Risk factors of atheromatous aorta in cardiovascular surgery

Abstracts

Objective:  To determine the prevalence and profile of ascending aorta or aortic arch atheromatous disease in cardiovascular surgery patients, its risk factors and its prognostic implication early after surgery.

Methods:  Between January 2007 and June 2011, 2042 consecutive adult patients were analyzed, with no exclusion criteria. Atheromatous aorta diagnosis was determined intraoperatively by surgeon palpation of the aorta. Determinants of atheromatous aorta, as well as its prognostic implication were studied by multivariate logistic regression.

Results:  Prevalence of atheromatous aorta was 3.3% (68 patients). Determinants were age > 61 years (OR= 2.79; CI95%= 2.43 - 3.15; P<0.0001), coronary artery disease (OR=3.1; CI95%=2.8 - 3.44; P=0.002), hypertension (OR=2.26; CI95%=1.82 - 2.7; P=0.03) and peripheral vascular disease (OR=3.15; CI95%= 2.83 - 3.46; P=0.04). Atheromatous aorta was an independent predictor of postoperative cerebrovascular accident (OR=3.46; CI95%=3.18 - 3.76; P=0.01).

Conclusion:  Although infrequent, the presence of atheromatous aorta is associated with advanced age, hypertension, coronary artery disease and peripheral vascular disease. In those patients, a more detailed preoperative and intraoperative assessment of the aorta is justified, due to greater risk of postoperative cerebrovascular accident.

Atherosclerosis; Aorta; Thoracic Surgery; Cardiovascular Surgical Procedures

Objetivo:  Determinar a prevalência e as características de ateromatose da aorta ascendente e/ou arco aórtico em cirurgia cardiovascular, os fatores de risco de sua ocorrência e a implicação prognóstica imediata da mesma.

Métodos:  No período de janeiro de 2007 a junho de 2011, 2042 pacientes adultos consecutivos foram analisados, sem critérios de exclusão. A detecção de ateromatose da aorta foi realizada por meio de palpação durante o ato operatório. Os fatores de risco de ateromatose da aorta e a sua implicação prognóstica foram determinados por regressão logística multivariada.

Resultados:  A prevalência de ateromatose da aorta foi de 3,3% (68 pacientes). Os fatores de risco foram a idade > 61 anos (OR= 2,79; IC95%= 2,43 - 3,15; P<0,0001), doença arterial coronária (OR=3,1; IC95%=2,8 - 3,44; P=0,002), hipertensão arterial sistêmica (OR=2,26; IC95%=1,82 - 2,7; P=0,03) e doença vascular periférica (OR=3,15; IC95%= 2,83 - 3,46; P=0,04). A ateromatose da aorta foi preditor independente da ocorrência de acidente vascular cerebral no pós-operatório (OR=3,46; IC95%=3,18 - 3,76; P=0,01).

Conclusão:  Embora infrequente, a presença de ateromatose da aorta tem maior ocorrência de acordo com a idade, com a presença de hipertensão arterial sistêmica, doença arterial coronária e doença vascular periférica. Nestas situações, é justificada investigação pré e intraoperatória mais detalhada, pois a presença de ateromatose determina maior chance de acidente vascular cerebral no pós-operatório.

Aterosclerose; Aorta; Cirurgia Torácica; Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Cardiovasculares

Abbreviations, acronyms and symbols CABG Coronary artery bypass grafting LC Left coronary LV Left ventricle NYHA New York Heart Association

Abbreviations, acronyms and symbols
CABG	Coronary artery bypass grafting
LC	Left coronary
LV	Left ventricle
NYHA	New York Heart Association

INTRODUCTION

The presence of atheromatous disease of the thoracic aorta is a known complicating factor in patients undergoing cardiovascular surgery, since it determines changes in intraoperative planning, and increases the risk for increased morbidity and mortality^[1].

The correlation between atherosclerosis in the coronary arteries and other arterial sites have been extensively documented^[2,3], especially in the carotid arteries^[4]. In turn, patients with atherosclerosis of the carotid arteries also have a higher rate of atheromatous thoracic aorta^[5]. On the other hand, atheromatosis of the thoracic aorta is common in the elderly, and population studies^[6,7] found that these patients have a higher prevalence of cardiovascular events and stroke.

