Reconstructive surgery of the aortic valve

Cirurgia reconstrutiva da valva aórtica

EXPERIENCE OF THE SERVICE

Reconstructive surgery of the aortic valve

Cirurgia reconstrutiva da valva aórtica

José Teles de Mendonça^I; Marcos Ramos Carvalho^I; Rika Kakuda da Costa^I; Roberto Cardoso Barroso^I; José Edivaldo dos Santos^I; Sérgio Costa Tavares Filho^II

^IMedicine Department, Federal University of Sergipe. Hospital de Clínicas Dr. Augusto Leite

^IIHospital São Lucas, Aracaju, Sergipe

^{Correspondence}

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: Lacking an ideal valve substitute and motivated by the good results of mitral valve repair since 1990, we faced with determination aortic valve reconstruction surgery. The objective of this paper is to show our experience with this procedure.

METHOD: Between January of 1990 and December of 2001; 136 aortic valve repair surgeries were performed. Seventy-five (55.1%) of the patients were female and the ages ranged from 4 to 70 years (mean 23.3 ± 1.2 years). Every patient had rheumatic valve disease and insufficiency was the most prevalent type (108 patients - 79.4%), followed by double aortic lesion in 16 (11.7%) patients and stenosis in 12 (8.8%). The surgical techniques used were: subcommissural annuloplasty in 74 (54.4%) patients, commissurotomy in 38 (27.9%), cusp extension with pericardium in 17 (12.5%), substitution of one cusp in 2 (1.4%), cusp suspension by annuloplasty in 37 (27.2%) and Valsalva sinus remodeling in 27 (19.8%). The surgery exclusively involved the aortic valve in 57 (41.9%) patients and was associated in 79 (mitral valve replacement in 12, mitral repair in 65, coronary artery bypass grafting in 1 and pulmonary commissurotomy in 1).

RESULTS: Hospital mortality was 2.2% and 22 (16.2%) patients underwent a new surgery during the follow-up period (57.7 ± 3.5 months).

CONCLUSIONS: Aortic valve repair is a safe surgical procedure that can be used in an increasing number of patients with promising results.

Descriptors: Aortic valve, surgery. Aortic valve insufficiency, surgery. Aortic valve stenosis, surgery.

RESUMO

OBJETIVO: Por falta de um substituto valvar ideal e motivados pelos bons resultados obtidos com a plástica da valva mitral, passamos, a partir de 1990, a encarar, com determinação, também a cirurgia reconstrutiva da valva aórtica. O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar nossa experiência com este tipo de procedimento.

MÉTODO: De janeiro de 1990 a dezembro de 2001, foram realizadas 136 plásticas da valva aórtica. Setenta e cinco (55,1%) pacientes eram mulheres e a idade variou de 4 a 70 anos (x = 23,3 ± 1,16 anos). Todos eram portadores de disfunção valvar de origem reumática, sendo a insuficiência o tipo mais freqüente (108 pacientes-79,4%), seguida pela dupla lesão (16 pacientes - 11,7%) e pela estenose (12 pacientes - 8,8%).Os procedimentos empregados na reconstrução foram: anuloplastia subcomissural em 74 (54,4%) pacientes; comissurotomia em 38 (27,9%); ampliação de cúspide com pericárdio bovino em 17 (12,5%); substituição de uma cúspide em 2 (1,4%); suspensão de cúspide por plicatura em 37 (27,2%) e remodelação do seio de Valsalva em 27 (19,8%). A operação foi realizada apenas na valva aórtica em 57 (41,9%) pacientes e associada em 79 (troca de valva mitral em 12; plástica mitral em 65; revascularização do miocárdio em 1 e comissurotomia pulmonar em 1).

RESULTADOS: Três (2,2%) pacientes faleceram na internação e 22 (16,2%) necessitaram de reoperação durante o seguimento (x - 57,7 ± 3,5 meses).

CONCLUSÕES: A cirurgia reconstrutiva da valva aórtica é um procedimento seguro, pode ser realizado em um número significativo de pacientes e os resultados são promissores.

