748

Weights (g)	Treatment			± SEM		p-value
Post Hatch Feeding Time	1 (3hrs)	2 (24hrs)	3 (36hrs)	4 (48hrs)
Body weight at slaughter (g)	3342.2^ab	2969^b	3382.5^a	3260.8^ab	2.5	0.027
Eviscerated carcass (g)	2366.7^a	2182^a	2456.7^a	2374.2^a	2.2	0.095
Hot carcass weight (g)	2280.8 ^a	2129 ^a	2358.3 ^a	2301.7 ^a	2.2	0.195
Chilled carcass weight at 24 hours (g)	2258.3^a	2093^a	2360^a	2294.2^a	0.09	0.101
Whole wing (g)	302.5^a	298.33^b	394.2^b	314.17^b	1.04	0.001
Whole breast (g)	588.3^a	615^a	620.8^a	659.2^a	1.4	0.480
Whole Leg (g) Quarters	427.5^a	383.3^a	465.8^a	421.7^a	1.4	0.319
Neck and back (g)	867.5^a	805^a	895^a	848.3^a	1.65	0.467
Proventriculus (g)	10^a	10^a	6.67^a	9.167^a	0.3	0.421
Gizzard (g)	63.6^a	62.50^a	67.5^a	72.5^a	0.6	0.604
Liver (g)	45.83^a	46.67^a	46.67^a	45^a	0.4	0.953
Intestines (large and small) (g)	107.50^a	98.33^a	87.50^a	105.8^a	0.6	0.075
Dressing percentage (g/kg)	67.58^a	70.489^a	69.7^a	70.3^a	0.61	0.050

Weights (g)	Treatment			± SEM		p-value
Post-Hatch	1	2	3	4
Feeding times
Breast:
Skin + fat (g)	107.5^a	100.8^a	98.3^a	108.3^a	0.96	0.940
Meat (g)	355.8^a	335.8^a	358.3^a	347.5^a	1.2	0.893
Bone (g)	134.2^a	142.50^a	144.17^a	150^a	0.80	0.698
Leg + Thigh
Quarter:
Skin + fat (g)	108.3^a	78.3^a	78.3^a	97.5^a	0.88	0.207
Meat (g)	239.17^a	225^a	238.3^a	249.17^a	0.79	0.350
Bone (g)	95^a	75^b	81.67^b	75.83^b	0.42	0.000

Weights (g)	Treatment				± SEM	p-value
	1	2	3	4
BreastYield (g/100g EVC)	17.61^a	20.75^a	18.40^a	20.18^a	0.63	0.043
LegQuarter (g/100g EVC)	12.80^a	12.90^a	13.74^a	2.94^a	0.62	0.823
Wing g/100g EVC	9.08^b	10.12^ab	11.62^a	9.64^b	0.48	0.005
Neck&Back g/100g EVC	25.97^a	26.99^a	26.50^a	25.99^a	0.65	0.812
Prov g/100g EVC	0.30^a	0.35^a	0.20^a	0.28^a	0.15	0.221
Gizzard g/100g EVC	1.91^a	2.12^a	1.99^a	2.23^a	0.30	0.603
Liver g/100g EVC	1.38^a	1.58^a	1.38^a	1.38^a	0.19	0.206
Intestines g/100g EVC	3.22^a	3.36^a	2.59^a	3.25^a	0.31	0.470

pH	Treatment			± SEM		p-value
	1(3h)	2(24h)	3(36h)	4(48)
Breast pH value	5.52^ab	5.45^b	5.67^a	5.43^b	0.05	0.017
Leg Quarter pH value	5.84^a	5.77^a	5.81^a	5.62^a	0.07	0.261
Breast pH_{24 hours}	4.33^a	4.29^a	4.39^a	4.31^a	0.06	0.728
Leg Quarter pH_24hours	4.97^a	5.04^a	4.93^a	4.70^a	0.10	0.468

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[TFN1] ^ab
Rows with different superscript letters indicate differences between means of treatments (p>0.05).