Baixo nível de atividade física e comportamento sedentário em idosos: uma revisão sistemática dos parâmetros

Lins-Filho, Ozeas de Lima; Braga, Marisa Moreira; Lima, Tatiane Melo de; Ferreira, Daniela Karina da Silva

doi:10.1590/1980-0037.2020v22e60810

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review article • Rev. bras. cineantropom. desempenho hum 22 • 2020 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-0037.2020v22e60810 linkcopiar

Baixo nível de atividade física e comportamento sedentário em idosos: uma revisão sistemática dos parâmetros

Autoria SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Resumo

O comportamento sedentário tende a aumentar com o envelhecimento e vários estudos têm se concentrado em analisar os componentes que podem influenciar esse padrão de comportamento. A mensuração indireta e direta tem sido utilizada para determinar os parâmetros relativos a esse fenômeno, enquanto não há consenso sobre qual parâmetro deve ser adotado para conceituar o comportamento sedentário, dificultando a comparação entre os estudos sobre essa população. O objetivo deste estudo foi revisar sistematicamente a caracterização do baixo nível de atividade física e comportamento sedentário em estudos com idosos. Pesquisa eletrônica no Scielo, LILACS, MEDLINE, PubMed e ISI Web of Knowledge foi realizada. Seleção dos estudos incluídos: manuscritos originais, com idosos analisando comportamento sedentário ou baixo nível de atividade física por meio de medida direta e indireta. A pesquisa inicialmente selecionou 190 manuscritos, resultando em 10 estudos relevantes. Questionário, questionário de autorrelato e acelerômetro foram os instrumentos utilizados nos estudos. Comportamento sedentário ou baixo nível de atividade física foi caracterizado pela análise do tempo sentado, atividade física no lazer, contagens por minuto, intensidade moderada ou vigorosa durante o dia ou atividades físicas com MET <1,5. Não há padronização dos parâmetros adotados para caracterizar o comportamento sedentário em estudos, gerando resultados divergentes e dificultando estabelecimento de comparações.

Palavras-chave Atividade motora; Atividades de lazer; Comportamento sedentário; Envelhecimento

Author	Journal	Sample (Country of study)	Study Design	Instruments
Brazão et al.³⁶	Motriz	46 elderly men and 33 elderly female (Brazil)	Observational study	Questionnaire
Schneider et a.³⁰	Age and Ageing	342 elderly (United States)	Longitudinal study	Questionnaire
Lord et al.²⁶	Age and Ageing	56 individuals with an average age of 79.9 (United Kingdom)	Randomized intervention	Accelerometer
Hamer and Stamatakis³¹	PloS One	2845 elderly men and 3383 elderly women (England)	Cohort study	Questionnaire
Anokye and Stamatakis²⁷	BMC Research Notes	4507 adults over 16 years average age 51.7±18 (England)	Observational study	Accelerometer
Blodgett et al.²⁸	Maturitas	3146 individuals above 50 years (United States)	Cohort study	Accelerometer
Smith et al.²⁹	BMJ Open.	5186 men e 6205 women born before March 1952 (England)	Longitudinal study	Accelerometer
Sartiniet al.³³	BMC Public Health	7735 elderly men (United Kingdom)	Prospective cohort	Accelerometer
Heseltine et al.³²	BMC Family Practice	1104 elderly above 65 years (United Kingdom)	Clinical trial	Self-report Questionnaire
Hershenberg³⁴	BMC Public Health	17 elderly men and 3 elderly women (United States)	Clinical trial	Questionnaire
Loginov et al. ³⁷	Adv Gerontol	295 elderly, 102 men and 193 women (Russia)	Observational study	Questionnaire
Aro et al. ³⁸	Afr. j. prim. health care fam. med.	139 elderly above 60 years of residential care facility (South Africa)	Cross-sectional study	Questionnaire