Although this evidence demands a more careful monitoring in risk groups, there are no national data on the subject. Knowledge of the prevalence and atheromatous aorta risk factors may provide greater predictability of its occurrence and prognosis. They can also lead to therapeutic changes that aim to minimize the operative risk.

The aim of this study are to determine the prevalence and characteristics of atheromatous ascending aorta and/or aortic arch in patients undergoing cardiovascular surgery in a Brazilian center, the risk factors for its occurrence and its immediate prognostic implications.

METHODS

From January 2007 to June 2011, 2042 consecutive adult patients underwent cardiovascular surgery. The mean age was 57.4±15 years (range 16 years to 87 years) and 1168 (57.2%) were male. All patients were studied, with no exclusion criteria. Pre-, intra- and post-operative of the patients were prospectively collected and stored in an electronic database. The diagnosis of atheromatous aorta was performed by its palpation during surgery by the surgeon, and the collection of data took into account the full account of the surgeon in relation to atheromatosis characteristics. The study was approved by the Research Ethics Commission under the protocol number 069883/2013, in accordance with the Helsinki rules.

The surgeries were isolated coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) in 911 patients (44.6%), isolated valve surgeries in 561 (27.5%) and combined surgeries in 400 patients (19.6%), and other procedures in 170 (8, 3%). Other procedures were composed of congenital disease in adult surgeries in 84 patients (4.1%), isolated aorta surgeries in 45 patients (2.2%) and miscellaneous surgeries in the rest.

Of the patients that we identified the atheromatous aorta, 47 (69%) underwent isolated CABG, 5 (7%) valve operation and the rest of the combined operations (24%). Cardiopulmonary bypass was not used in 15 (32%) patients of those who underwent isolated CABG. On the other hand, it was used in all submitted to other operations.

The decision regarding the performance of surgery from diagnosis of atheromatosis was the surgeon's discretion. The aorta is no longer handled entirely in 16% of patients. Changes in cannulation site occurred in 79% of patients, change of clamping site in 69% and change in proximal anastomoses or aortotomy in 59%. The aortic replacement under deep hypothermic circulatory arrest was performed in 16% of patients.

Statistical analysis

Categorical variables were expressed as frequencies and percentages and continuous by mean and standard deviation. Continuous variables with heterogeneous distribution were expressed by medians and confidence intervals relating to one standard deviation. When comparing the pre- and intraoperative characteristics of morbidity and mortality events between the groups, the chi-square test, Fisher exact test, Student's t test were used when indicated. Multivariate logistic regression was used to determine the risk of atheromatosis and its prognostic implications factors in the occurrence of death, stroke and acute renal failure. Variables significantly (P<0.05) related to each of the events by univariate analysis were retained. Then, stepwise backward logistic regression was used in the construction of multivariate models. Calibration and discrimination of the models were determined by the Hosmer-Lemeshow test and the analysis of the ROC curve (receiver-operating characteristic), respectively.

RESULTS

Prevalence and descriptive atheromatosis

The atheromatous ascending aorta and/or aortic arch were diagnosed by the surgeon during surgery in 68 patients, which corresponds to 3.3% of the total. The intraoperative findings were isolated calcified plate bounded by 35%, extensive or multiple plate calcified in 33% and porcelain aorta by 32%. Given these findings, various types of impact emerged: impossibility of any manipulation of the aorta in 33.3%, cannulation failure in 9.7%, clamping impossibility 4.2% and impossibility of cannulation and clamping 2.8%. In the remaining half of the patients, there was possibility of cardiopulmonary bypass with changes in local cannulation, clamping and proximal anastomoses.

Risk factors of ateromatose

In Table 1 are described the differences found between the control group and atheromatosis by univariate analysis as regards demographics, comorbity and risk factors widely recognized for cardiovascular surgery. Thus, the older age in the atheromatosis group was particularly significant (65.8±9.7 years versus 54.3±15 years, P<0.0001). Still, all of atherosclerosis risk factors occurred more frequently in atheromatosis group compared to the control. In addition, there was a higher frequency of involvement of other arterial territories in atheromatous aorta group, for example, coronary artery disease, especially when associated with left main coronary artery obstruction and peripheral vascular disease. There was an association trend between obstructive carotid artery disease and aortic atheromatosis.

