Demographic and clinical characteristics of patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery and their relation to mortality

Oliveira, Eduardo Lafaiette de; Westphal, Glauco Adrieno; Mastroeni, Marco Fabio

doi:10.5935/1678-9741.20120009

Abstracts

OBJECTIVE: To describe the demographic and clinical characteristics and to test their relation to mortality in patients undergoing to coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG). METHODS: It is a retrospective study developed from the medical records of 655 patients undergoing CABG from May 2002 to April 2010. RESULTS: Hospital mortality was 12.1%. Mortality was significantly (P<0.05) higher in females (17.3%), aged less than 70 years (22.8%), in emergency surgery (36.4%), in cases of readmission to the intensive care unit (ICU) (33.3%), when the stay in the ICU was less than three days (16.3%), undergoing longer cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and with more comorbidities (15.4%). Predictor variables of death identified with logistic regression analysis were: female (OR=2.04), age >70 years (OR=2.69), emergency surgery (OR=15.43) and urgency (OR=3.81), performance of CPB (OR=2.19) and re-admission to the ICU (OR=4.33). CONCLUSION: Variables such as gender, age, type of surgery, readmission to the ICU, ICU stay, comorbidities and time of CPB influence the outcome death in patients undergoing to CABG. Thus, such aspects should be considered to reduce hospital mortality in patients undergoing such surgery.

myocardial revascularization; coronary artery bypass; hospital mortality

OBJETIVO: Descrever as características clínicodemográficas e testar sua relação com a mortalidade hospitalar em pacientes submetidos à cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio (CRM). MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo conduzido a partir dos prontuários de 655 pacientes submetidos à CRM, no período de maio de 2002 a abril de 2010. RESULTADOS: A mortalidade hospitalar foi de 12,1%. A mortalidade foi significativamente (P<0,05) maior em indivíduos do sexo feminino (17,3%), com idade igual ou superior a 70 anos (22,8%), em cirurgias de emergência (36,4%), nos casos de reinternação na unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI) (33,3%), quando a permanência foi inferior a três dias na UTI (16,3%), submetidos a maior tempo de circulação extracorpórea (CEC) e com maior número de comorbidades (15,4%). As variáveis preditoras de óbito identificadas pela análise de regressão logística foram: sexo feminino (OR=2,04); idade >70 anos (OR=2,69); cirurgias em caráter de emergência (OR=15,43) e de urgência (OR=3,81); realização de CEC (OR=2,19) e reinternação na UTI (OR=4,33). CONCLUSÃO: Sexo, idade, tipo de cirurgia, reinternação na UTI, permanência na UTI, comorbidades e tempo de CEC influenciaram no desfecho óbito do paciente submetido à CRM. Dessa forma, tais aspectos devem ser considerados para diminuir o óbito hospitalar em pacientes submetidos a esse tipo de cirurgia.

revascularização miocárdica; ponte de artéria coronária; mortalidade hospitalar

ORIGINAL ARTICLE

^IHans Dieter Schmidt Regional Hospital. Intensive Care Unit. Joinville-SC. Brasil

^IIMunicipal São José Municipal Hospital, General Intensive Care Unit. Joinville-SC, Brasil

^IIIUniversity of the Region of Joinville/UNIVILLE. Master's Program in Health and Environment. Joinville-SC. Brasil

Correspondence Adress

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To describe the demographic and clinical characteristics of patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) and to test their relation to mortality.

METHODS: This study was a retrospective medical record review of 655 consecutive patients undergoing CABG from May 2002 to April 2010.

RESULTS: Of the 655 patients, 12.1% died during the hospital stay. Mortality was significantly (p<0.05) higher in females (17.3%), aged < 70 years (22.8%), in emergency surgery (36.4%), in cases of readmission to the intensive care unit (ICU) (33.3%), when the stay in the ICU was < three days (16.3%), undergoing longer cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), and with more comorbidities (15.4%). Predictor variables of death identified with logistical regression analysis were: female (OR=2.04), age > 70 years (OR=2.69), emergency surgery (OR=15.43) and urgency (OR=3.81), performance of CPB (OR=2.19) and readmission to the ICU (OR=4.33).

CONCLUSION: Variables such as female sex, increased age, type of surgery, readmission to the ICU, ICU stay, comorbidities, and duration of CPB influence the outcome death in patients undergoing CABG. Thus, such aspects should be considered to reduce hospital mortality in patients undergoing such surgery.