Descritores: Valva aórtica, cirurgia. Insuficiência da valva aórtica, cirurgia. Estenose da valva aórtica, cirurgia.

INTRODUCTION

Although surgical therapy of valvar dysfunctions is one of the oldest chapters in cardiac surgery, there are many doubts about the efficiency of the diverse procedures utilized until today.

The replacement of a diseased valve for a prosthesis, a simple procedure that is easy standardized, has not reached, until the present, an acceptable degree of safety and reliability. This frustration is greater in younger patients, when the incidence of complications makes the procedure of much concern [1-9].

The lack of an ideal replacement valve and the good results achieved with reconstruction of atrioventricular valves serve as an incentive for some surgeons to become attracted to the challenge of reconstructive surgery of the aortic valve [10-15].

The aim of this study is to present our experience with this procedure, above all emphasizing its applicability and the immediate and long-term results, with respect to mortality and the necessity of reoperation.

METHOD

From January to December 2001, 136 patients were submitted to aortic valve reconstructive surgery. Seventy-five (55.2%) were female and 61 (44.8%) were male. The age ranged from 4 to 70 years (mean 23.3 ± 1.2 years and median 17.5 years). All were suffering from rheumatic valve disease, with insufficiency the most common type (108 patients - 79.4%). A double injury was found in 16 (11.7%) patients and stenosis in 12 (8.8%).

All the patients were operated on using cardiopulmonary bypass, hypothermia at 30 ºC and isothermal sanguineous cardioplegia^* applied in the coronary ostia, soon after clamping, and repeated at 30 minute intervals.

The aortic valve was approached by means of oblique aortotomy, directed to the non-coronary Valsalva's sinus and mitral valve, when treated by conventional left atriotomy.

The operation involved the aortic valve in isolation in 57 (41.9%) of the patients and it was associated with other procedures in 79 (58.1%). The associated procedures included mitral valve surgery in 77 patients (plastic in 65 and valve replacement in 12), coronary artery bypass grafting in one patient and pulmonary commissurotomy in one patient.

The procedures employed in the reconstruction of the aortic valve were: commissural annuloplasty in 74 (54.4%) patients; commissurotomy in 38 (27.9%); enlargement of the cuspid with bovine pericardium in 17 (12.5%); substitution of the cuspid with neo-cuspid of bovine pericardium in 2 (1.4%); elevation of the cuspid in 64 patients, thinning of the cuspid in 18 (13.2%) and decalcification in 3 (22%) - (Figures 1 and 2). Elevation of the cuspid was achieved by plication in 37 (27.2%) and through non-coronary Valsalva sinus remodeling in 27 (19.8%).

The valvar function test was performed in the intra-operative period, using as a base the visual aspect of the repaired valve (shape, opening, mobility and coaptation of the cuspids) and by an evaluation of the blood flow to the left ventricle. In the cases in which the mitral valve was approached, evaluation was by direct visualization of the regurgitation (in this condition reconstruction of the aortic valve was the first procedure to be performed), or by the filling or not of the left ventricle, after aortic declamping. The echocardiogram, despite being a very useful aid, for logistic reasons was rarely utilized. Only refluxes that were considered minor were accepted. If this result was not initially achieved, the valve was approached again and repaired or substituted.

Before hospital release, the patients were submitted to an echocardiographic evaluation and subsequently, referred back to their original cardiologists with recommendations of follow-up evaluations at every six months.

The data were collected directly from the patients' records (when seen by physicians from the department) or by specific questionnaires sent to the respective physicians of the patients or even by direct consultation of the patients by letter or telephone.

The student t-test was employed to compare non-matched values and the Kaplan-Meier method for tracing of the reoperation-free probability curves.

RESULTS

The mean time of cardiopulmonary bypass was 88.2 ± 6.7 minutes for aortic valve surgeries in isolation and 107.1 ± 2.9 minutes for associated procedures (p-value < 0.05). The aortic clamping time was 67.8 ± 6.2 minutes for plastic surgery in isolation and 85.5 ± 2.5 minutes for operations with associated procedures (p-value < 0.05). The operative mortality was 2.2% (3 patients) owing to causes not related to the surgery.