Table 1
Preoperative characteristics of patients with and without atheromatous aorta who underwent cardiovascular surgery.

	Atheromatosis	Control	P
	(N=68)	(N=1974)
Demographics
Age (years)	65.8±9.7	54.3±15	<0.0001
Male	45 (66.2%)	1123 (56.9%)	0.12
Weight (kg)	70.1±12.8	68.2±14.2	0.31
Height (cm)	164±10	170±27	0.87
Previous cardiac surgery	2 (2.9%)	219 (11.1%)	0.03
Functional class (NYHA)
I	48 (70.6%)	1015 (51.6%)
II	13 (19.1%)	570 (29%)	0.03
III	6 (8.8%)	327 (16.6%)
IV	1 (1.5%)	56 (2.8%)
Coronary artery disease	59 (86.8%)	1103 (55.9%)	<0.001
Acute coronary syndrome	16 (23.5%)	371 (18.8%)	0.34
Myocardial infarction <30d	9 (13.2%)	253 (12.8%)	0.92
Trunk lesion LC	17 (25%)	200 (10.1%)	<0.0001
Number of affected vessels
1	3 (4.4%)	96 (4.9%)
2	16 (23.5%)	208 (10.5%)	0.08
3	40 (58.8%)	799 (40.5%)
LV ejection fraction	57.7±11.7	58.8±13.2	0.53
Pulmonary hypertension	0	157 (8%)	0.01
Carotid disease	3 (4.4%)	34 (1.7%)	0.1
Risk factors
Arterial hypertension	59 (86.8%)	1185 (60.2%)	<0.0001
Diabetes mellitus	26 (38.2%)	460 (23.4%)	0.004
Dyslipidemia	33 (48.5%)	675 (34.3%)	0.01
Smoking	11 (16.2%)	145 (7.4%)	0.007
Comorbidities
Prior stroke	5 (7.3%)	103 (5.2%)	0.44
Atrial fibrillation	2 (2.9%)	226 (11.5%)	0.02
Peripheral vascular disease	4 (5.9%)	25 (1.3%)	0.001
Endocarditis	0	58 (2.9%)	0.15
Creatinine	1.09±0.9	1.3±1	0.08
Serum hemoglobin	13.3±1.8	13.5±1.9	0.52

Multivariate analysis identified independent risk factors for atheromatous disease of the aorta in the study population (Table 2), as the age older than 61 years (OR=2.79; 95% CI 2.43 to 3.15; P<0.0001), the presence of coronary artery disease (OR=3.1; 95% CI 2.8 to 3.44; P=0.002), hypertension (OR=2.26; 95% CI 1.82 to 2.7; P=0.03) and peripheral vascular disease (OR=3.15; 95% CI 2.83 to 3.46; P=0.04).

Table 2
Multivariate analysis of risk factors for atheromatous aorta in patients undergoing cardiovascular surgery.

Variable	Estimate±SE	P	OR	CI 95%
Atheromatosis†
Intercept	3,24±0,33	<0,0001
Age > 61 years			2,79	2,43 - 3,15
	0,51±0,13	<0,0001
			3,1	2,8 - 3,44
DAC	0,57±0,19	0,002
			2,26	1,82 - 2,7
SAH	0,41±0,19	0,03
			3,15	2,83 - 3,46
Peripheral vascular disease	0,57±0,28	0,04

• ^†
  Hosmer-Lemeshow test, P=0.09; C-statistic 0.77, CAD=coronary artery disease, Hypertension. CAD=coronary artery disease; SH=systemic arterial hypertension

Prognostic implications

Table 3 shows the impact of atheromatous aorta in hospital mortality and major morbidity outcomes by univariate analysis. 1There was a higher hospital mortality and higher incidence of stroke, sepsis, myocardial infarction, acute renal failure, prolonged mechanical ventilation and longer hospital stay in patients with atheromatous aorta compared to the control. Regarding the multivariate analysis, the presence of atheromatous aorta was an independent predictor of the occurrence of stroke in the postoperative period (OR=3.47; 95% CI 3.18 to 3.76; P=0.01), as documented in Table 4. There was no correlation in the analysis of risk factors, including the presence of atheromatous aorta and hospital mortality or acute renal failure in the postoperative period.