Descriptors: coronary artery bypass; cardiovascular diseases; medical records; hospital mortality.

INTRODUCTION

CABG is a widely used therapeutic modality in the treatment of atherosclerotic coronary artery disease [1]. In Brazil, 63,272 CABGs were conducted from 2005 to 2007, which represents 340 CABGs per million inhabitants. The mortality rate for this type of surgery in Brazil (6.2%) [2] contrasts with that in developed countries such as Portugal (1.2%) [3], Canada (1.7%) [4], and the United States (2.9%) [5].

The high prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors among patients undergoing CABG in Brazil seems to account for the high rate of postoperative mortality in this population. The incidence of cardiovascular risk factors among Brazilian patients is significantly higher compared to that among patients in developed countries (prevalence of systemic arteral hypertension (SAH) [90.7% vs. 60.0%], acute myocardial infarction (AMI) [23.5% vs. 2%], and diabetes mellitus (DM) [37.2% vs. 29.0%]). It is likely that the higher frequency of these risk factors has resulted in longer hospital length of stay (12.7 days) [7] for Brazilian patients undergoing CABG than the average hospital length of stay in countries such as Portugal (7.6 days) [3] and Canada (6.7 days) [4].

In Southern Brazil, there is a lack of information about specific perioperative complications associated with CABG. This study aims to describe the clinical and demographic characteristics of patients undergoing CABG in a public hospital and a reference center in Southern Brazil, and to assess the relationship of these characteristics with mortality.

METHODS

This is a retrospective, descriptive study of patients who underwent CABG in a public hospital in Southern Brazil. The study included medical records of all the patients who underwent CABG alone from May 2002 to April 2010. Patients whose medical records were unavailable or did not meet minimum requirements for the collection of information for reasons such as poor maintenance, illegibility or incompleteness were excluded from the analysis.

Data collection

Data were collected from two sources: the Prosthesis and Orthosis Centre (POC) and the Medical and Statistics Treatment Service, (MSTS), both based at the Hans Dieter Schmidt Regional Hospital (HDSRH) in Joinville-SC. Information obtained from the POC included the date of surgery, the patient's record number, the patient's name, the type of surgical procedure, the patient's city of origin and the name of the medical team that performed the surgery. Using the record number and the name of the patient undergoing CABG, the researcher collected data from the patients' medical records at MSTS.

Data collected retrieved from the medical records included sex, age, marital status, presence of comorbidities, history of prior CABG, surgical team A/B or C, emergency/ urgent or elective status of the surgery, number of coronary grafts, use of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), CPB duration, aortic clamping duration, direct and indirect costs associated with the procedure, length of ICU stay before and after CABG, readmission to the ICU, and patient outcome of discharge or death.

In order to assess the relationship of clinical and demographic variables to mortality, the analysis was performed using Microsoft Office Exce ^® 2007.

Statistical analysis

Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS Inc., version 16.0, Chicago, IL) software. Continuous variables were presented as mean and standard deviation (SD). To investigate the association between mortality and the predictor variables, we used the Chi-Squared test or Fisher's exact test when necessary. To compare two means with normal distributions, Student's t-test for independent samples was employed. For comparison of more than two means, one-way ANOVA was used. In cases of non-normal distributions, the Mann-Whitney test was used for comparisons of two samples, and the Kruskal-Wallis test was used for comparisons of more than two samples. Normality was verified using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test.

Bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed with unconditional logistic regression. A bivariate analysis was used to assess the crude effect of each independent variable on the outcome studied. The Enter method, following the theoretical model and respecting the hierarchical levels, was used in a multivariate analysis to observe the effects of the variables adjusted to each other within each block. The block of demographic variables was considered as the first level, and the inclusion of other variables was performed in the second block. To avoid the exclusion of possible confounding factors, any variables with p<0.20 at any level were maintained in the model until the end, regardless of whether significance was lost with the introduction of other variables from a lower hierarchical level.

The quality of the bivariate model fit was evaluated with the 2 Log Likelihood test. The crude and adjusted odds ratios (OR) were estimated, as well as the 95% confidence intervals of variables that remained in the model. All tests were considered significant when p<0.05.

Ethical aspect

The study met the requirements of Resolution 196/96 of the National Health Council/Ministry of Health, which regulates research involving human subjects. The project was approved by the Ethics Committee of HDSRH, Case No. 09023/2009.