The follow-up period ranged from 37 days to 144.6 months (mean 57.7 ± 3.5 months). There was a late mortality due to endocarditis of the mitral prosthesis. Twenty-two (16.2%) patients required reoperations, which occurred without fatalities in a follow-up period of between 37 days and 9 years (mean 3.5 ± 0.6 years). The actuarial reoperation-free curve gave a probability of 81.3 ± 3.8% and 59.8 ± 9.5% at 5 and 10 years respectively (Figure 3).

COMMENTS

Owing to the lack of an ideal valvar substitute and, in particular, motivated by the good results initially achieved using mitral valve reconstructive surgery [1-9] and, consequently the aortic valve [10-13], we decided, from 1990, to give priority to repair surgery. Thus, prostheses were utilized only for cases in which the structural valvar alterations did not allow any type of repair [16].

Reconstructive surgery, different to the use of prostheses (of easy technical standardization), demands not only training but also a great artistic sensitivity of the surgeon to return to the deformed valve, its mobility and shape, thereby restoring its function. Thus, it is clear, that reconstructive surgery is a procedure that, apart from requiring determination and patience, demands a certain amount of resignation of the doctor to follow a learning curve. Also a great quantity of humility is needed to establish a progressive selection of cases depending on the degree of complexity of the defect. Additionally, the surgeon must know when to retreat and implant a prosthesis if the result achieved by plastic surgery is not considered ideal.

In the functional reconstruction of the aortic valve, a series of procedures can be employed that basically aim at increasing the area of blood flow, on one hand, and correct regurgitation by perfect coaptation of the cuspids on the other. The first group includes commissurotomies, decalcification or thinning of thickened cuspids, increasing the mobility of the valvar leaflets [10,17]. In the second group, a series of procedures whose greatest justification is to permit adequate coaptation of the three cuspids to distribute the forces and dissipate stress. Among these, the following can be utilized: a) commissural [18,19] and circumferential annuloplasty [10]; b) enlargement of the cuspids: increasing the free edge [11, 20-24] or inserting a graft between the annulus and the base of the cuspid [12,13,15]; c) cuspid replacement [25-27]; d) suspension of the cuspid by commissural plication [28,29]; triangular resection [10,14] or remodeling of the Valsalva sinus^**. Figures 1 and 2 illustrate some of these procedures.

The choice of technique is not always simple and frequently the surgeon is required to use more than one procedure. The initial approach should start with a detailed analysis of the functional components of the aortic valve, to analyze: the Valsalva sinuses, annuli, cuspids and commissures; trying to identify the defects and establish a strategy to correct them.

Annuloplasty was employed when insufficiency was due to dilation of the valvar annulus with well-preserved cuspids. In these cases, the commissural annuloplasty was always used.

When there was fibrotic retraction of one or more of the cuspids, the choice procedure has been enlargement of the affected cuspid with insertion of a bovine pericardium graft. Always when a cuspid is enlarged, an associated annuloplasty is performed on the adjacent commissures of the repaired cuspid.

An alternative technique in cases of severe fibrotic retraction of the non-coronary cuspid, which often occurs in rheumatic disease, would be a more aggressive annuloplasty of the commissures associated with the retracted cuspid. This would make the cuspid rudimentary or exclude it completely, transforming the tricuspid aortic valve in a bicuspid valve [30].

In these cases, special attention should be paid to the diameter of the annulus, especially in young and small patients, so that the valve does not become stenotic. The preference has been to enlarge the retracted cuspid, as it is known that acting in this way improves the anatomical and functional recovery of the treated valve. With this, there are expectations of better long-term results as was demonstrated by DURAN et al. [15] and BAHNSON et al. [23], who stressed that the plastic surgery should copy, as far as possible, the normal anatomy.

