Faster balls increase the probability of scoring a goal in female and male elite goalball

Morato, Márcio Pereira; Menezes, Rafael Pombo; Fonseca, Sofia; Furtado, Otávio Luis Piva da Cunha

doi:10.1016/j.rbce.2018.03.027

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Original articles • Rev. Bras. Ciênc. Esporte 40 (4) • Oct-Dec 2018 • https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rbce.2018.03.027 copy

Faster balls increase the probability of scoring a goal in female and male elite goalball^☆ ☆ This work was supported by São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP), grant #12/24576-6. The funder had no involvement in the research process. There are no perceived financial conflicts of interest related to the research.

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Abstract

We sought to investigate the influence of ball time, ball trajectory and ball type on the probability of scoring a goal in female and male elite goalball. We also aimed to categorize throw ball time, taking into consideration ball trajectory and ball type. Systematic video analysis of 1341 male and 1304 female throws was performed on 20 randomly selected matches from the Paralympic Games. In both genders, reducing ball time was associated with an increased probability of scoring a goal, while there was no association for ball trajectories or ball types. The proposed ball time categories are thought to be a useful tool for coaches and sport scientists, as it provides reference values on how fast a ball moves regarding different ball trajectories and ball types for each gender.

KEYWORDS
Paralympics; Match analysis; Team sport; Athletes with visual impairments

Origin sector	Target sector
Origin sector	Parallel	Short diagonal	Medium diagonal	Long diagonal	Extreme diagonal
1	6	5	4	3	1 or 2
2	5	4 or 6	3	2	1
3	4	3 or 5	2 or 6	1	-
4	3	2 or4	1 or 5	6	-
5	2	1 or 3	4	5	6
6	1	2	3	4	5 or 6

	Female		Male
	Total (N = 1304)	Goal (N = 42)	Total (N = 1341)	Goal (N = 81)
Ball trajectory
Parallel	306 (24%)	9 (21%)	355 (26%)	25 (31%)
Short diagonal	434 (33%)	15 (36%)	477 (36%)	34 (42%)
Medium diagonal	303 (23%)	8 (20%)	314 (23%)	13 (16%)
Long diagonal	187 (14%)	9 (21%)	156 (12%)	9 (11%)
Extreme diagonal	74 (6%)	1 (2%)	39 (3%)	0 (0%)
Ball type
Bouncing	942 (72%)	31 (74%)	963 (72%)	55 (68%)
Rolling	304 (23%)	8 (19%)	306 (23%)	20 (25%)
Curve	58 (5%)	3 (7%)	72 (5%)	6 (7%)
Ball time (s)
Mean ± SD	1.01 ± 0.17	0.92 ± 0.15	0.73 ± 0.18	0.68 ± 0.15

	Female			Male
	B (S.E.)	p value	Exp(B) [95% C.I.]	B (S.E.)	p value	Exp(B) [95% C.I.]
Trajectory
Parallel		0.31			0.67
Short diagonal	0.15 (0.43)	0.74	1.16 [0.50-2.70]	0.03 (0.27)	0.91	1.03 [0.60-1.77]
Medium diagonal	0.11 (0.50)	0.82	1.12 [0.42-2.98]	-0.46 (0.36)	0.19	0.63 [0.32-1.27]
Long diagonal	0.97 (0.51)	0.06	2.63 [0.98-7.08]	-0.00 (0.41)	0.99	1.00 [0.44-2.24]
Extreme diagonal	-0.04 (1.09)	0.97	0.96 [0.11-8.07]	-18.23 (6383.13)	1.00	0.00 [0.00]
Type
Bouncing		0.24			0.59
Rolling	-0.24 (0.41)	0.55	0.78 [0.35-1.74]	-0.13 (0.29)	0.64	0.87 [0.50-1.54]
Curve	0.96 (0.65)	0.14	2.60 [0.73-9.27]	0.38 (0.45)	0.40	1.46 [0.60-3.55]
Time	-4.79 (1.33)	<0.01	0.01 [0.00-0.11]	-1.74 (0.87)	0.04	0.18 [0.03-0.96]

Type	Fsemale			Male
Trajectory	Fast	Regular	Slow	Fast	Regular	Slow
Rolling
Parallel	<0.87	0.87-1.03	>1.03	<0.53	0.53-0.63	>0.63
Short diagonal	<0.87	0.87-1.04	>1.04	<0.53	0.53-0.63	>0.63
Medium diagonal	<0.90	0.90-1.03	>1.03	<0.57	0.57-0.70	>0.70
Long diagonal	<0.97	0.97-1.13	>1.13	<0.59	0.59-0.70	>0.70
Extreme diagonal	<1.00	1.00-1.20	>1.20	<0.70	0.70-0.93	>0.93
Bouncing
Parallel	<0.83	0.83-1.07	>1.07	<0.60	0.60-0.80	>0.80
Short diagonal	<0.83	0.83-1.07	>1.07	<0.60	0.60-0.80	>0.80
Medium diagonal	<0.90	0.90-1.13	>1.13	<0.67	0.67-0.93	>0.93
Long diagonal	<0.93	0.93-1.17	>1.17	<0.70	0.70-0.93	>0.93
Extreme diagonal	<1.05	1.05-1.27	>1.27	<0.80	0.80-1.07	>1.07
Curve
Parallel	<0.98	0.98-1.20	>1.20	<0.63	0.63-0.85	>0.85
Short diagonal	<0.92	0.92-1.17	>1.17	<0.67	0.67-0.80	>0.80
Medium diagonal	<1.04	1.04-1.36	>1.36	<0.69	0.69-0.79	>0.79
Long diagonal	<1.10	1.10-1.23	>1.23	<0.73	0.73-0.82	>0.82
Extreme diagonal	<1.05	1.05-1.45	>1.45		0.87^a a Only one case.

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[1] Conflicts of interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.