RESULTS

Of 672 medical records of patients exclusively undergoing CABG during the study period, 17 (2.5%) were excluded from the analysis: eight were incomplete and nine were not found. The final sample consisted of 655 records. The mean number of CABG per year was 72.8 (SD=35.7).

Table 1 describes the general characteristics of the individual undergoing CABG in relation to the outcome: patient discharge or death. According to the 655 medical records analyzed, 12.1% (n=79) of the patients died, and the incidence of death was significantly higher in females (female: 17.3% vs. male: 9.8%, p<0.008). Among the patients who died, 70.1% were male, their ages ranging from 50 to 59 years (34.0%), 97.3% were Caucasians, and subjects married or living in a consensual union (76.2%) were predominant. The rate of mortality was significantly higher (p<0.002) in patients older than 70 years (22.8%). The mean age of patients who died was 64.4 years (SD=11.4), significantly higher (P<0.003) than the age of survivors. Although the difference was not significant (p=0.082), individuals who were married or in a consensual union were predominant (16.0%) among the group whose outcome was death (Table 1).

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In Table 2, the clinical characteristics of patients undergoing CABG are grouped according to whether the outcome was patient discharge or death. The largest number of surgeries (42.3%) was performed by surgical team A. Elective surgeries were the most frequent (49.6%), although the mortality rate was significantly higher in subjects who underwent emergency surgery (36.4%). Only six (0.9%) patients underwent a prior CABG. Three or more grafts were required in 58.8% of the CABG performed. CPB was performed in 81.4% of the cases and it was used for 90 or more minutes in 59.7% of cases. The mean CPB duration was significantly higher (P<0.003) in patients who died (105 min, SD=40.5 min). Aortic clamping lasted for more than 60 minutes in 64.8% of patients. A gradual but insignificant decrease in mortality was observed as a reduction in the duration of this procedure. The presence of comorbidities was predominant, with three or more types present at admission for 52.5% of the individuals; this number of comorbidities was significantly (P=0.022) more frequent in subjects who were discharged (84.6%). However, the mean number of comorbidities was significantly (P<0.008) higher in the patients who died (2.9, SD=1.0). Smoking was observed in 46.6% of all cases.

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Although it was not a significant difference, the mortality rate was also higher among patients of surgical team A (13.0%) who also underwent prior CABG (16.7%), who underwent three or more CABGs (12.5%), who underwent CPB (13.1%), whose duration of CPB was > 90 minutes (14.8%), whose duration of aortic clamping was > 60 minutes (14.0%), whose pre-operative stay was longer than three days (13.1%), whose postoperative stay was shorter than three days (12.5%), whose total length of stay was shorter than ten days (15.9%), and who were smokers (12.1%).

The hospital length of stay of patients undergoing CABG grouped by hospital discharge and death outcomes can be seen in Table 3. The patients were not readmitted to the ICU in 96.3% of cases; of these, 11.3% died, a significantly (p<0.002) lower percentage than that of those discharged from the hospital (88.7%). The majority of the patients (54.0%) remained in the ICU for three or more days; of these, most of them (91.5%) were discharged from the hospital. The percentage of patients discharged from the hospital was significantly higher (p<0.003) than that of those who died (8.5%). The pre-operative stay was shorter than three days for 75.7% of subjects, but 29.2% of patients remained hospitalized for three or more days after surgery. The total hospital length of stay was at least ten days for 73.1% of the patients (Table 3).

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Table 4 presents the results of the crude and adjusted analyses of the predictor variables associated with the outcome of hospital death. In the analysis of the first block, three demographic variables were included according to the statistical criteria previously established. In the second block, five variables were included. The variable of marital status was maintained in the model, although it did not demonstrate a significant association (P=0.083) in the analysis of the first block. The variables corresponding to the clinical variables and associated with patient hospitalization were evaluated at the second level of the theoretical model. The following predictor values were significantly associated with hospital death: female gender (OR=2.04, P<0.030), age > 70 years (OR=2.69, P<0.007), emergency surgery (OR=15.43, P<0.001) and urgent surgery (OR=3.81, P<0.001), performance of CPB (OR=2.19, P<0.050), and readmission to ICU (OR=4.33, P<0.004). A total hospital stay longer than 10 days was protective of (OR=0.26, P<0.001) hospital mortality, even after adjustment. Although the risk was attenuated by adjusted analysis, an age of more than 70 years constituted a risk factor for hospital death (OR=2.69; P<0.007).

