Comparative analysis of the evolution and postoperative complications of body contouring plastic surgeries after massive weight loss in young and elderly patients

Smaniotto, Pedro Henrique de Souza; Saito, Fabio Lopes; Fortes, Fernando; Scopel, Simone Orpheu; Gemperli, Rolf; Ferreira, Marcus Castro

doi:10.1590/S1983-51752012000300019

Abstracts

BACKGROUND: Increasing numbers of procedures are being used to treat elderly ex-obese patients after bariatric therapies. However, reliable data regarding the evolution and complications of this population are scarce in the literature. In this study, we aimed to analyze the evolution and complications of abdominoplasty performed in patients with advanced age after massive weight loss and compare them to the corresponding data from younger patients. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed patients who experienced massive weight loss and underwent surgery for abdominal contouring between July 2005 and July 2011 in the State Hospital Sapopemba (HESAP). An age of ≥ 60 years was used as a criterion for advanced age, in order to divide patients into groups to analyze the postoperative period and complications of abdominoplasty performed after massive weight loss. RESULTS: We analyzed 264 patients, 19 of whom were 60-75 years of age (Group I) and 245 of whom were 22-59 years of age (Group J). Group I had a major complication rate of 10.5% (P > 0.999) and a minor complication rate of 41.1% (P = 0.280), whereas Group J had a major complication rate of 10.6% (P > 0.999) and a minor complication rate of 30.2% (P = 0.280). CONCLUSIONS: Patients ≥ 60 years of age do not have a higher rate of complications than younger patients after abdominoplasty.

Plastic surgery; Bariatric surgery; Aged; Obesity

INTRODUÇÃO: Os procedimentos aplicados a pacientes ex-obesos idosos após terapêuticas bariátricas estão em ascensão. Dados fidedignos quanto à evolução e às complicações nesse grupo populacional ainda são escassos na literatura. O objetivo do presente estudo é analisar a evolução e as complicações em abdominoplastias realizadas em pacientes com idade mais avançada após perda ponderal maciça, e compará-las às de pacientes mais jovens. MÉTODO: Foram analisados, retrospectivamente, pacientes com perda ponderal maciça submetidos a cirurgia para contorno da região abdominal, entre julho de 2005 e julho de 2011, no Hospital Estadual Sapopemba (HESAP). Como critério para divisão dos grupos, a fim de analisar o período pós-operatório e as complicações das abdominoplastias realizadas após perda ponderal maciça, foi estabelecida idade > 60 anos. RESULTADOS: Foram analisados 264 pacientes, 19 deles com idade entre 60 anos e 75 anos (grupo I) e 245 entre 22 anos e 59 anos (grupo J). O grupo I apresentou 10,5% de complicações maiores (P > 0,999) e 41,1% de complicações menores (P = 0,280), enquanto o grupo J obteve 10,6% de complicações maiores (P > 0,999) e 30,2% de complicações menores (P = 0,280). CONCLUSÕES: Os pacientes com > 60 anos de idade não apresentaram maior número de complicações que o grupo mais jovem.

Cirurgia plástica; Cirurgia bariátrica; Idoso; Obesidade

ORIGINAL ARTICLE

Comparative analysis of the evolution and postoperative complications of body contouring plastic surgeries after massive weight loss in young and elderly patients

Pedro Henrique de Souza Smaniotto^I; Fabio Lopes Saito^II; Fernando Fortes^I; Simone Orpheu Scopel^II; Rolf Gemperli^III; Marcus Castro Ferreira^IV

^IResident Physician of the Department of Plastic Surgery of the Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil

^IIPlastic Surgeon of the Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil

^IIIAssociate Professor of Plastic Surgery of the Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil

^IVProfessor of Plastic Surgery of the Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil

Correspondence to

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Increasing numbers of procedures are being used to treat elderly ex-obese patients after bariatric therapies. However, reliable data regarding the evolution and complications of this population are scarce in the literature. In this study, we aimed to analyze the evolution and complications of abdominoplasty performed in patients with advanced age after massive weight loss and compare them to the corresponding data from younger patients.

METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed patients who experienced massive weight loss and underwent surgery for abdominal contouring between July 2005 and July 2011 in the State Hospital Sapopemba (HESAP). An age of ≥ 60 years was used as a criterion for advanced age, in order to divide patients into groups to analyze the postoperative period and complications of abdominoplasty performed after massive weight loss.

RESULTS: We analyzed 264 patients, 19 of whom were 60–75 years of age (Group I) and 245 of whom were 22–59 years of age (Group J). Group I had a major complication rate of 10.5% (P > 0.999) and a minor complication rate of 41.1% (P = 0.280), whereas Group J had a major complication rate of 10.6% (P > 0.999) and a minor complication rate of 30.2% (P = 0.280).