Table 3
Morbidity and mortality data in patients with and without aortic atheromatosis undergoing cardiovascular surgery.

	Atheromatosis	Control	P
	(N=68)	(N=1974)
Hospital mortality	12 (17.6%)	114 (5.7%)	<0.0001
Stroke	7 (10.4%)	44 (2.2%)	<0.0001
Myocardial infarction	10 (14.7%)	96 (4.8%)	0.0003
Sepsis	13 (19.1%)	136 (6.9%)	0.0001
Acute renal failure	12 (17.6%)	81 (4.1%)	<0.0001
Prolonged mechanical ventilation	6 (8.9%)	44 (2.2%)	0.0005
Intensive care unit stay (days)	3 (2; 5)	2 (2; 4)	0.24
Length of stay (days)	15 (8; 25)	11 (7; 19)	0.03

Table 4
Multivariate analysis of the occurrence of stroke in patients undergoing cardiovascular surgery.

Variable	Estimate±SE	P	OR	CI 95%
Atheromatosis†
Intercept	-0.31±0.65	0.64
			3.46	3.18 - 3.76
Atheromatosis	0.62±0.24	0.01
			9.42	1.98 - 42.6
Ejection fraction	2.84±0.99	0.004
			3.86	1.93 - 5.35
Functional class IV	1.35±0.4	0.0007

• ^†
  Hosmer-Lemeshow test, P=0.9; C-statistic 0.7

It was not identified a greater risk of stroke according to the type of the atheromatous disease in the aorta. Patients with porcelain aorta had the same risk as other patients with delimited atherosclerotic plaques (12.5% vs. 9.5%, P=0.87). Also, avoiding manipulation of the aorta did not prevent the occurrence of cerebral complications (9% vs. 10.2%, P=0.91), as well as changing the cannulation site (P=0.61), clamping (P=0.12) or using circulatory arrest (P=0.9).

DISCUSSION

This observational study aimed at exploring atheromatous ascending aorta and/or aortic arch in a group of consecutive adult patients undergoing cardiovascular surgery. Despite the prevalence is relatively low in this population, it is consistent with other^[8] literature series. The prevalence could be higher if our population was older, since there was direct relationship between age and the presence of atheromatosis. Davila-Roman et al.^[9] found important atheromatous ascending aorta in approximately one third of patients older than 80 years who underwent cardiovascular surgery. The increase in life expectancy of the Brazilian population will certainly determine a higher incidence of patients with this problem being treated for cardiovascular surgery.

In addition to age, it was identified that the main atherosclerosis risk factors^[5] are the same related to atheromatous aorta by univariate analysis. However, only hypertension was considered an independent risk factor in the multivariate analysis. In the latter, other factors found in our series were coronary artery disease and peripheral vascular disease, reinforcing the coexistence of atherosclerotic involvement in different arterial territories.

Most studies in the ^[10-12] literature considers as risk factors for aortic atheromatosis the obstructive carotid artery disease, abdominal aortic aneurysm, left main coronary artery obstruction, diabetes mellitus and hypertension. The calcified aortic stenosis and chronic renal failure are still other risk factors involved^[13]. Looking critically, preoperative patient characteristics have little predictive value, since most of the patients referred to the cardiovascular surgery has such features, which therefore requires more accurate assessments. In our experience, such evaluations are performed infrequently and dependent on the doctor's suspicion level.

The importance of completing the diagnosis in order to enable the best possible surgical planning. Traditional image tests that can identify the atheromatous aorta are inaccurate, as the chest X-ray or cardiac catheterization. Transesophageal echocardiography^[14] is better than the previous ones, however, presents image acquisition limitations in the distal ascending aorta and proximal aortic arch, frequently used sites for cannulation and clamping. Computed tomography^[15] is an excellent test to detect atheromatous aorta, however, it has disadvantages in relation to the use of radiation and its use is associated with high cost for the health system. It can, however, be used in the groups at the most risk prior to surgery^[13].

During surgery, the surgeon palpates traditionally the aorta to diagnose aortic atheromatosis. However, Wareing et al.^[10] studied more than 500 patients and found palpation be imprecise and it was detected only 38% of positive diagnoses on ultrasound. The best imaging method is the epiaortic ultrasound^[16,17] performed intraoperatively with high-resolution transducers which measure the wall and the lumen of the aorta in the various segments.