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Table 5 shows the association between comorbidities and patient discharge and death outcomes of those undergoing CABG during the study period. Hypertension, renal disease (RD), and cerebrovascular diseases (CVD) were individually and significantly associated with an outcome of death. Individuals who died also had higher frequencies of heart disease, diabetes mellitus, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (12.1%, 14.3% and 15.1%, respectively) although these frequencies were not significantly higher.

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DISCUSSION

CABG is considered the gold standard treatment for coronary artery disease. It is the main choice to improve the quality of life and increase survival in patients suffering from this condition. This benefit, however, may be limited by several clinical, demographic and structural aspects. The findings of this study indicated that the hospital mortality of patients undergoing CABG was high and that there is a clear association between mortality and several clinical and demographic characteristics discussed below.

The global mortality rate of 12.1% among the population studied was considerably higher than the national average mortality rate (6.2%) and the international average mortality rate (1.2 to 2.9%) [2-6]. A careful analysis of the aspects supporting these data is required in this situation. Vogt et al., in a German multicenter study in 2000, observed that the mortality rates related to all types of heart surgery ranged between 0.9% and 10.7%. Although higher rates of mortality can be an evidence of poor quality of care, this interpretation cannot be conclusive because some specific demographic and clinical aspects may influence the outcome [6].

The number of people over the age of 65 has doubled in the last 30 years ranging from 7% to 14% of the world population. This older population includes potential candidates for coronary artery disease and, consequently, for CABG. Similarly, the number of patients over the age of 65 years undergoing cardiac surgery has substantially increased as well [7]. In this study, this older population represented more than 40% of the sample, which may partially explain the high mortality rate observed. The mortality rate related to CABG and observed in studies restricted to the elderly population tends to be higher (9.3% to 16.3%) [8-10]. In studies of more heterogeneous populations, the mean age of the non-survivors is usually significantly higher [3,11-14]. These data corroborate the results presented here, where an age over 70 years old is associated with a 2.7-fold increase in the risk of a hospital death after CABG.

Treatment of elderly patients is challenging, considering the high risk for surgery caused by their lower physiological reserves, the increased prevalence of comorbidities and a higher likelihood of symptoms. These conditions can result in urgent or emergency surgery, another factor that influences the rate of mortality [6-9].

In this study, surgery classified as emergency or urgent surgery was also identified as a predictor of hospital death. Of the 79 patients who died during hospitalization, the majority (56) underwent emergency or urgent surgery. Apparently, the large number of urgent and emergency cases observed in this study had a negative impact on the overall mortality rate. These findings partially support the results of other similar studies, in which a higher mortality rate is observed in urgent and emergency CABG compared with elective CABG. However, the hospital mortality rate associated with non-elective surgeries observed in these studies is quite variable (3.1% to 27.3%) [6,11,15,16]. The mortality rate associated with elective CABG (7.0%) is high compared with that observed in most of the international studies (1.2% to 2.9%) [3-5,7]. Nonetheless, it approaches the values observed in Brazilian studies (5.4% and 6.2%) [2-6,18]. The variability in mortality rates observed in different studies of patients undergoing emergency and urgent CABG, as well as the higher mortality rates observed in Brazil (compared with that in other countries) suggests that other aspects associate to mortality are involved, such as the small number of CABGs performed and underlying problems.

The low number of surgical procedures (72.8, SD=35.7 CABG/year) performed at the hospital where the study was conducted may have increased the effect of urgent and emergency surgery status on the rate of mortality. Noronha et al. (2004) demonstrated that the less the surgeries performed in a hospital, the greater the rate of mortality [19]. Hannan et al. (2003) found a mortality rate of 2.9% in a hospital with as low as 100 surgeries/year, whereas in hospitals with up to 800 surgeries/year, the mortality rate was 2.1% [5]. An analysis of 439 North American hospitals revealed that the performance of a low number of surgeries was associated with higher rates of mortality (3.5%) compared with hospitals where the number of surgeries performed was higher (2.4%) [20]. Regarding infrastructure, Sá et al. (2010) reported that higher rates of in-hospital mortality were associated with CABGs performed in public institutions than with those performed in private hospitals [21]. This observation may be related to both the underlying problems of the institutions where the surgical procedure was performed and to infrastructure, which are difficulties frequently observed in public institutions. Hindered access to services and delays in services, whether basic or more complex health services, may result in the worsening of coronary artery disease and possible comorbidities, resulting in patients with limited physiologic reserves [6,7,21].