CONCLUSIONS: Patients ≥ 60 years of age do not have a higher rate of complications than younger patients after abdominoplasty.

Keywords: Plastic surgery. Bariatric surgery. Aged. Obesity.

INTRODUCTION

Bariatric surgery is one of the treatments for morbid obesity¹. After massive weight loss, patients commonly experience distorted body contouring due to excessive sagging skin. Plastic surgery is used to treat these deformities².

Progressive increases in life expectancy accompanied by decreases in fertility and mortality have led to a sharp change in the age composition of the population in our country, highlighting the number of individuals aged > 60 years and > 80 years, and those who are centenarians.

The Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) conducted 2 nutritional surveys at the population level in the years 1974–1975 and 2002–2003, which showed a distinct change in standard food and nutrition practices over the past 29 years. The data show that the combined prevalence of overweight and obesity is approximately 60% for men and women; this is also noted for individuals in their late 80s³. Accordingly, the number of procedures that are used to treat elderly ex-obese patients after bariatric therapies is increasing. However, reliable data regarding outcomes and complications in this population are scarce in the literature⁴. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to analyze the evolution and complications of abdominoplasty performed in patients with advanced age after massive weight loss and compare them to the corresponding data from younger patients.

METHODS

We retrospectively analyzed patients who underwent surgery for abdominal contouring between July 2005 and July 2011. All surgeries were performed by the same professional team at Hospital Estadual Sapopemba, with the plastic surgery group consisting of doctors from the Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo.

We analyzed a total of 264 patients who underwent abdominoplasty. We used the anchor-line or classic technique depending on the degree of sagging⁵. Among the patients studied, 95.5% previously underwent gastric bypass (with clinical evidence of technical success), whereas the other 4.5% experienced non-surgical weight loss. Each patient must have maintained their weight loss for at least 6 months for inclusion into the study.

To analyze the postoperative period and complications of abdominoplasty performed after massive weight loss, a cutoff of 60 years of age was established to create the groups. Fisher’s exact test (test of association) was used to analyze the data, whereas the chi-square test was used to analyze minor complications.

RESULTS

We analyzed a total of 264 patients; of these, 19 were 60–75 years of age (Group I) and 245 were 22–59 years of age (Group J).

The average surgical time was 3 hours and 5 minutes in Group I and 3 hours and 25 minutes in Group J. We used vacuum drains in all cases. The average duration of hospital stay was 2 days in Group J and 2.2 days in Group I.

Complications were divided into minor and major. Major complications included those that required subsequent surgery (such as bruising, significant suture dehiscence, and marginal skin necrosis) or new hospitalization, along with postoperative infection with systemic repercussions and deep vein thrombosis. The rate of major complications was 10.5% in Group I and 10.6% in Group J.

Minor complications including seroma, slight suture dehiscence, hypertrophic scars, localized infections around the wound, and foreign body granulomas in the subcutaneous tissue occurred at an incidence of 41.1% in Group I and 30.2% in Group J (Tables 1 and 2). Major or minor complications (Figures 1 and 2) were combined with absolute and relative values for Groups I and J (Table 2).

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DISCUSSION

As the indications for bariatric surgery increase, there is an increased demand for plastic surgery to correct body contour deformities⁴. Moreover, as the global population ages, increasing numbers of geriatric patients are also undergoing surgical procedures.

When managing patients after massive weight loss in obese patients, one should be aware of the associated clinical peculiarities and risks of complications, both of which are higher than those in patients who were never obese⁶. The risks and benefits of the procedures should be evaluated to ensure that a surgical procedure is indicated only once the underlying diseases, if any, have healed or are under control^7-9.

Shermak et al.¹⁰ demonstrated that patients with hypothyroidism had higher rates of incisional dehiscence after surgery and that patients with asthma had an increased requirement for blood transfusions during plastic surgery body contouring after massive weight loss. Neaman et al.¹¹ presented similar rates of major complications (16%) and minor complications (26.7%) to those presented here, which approach the levels in literature worldwide.

Regarding plastic surgery, there exists the myth (without scientific evidence) that older patients have worse outcomes and more complications than younger patients. However, it was observed in the present study that patients > 60 years of age did not have increased numbers of complications compared to patients < 60 years of age. Because of the small sample size in Group I (19 patients), there was no evidence of statistical significance in this study, which prevents us from making strong conclusions.

CONCLUSIONS

The findings of this study demonstrate that patients > 60 years of age do not have higher complication rates than patients < 60 years of age. These results should help to exclude the effect of age alone as a risk factor for patients undergoing abdominoplasty after massive weight loss.

REFERENCES

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³
Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). Diretoria de Pesquisas. Coordenação de Índices de Preços. Pesquisa de Orçamento Familiar 2002-2003. [online]. Ministério da Saúde. São Paulo: IBGE. Disponível em: www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/populacao/condicao devida/pof/2002/pof2002.pdf
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