Precise informations regarding the pathological features of the aorta have implications for the management of cardiopulmonary bypass, myocardial and cerebral protection and surgical planning, in order to minimize unwanted embolism microparticle atheroma, especially to the brain. Our study and others^[1,18] showed that the presence of atheromatous aorta is an independent risk factor in the development of stroke postoperatively, with absolute risk by about 10%, a risk consistent in several series.

Blauth et al.^[12] reviewed the autopsy findings of 221 patients undergoing cardiac surgery. It was revealed that cerebral embolism occurred in 37% of patients with atherosclerosis of the aorta, compared to only 2% of those who had not. Van der Linden et al.^[19] showed that the kind of impairment of the aorta has a differential risk of stroke. In our experience, we could not corroborate the findings of this latest study of higher risk related to the type of involvement, including as regards the porcelain aorta.

The various types of surgical strategy are possible to be performed, as shown in our experience, and there is no consensus in the literature regarding the best strategy. These include the revascularization with composite arterial grafts under cardiopulmonary bypass without aortic clamping, changes on the site of cannulation, clamping and proximal anastomoses, up to the aortic replacement under total circulatory arrest with deep hypothermia.

However, none of these approaches is capable of preventing the risk of displacement of atheromatous particles. It's intuitive to state that avoiding any manipulation of the aorta is advised in the presence of atheromatosis. However, this strategy is not possible in all cases, particularly the need for combined surgeries involving the heart valves and thoracic aorta. There are also some data from observational studies^{[1,8,10-12,14]} suggesting that the change in operative tactics to minimize the risk of complications, although the morbidity remain higher than usual.

We could not find in our superiority experience any approach to minimizing the risk of cerebral complications. Both off-pump surgery without manipulation of the aorta showed the same stroke rates than patients undergoing surgery with CPB. Attempts to change the site of cannulation, clamping, performance of proximal anastomoses or aortotomy did not reduce this risk. Neither the replacement of the aorta under total circulatory arrest with deep hypothermia reached the same benefit, although not carrying additional risk.

Cardiac surgery with aortic manipulation guided by epiaortic ultrasound has uncertain clinical value. Clinical studies have detected low cerebral embolization by transcranial Doppler^[20] and improved neuropsychological performance^[21,22], but it has not been demonstrated lower stroke rates.

In a patient with porcelain aorta, carrier or aorta valve disease requiring surgery, most surgeons hesitate to perform complicated surgical procedures involving total circulatory arrest and aortic replacement in elderly patients who often already has other operative risk factors, which opens the possibility of transapical aortic valve replacement when indicated^[23]. On the other hand, if the proposed surgery would be isolated CABG, performing it without cardiopulmonary bypass and without manipulation of the aorta seems to be a more appropriate strategy when possible^[24].

It should be noted that our experience does not corroborate such conduct, nor there is strong evidence in the literature to support them up to this point.

Study limitations

This is an observational study, with the limitations inherent to its design. We used palpation of the aorta as a diagnostic method of atheromatosis, which certainly reduced the prevalence. The use of epiaortic ultrasound should be the standard of our service. The limited number of patients and the very different approaches adopted by surgeons in the presence of atheromatous hamper determining the impact of the change of intraoperative tactic in the results of morbidity and mortality. For this reason, this was not listed as objective of this study. A multicenter study of more robust number of patients facing this purpose would be interesting to be developed.

CONCLUSION

Although infrequent, the presence of atheromatous aorta has higher incidence according to age, with the presence of hypertension, coronary artery disease and peripheral vascular disease. In these situations, it is justified pre- and intraoperative more detailed research, because the presence of atheromatous determines greater chance of stroke postoperatively.

Authors' roles & responsibilities FAA Data collection, statistical analysis, data interpretation and writing of the manuscript IAS Manuscript writing CRC Manuscript review

Authors' roles & responsibilities
FAA	Data collection, statistical analysis, data interpretation and writing of the manuscript
IAS	Manuscript writing
CRC	Manuscript review

• This study was carried out at Instituto de Cardiologia do Distrito Federal (IC-DF), Brasília, DF, Brazil.
• No financial support.

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  Oct-Dec 2014

History

• Received
  03 Oct 2013
• Accepted
  24 Mar 2014