Author	Definition of Sedentary Behavior/Physical Activity
Brazão et al.³⁶	PA regular practice on leisure time assessed through a question with five alternatives to classify subjects into one of the five behavior changing stages
Schneider et al.³⁰	PA how Hours of activity per week were computed by dividing the product of number of times per month and minutes each time by 60 min/h and then by four weeks/month
Lord et al.²⁶	PA how Gini index (bout lengths of periods of rest or bouts characterized by their duration and cadence - activities)
Hamer and Stamatakis³¹	SB how average daily time spent watching TV/internet. For PA Participants were asked how often they took part in three different types of PA: vigorous, moderate- and low- intensity PA
Anokye and Stamatakis²⁷	SB defined as the number of daily minutes with a minutely accelerometer count of <200 counts/minute. MVPA was defined as a minutely count of ≥2020 counts/minute
Blodgett et al.²⁸	SB defined as 0–100 counts/min on the ActiGraph Accelerometer. Light (101–2020 counts/min), moderate (2021–5999 counts/min) and vigorous (6000+ counts/min) activity
Smith et al.²⁹	Participants were asked how often they took part in vigorous-intensity, moderate-intensity and low-intensity PA, using prompt cards. At each time point, PA was classified as: inactive; only light activity at least once a week (but no moderate or vigorous); moderate activity at least once a week (but no vigorous), and vigorous activity at least once a week
Sartiniet al.³³	The measure used to classify behavior was counts per minute. <100 CPM for SB (<1.5 Metabolic Equivalent of Task, MET). Another measure of SB was calculated: number of sedentary bouts of at least 1 h (a period of 60 or more consecutive minutes where the accelerometer registers <100 CPM)
Heseltine et al.³²	SB was defined as sitting activities for more than four hours in more than five days a week
Hershenberget al.³⁴	There were no description of SB or PA
Loginov et al.³⁷	PA: low-intensity, moderate-intensity, high-intensity; SB how average daily time spent in min/week
Aro et al.³⁸	PA were grouped into three intensity categories as defined (low, medium and high) and regular exercise is engagement in exercise for at least 150 min per week; no description of SB.

Author	Purpose	Results	Conclusions
Brazão et al.³⁶	To analyze the prevalence of behavior, change stages and the main barriers or reasons that prevent or difficult the regular PA practice	64,6% of the elderly in the study did not practice PA regularly	The majority of the elderly is on pre-contemplation stage and the sex does not influence on the perceived barriers
Schneider et al.³⁰	To teach older adults to recognize and modify their thoughts, or interpretation, about exercise	Therapy and educational groups increased their strengthening exercises over time	Although the therapy group increased their strengthening exercises, they decreased their 6-minutes walking distance
Lord et al.²⁶	To quantify and describe habitual active and SB in older	Walking behavior, SB and postural transitions accounted for total variance of the model	Walking, sedentary and transitions behavior explains together daily functions
Hamer and Stamatakis³¹	To test the overall hypothesis that excess screen-based SB is inversely associated with muscle strength	Participants who viewed more TV had a lower strength than who viewed less TV	In elderly, association between sedentary activities and physical function are linked to context (TV viewing time)
Anokye and Stamatakis²⁷	To test the interdependent nature of PA and SB and to compare two different modelling frameworks, namely independent equations using objectively-assessed PA and SB	People spend 47 minutes undertaking SB per valid day; older individuals, were associated with lower level of MVPA; SB was positively correlated with age, and the MVPA equation was found to be correlated with SB’s equation (r=-0.156; p<0.001)	Studies with accelerometers suggest that accounting for the independent nature of physical activity and SB results in more efficient estimates
Smith et al.²⁹	To investigate the stability of the activity about a 10-year-period	There was a trend in decreasing levels of activity and reduction in vigorous activity over time	Time spent in vigorous activities decreased over time and several sociodemographic factors were associated with chance of being persistently active
Sartiniet al.³³	To investigate diurnal variations in measured Light PA, Moderate-to-Vigorous PA and SB is modified by key demographic, health status and health conditions	Time spent with SB was lower in the morning meanwhile and increased throughout the day	Levels of moderate-vigorous PA are higher in the morning and decreases during the day
Heseltine et al.³²	To explore the SB in elderly participating in an intervention test with exercise and to investigate which health, demographic and social factors are associated with SB	The probability of being categorized as sedentary augmented with an abnormal BMI. Participants reporting better physical health had lower odds ratio of being sedentary	In general, older participants will respond positively to join in an exercise group
Hershenberget al.³⁴	To investigate the participation in game weekly activities in the treatment outcomes	Behavioral activation was associated to a reduction in depressive symptoms. Participant’s total number of reported activities was not associated with their improvements in symptoms	Independent of the specific type or total mount, activation activities may be associated with improvements of symptomatology
Loginov et al.³⁷	To establish gender-specific characteristics of PA and sedentary behavior in elderly	Detected that more energy is spent on the housework and PA in the country (moderate-intensity PA for women and high-intensity one for men)	Showed no statistically significant gender-specific differences in general PA. SB is more popular among men rather than women
Aro et al.³⁸	To explore socio-demographic and clinical factors that are associated with regular exercise	Participant’s knowledge of the benefits of regular physical activities, opportunities to socialize, encouragement by health care workers and availability of exercise facilities and trainers promote regular physical exercise.	Significant proportion of the elderly do not engage in regular physical exercise, and this behavior is influenced by personal health status and systems-related motivators and barriers.

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Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário Trindade, Centro de Desportos - RBCDH, Zip postal: 88040-900 - Florianópolis, SC. Brasil, Fone/fax : (55 48) 3721-8562/(55 48) 3721-6348 - Florianópolis - SC - Brazil
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[1] Note. * PA = Physical Activity; SB = Sedentary behavior; MVPA = Moderate to vigorous physical activity; MET = Metabolic Equivalent of Task; CPM = Counting per minute