For the enlargement or substitution of the cuspids, several types of materials have been used, starting with ivalon sponge utilized by LILLEHEI in 1958 [20], fresh [21, 22, 24, 25] or preserved bovine pericardium [27, 31, 32], heterologous pericardium treated with glutaraldehyde [11-13, 15, 26] and homographs [33].

The availability, low cost and facility in the handling of autologous and heterologous pericardium makes them the most commonly used materials. It is unclear which of them provides the best long-term results [24].

Thin bovine pericardium (0.21 to 0.25 mm) is preferred. During the procedure, an incision was made at the base of the cuspid to be lengthened (in the majority of cases non-coronary) and the free edge is drawn to reach the other two, taking care that all are at the same height. The graft should be a little larger than the created orifice and the suture made with fine monofilament thread (polypropylene 6-0), turning the edges to the ventricular face in a way to create a perfect 'shell'. It is believed that by acting in this manner, the effects of retraction of the graft will be compensated, as even if it occurs there will still be contact between the cuspids.

Another feared complication with the use of pericardium is calcification, which may occur, principally in young patients. Performing the enlargement as suggested, calcification happens without the loss of contention and the valve, even with the cuspid static, can last for a long time.

A common anatomic finding in young patients with rheumatic aortic insufficiency, specifically in those with involvement of the mitral valve, is pure and simply prolapse of the non-coronary cuspid. In these cases two alterations which were attributed to the traction of the prolapsed cuspid are observed: correction of the Valsalva sinus and the bringing together of the respective commissural points.

This type of defect has been corrected using a technique which was named by the authors as Valsalva sinus remodeling^**. This consists of opening the sinus as far as the cuspid, followed by the insertion of a bovine pericardium graft in a way of restoring the shape of the sinus and separating the commissures and, with this, elevate the cuspid and guarantee an adequate coaptation (Figure 1). A plication of the cuspid is utilized beside the commissures [28,29] when only prolapse exists without these aforementioned findings.

Conquering the prejudice and increasing the interest in aortic valve reconstruction surgery, its application will increase as the surgeon acquires experience with the procedure. Currently, a growing number of patients have benefited from this surgical technique. CARPENTIER, in the 1980s, believed that only 5% of the insufficient aortic valves could be repaired [10]. In 1991, DURAN et al. [15] recovered 42.6% of the insufficient rheumatic aortic valves, operated on between July 1988 and July 1990. Our decision to preserve aortic valves was made in January 1990 and, as yet, 32.2% (136/423) of the rheumatic valves consecutively approached were reconstructed. The percentage of repaired valves grew significantly with the reduction of age at the time of operation. From 60.4% (81/134) for patients with ages less than or equal to 20 years it increased to 68.7% (55/75) for under 16-year-olds, expressing a determination to preserve the aortic valve in this age group where the use of prostheses is more problematic.

Although the follow-up time of the patients submitted to aortic valve reconstructive surgery, in the majority of the published cohorts, is still short, the results until now are encouraging [14,15,24,27,34,35-37]. Data from this work, a hospital mortality rate of 2.2% and probability of remaining reoperation-free of 81.3 ± 3.8 at five years and 59.8 ± 9.5 at ten years, are in harmony with the literature and help to consolidate the expectations in relation to aortic valve reconstructive surgery.

CONCLUSIONS

Aortic valve reconstructive surgery is a safe procedure and can be performed in a significant number of patients with rheumatic aortic disease.

The results achieved are promising enabling the procedure to be recommended for a greater number of patients, above all young patients, when the use of a prostheses is frequently more problematic.

*Cardioplegia performed with blood at the temperature of the perfusate.

**Original technical procedure

BIBLIOGRAFHIC REFERENCES

Article received on October, 2002

Article accepted on September, 2003

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Footnotes

Correspondence to:

José Teles de Mendonça.

Av. Prof. Acrísio Cruz, 445

Ed. Mont Blanc Apto 1101

Aracaju, Sergipe

CEP 49020-210

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  14 Mar 2005
• Date of issue
  Dec 2003

History

• Received
  Oct 2002
• Accepted
  Sept 2003