Among the comorbidities evaluated, a history of hypertension, RD and CVD influenced the outcome. In contrast, other comorbidities influenced the mortality when present in combination. These findings are corroborated by other studies in which the presence of preexisting comorbidities such as hypertension, RD, CVD, previous AMI, diabetes, and COPD in patients undergoing CABG was associated with a higher incidence of pulmonary, renal, and brain-vascular complications. These variables are predictive of hospital readmission and are directly related to mortality [5,16,18,22-24].

Although it is the gold standard, CABG performed with CPB has been questioned because of the deleterious effects of the CPB. In this study, an individual who underwent CPB was 2.19 times more likely to die than those not undergoing this procedure. Moreover, CPB of longer duration activates the immune system and clears inflammatory mediators, resulting in several organ dysfunctions. As a result, postoperative complication is more likely to increase along with the duration of CPB [12,25,26]. In this study, the association between a longer CPB duration and an increased mortality rate was observed, confirming the reports of other authors that the duration of CPB was significantly longer in the non-survivor group. Similarly, Brito et al. (2009) observed that CPB duration longer than 115 minutes is a risk factor for postoperative complications [22]. Anderson et al. (2011) revealed that the duration of CPB was significantly longer among nonsurvivors than among survivors [27].

The number of women in the sample was smaller than the number of men, and the risk observed was almost twice as high among women. These findings, as well as the proportion of women within the sample, resemble the results of other studies. Elucidating the aspects that lead to this difference in the mortality rate for women undergoing CABG has been the goal of many researchers. The most accepted theory for this gender gap is that women who require CABG are patients with more risk factors. The fact that they tend to be older, with lower body mass and smaller coronary arteries, causes technical difficulties during surgery. Women also present with more comorbidities, such as DM (female: 44% vs. male: 32.5%), valve abnormalities (female: 14.9% vs. male: 8.9%), unstable angina (female: 11.3% vs. male: 7.9%) and hypertension (female: 71.0% vs. male: 49, 0%) [4,6,7,10,14,28-31].

The limitations of this study are somewhat inherent in its design; retrospective studies are subject to biases associated with the quality of the original data collection. Moreover, although it is impossible to confirm either the duration between a procedure and the point at which it was indicated or the reason for any waiting, increases in waiting time may be caused by the obvious shortcomings of the local health system; these same shortcomings lead to poor access to outpatient services and hospitalization. The lack of surgical risk stratification for specific scores in the data set poses another limitation to the study, given that the severity of cases can influence the rate of mortality.

CONCLUSION

The results indicate that female sex, increased age, emergency surgery status, readmission to the ICU, ICU admission, duration of CPB and the presence and number of comorbidities were the main clinical and demographic characteristics associated with an increased mortality rate. The growing number of elderly patients in the population increases the likelihood that these characteristics occur together in a single patient and results in an additive effect of their likely negative effects on mortality rates. Therefore, to minimize post-surgical risks, it is essential that older patients and those with comorbidities be carefully monitored to avoid late indications of CABG.

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Demographic and clinical characteristics of patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery and their relation to mortality

Eduardo Lafaiette de Oliveira^I; Glauco Adrieno Westphal^II; Marco Fabio Mastroeni^III

Publication Dates

Publication in this collection
19 June 2012
Date of issue
Mar 2012

History

Received
25 Oct 2011
Accepted
20 Jan 2012

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

[1] 1. Rocha LA, Maia TF, Silva LF. Diagnóstico de enfermagem em pacientes submetidos à cirurgia cardíaca. Rev Bras Enfermagem. 2006;59(3):321-6.

[2] 2. Piegas LP, Bittar OJNV, Haddad N. Cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica. Resultados do Sistema Único de Saúde. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2009;93(5):555-60.

[3] 3. Uva MS, Freitas S, Pedro A, Matias F, Mesquita A, Bau J, et al. Cirurgia de bypass coronário off-pump na mulher. Rev Port Cardiol. 2009;28:813-24.

[4] 4. Cartier R, Bouchout O, El-Hamamsy I. Influence of sex and age on long-term survival in systematic off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2008;34(4):826-32.

[5] 5. Hannan EL, Wu C, Ryan TJ, Bennett E, Culliford AT, Gold JP, et al. Do hospital and surgeons with higher coronary artery bypass graft surgery volumes still have lower risk-adjusted mortality rates? Circulation. 2003;108(7):795-801.

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