Chemical and spectroscopic composition of humic substances in soil subjected to pig manure applications for ten years

Benedet, Lucas; Lima, Andria Paula; Barbosa, Taís Morais; Ferreira, Guilherme Wilbert; Dick, Deborah Pinheiro; Lourenzi, Cledimar Rogério; Brunetto, Gustavo; Loss, Arcângelo; Comin, Jucinei José

doi:10.36783/18069657rbcs20230126

Lucas Benedet

Formal analysis (equal)

Methodology (equal)

Writing – original draft (lead)

Universidade Federal de Lavras, Departamento de Ciência do Solo, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência do Solo, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brasil.

Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Departamento de Engenharia Rural, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brasil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0560-8790

Andria Paula Lima

Formal analysis (equal)

Methodology (equal)

Universidade Federal de Lavras, Departamento de Ciência do Solo, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência do Solo, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brasil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8921-1338

Taís Morais Barbosa

Formal analysis (supporting)

Methodology (supporting)

Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Departamento de Engenharia Rural, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brasil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2902-6437

Guilherme Wilbert Ferreira

Methodology (supporting)

Visualization (supporting)

Writing – review & editing (supporting)

Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Departamento de Engenharia Rural, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brasil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1768-2058

Deborah Pinheiro Dick

Investigation (equal)

Methodology

Writing – review & editing (equal)

Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Instituro de Químia, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5615-8611

Cledimar Rogério Lourenzi

Investigation (equal)

Validation (lead)

Writing – review & editing (equal)

Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Departamento de Engenharia Rural, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brasil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0347-0003

Gustavo Brunetto

Conceptualization (lead)

Resources (lead)

Writing – review & editing (equal)

Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Departamento de Ciência do Solo, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência do Solo, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3174-9992

Arcângelo Loss ^** Corresponding author: E-mail: arcangelo.loss@ufsc.br

Data curation (lead)

Visualization (lead)

Writing – review & editing (equal)

Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Departamento de Engenharia Rural, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brasil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3005-6158

Jucinei José Comin

Funding acquisition (lead)

Investigation (equal)

Supervision (lead)

Writing – review & editing (equal)

Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Departamento de Engenharia Rural, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brasil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6176-6208

* Corresponding author: E-mail: arcangelo.loss@ufsc.br

Editors: José Miguel Reichert https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9943-2898 and Etelvino Henrique Novotny https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9575-1779.

COMPETING INTERESTS

The authors report there are no competing interests to declare.

Material	Dry matter	Nutrients contained in dry matter					Total amount added
Material	Dry matter	C	N	P	K		Pig manure⁽¹⁾ (1) Volume (PS) or weight (DL) of pig manure applied during the experimental period.	C	N	P	K
	%	–––––––– kg m^-3 ––––––––					m³ha^-1	–––––––– Mg ha^-1 ––––––––
PS	2.07	5.99	2.31	1.85	1.29	PS90	798.1	4.78	1.48	1.33	1.03
						PS180	1596.2	9.56	2.95	2.66	2.06

	%	–––––––– g kg^-1 ––––––––					Mg ha^-1	–––––––– Mg ha^-1 ––––––––
DL	48.68	180.0	18.3	32.3	22.4	DL90	199.3	3.69	1.06	2.50	2.18
DL						DL180	398.6	7.38	2.13	5.01	4.35

Layer	pH(H₂O)⁽¹⁾ (1) pH in H2O at a ratio of 1:1;	N Total	K	P	Ca²⁺	Mg²⁺	Al³⁺	Al+H	S⁽²⁾ (2) Sum of bases;	CEC_efet	CEC_pH7	m⁽³⁾ (3) Saturation of CECefective by Al;	V⁽⁴⁾ (4) CECph7.0 base saturation.
m		g kg^-1	––– mg kg^-1 –––		––––––––––––––– cmol_c dm^-3 –––––––––––––––							––– % –––
SA
0.000-0.025	5.08	1.87	139.13	85.18	4.19	2.71	0.65	7.10	7.25	7.90	14.35	8.23	50.56
0.025-0.050	5.04	1.11	85.92	58.44	2.34	2.20	0.63	7.86	4.76	5.39	12.62	11.74	37.91
0.05-0.10	4.86	1.03	59.32	30.79	1.36	1.69	1.01	6.96	3.20	4.21	10.16	23.88	31.47
0.10-0.20	4.57	0.84	41.76	13.35	0.77	1.30	2.25	8.36	2.17	4.42	10.53	51.04	21.07
0.20-0.40	4.19	0.94	31.42	5.35	0.62	0.49	2.08	10.83	1.19	3.27	12.02	63.12	9.99
PS90
0.000-0.025	5.14	1.67	272.40	516.04	4.40	2.06	0.12	7.94	7.16	7.27	15.10	1.59	47.44
0.025-0.050	5.28	1.26	196.15	393.33	4.88	2.11	0.03	8.03	7.49	7.52	15.52	0.45	48.29
0.05-0.10	5.25	0.78	155.35	284.59	1.23	1.61	0.17	7.35	3.23	3.40	10.58	4.86	30.69
0.10-0.20	5.27	0.65	67.17	79.80	1.14	1.22	0.10	5.78	2.53	2.63	8.31	3.65	30.52
0.20-0.40	4.75	0.69	47.32	14.67	1.03	1.00	0.10	7.20	2.15	2.25	9.35	4.52	23.13
PS180
0.000-0.025	5.07	1.57	396.63	476.13	9.09	2.52	0.42	7.86	12.62	13.04	20.48	3.21	61.67
0.025-0.050	5.39	1.69	339.75	406.11	8.42	2.35	0.10	8.45	11.64	11.74	20.09	0.84	58.21
0.05-0.10	5.31	0.93	237.05	340.58	7.05	1.54	0.17	7.28	9.19	9.36	16.47	1.77	55.87
0.10-0.20	5.05	0.68	72.50	200.11	5.57	1.55	0.10	8.91	7.30	7.40	16.21	1.38	45.40
0.20-0.40	4.31	0.51	36.89	15.49	4.52	0.57	1.05	10.48	5.18	6.23	15.66	17.21	33.10
DL90
0.000-0.025	5.72	2.48	610.23	615.93	9.64	2.71	0.23	6.30	13.91	14.14	20.21	1.70	68.33
0.025-0.050	5.94	1.69	463.36	542.12	12.26	2.40	0.13	5.25	15.84	15.98	21.09	0.82	75.06
0.05-0.10	5.96	1.18	376.53	348.66	8.77	1.51	0.02	4.86	11.25	11.27	16.10	0.15	69.94
0.10-0.20	6.17	0.80	305.44	193.94	9.97	1.17	0.13	4.08	11.92	12.05	16.00	1.08	74.43
0.20-0.40	5.40	0.71	163.44	32.31	7.75	0.72	0.20	5.37	8.89	9.09	14.26	2.22	62.30
DL180
0.000-0.025	5.19	2.79	706.30	919.21	13.06	3.41	0.28	8.96	18.28	18.57	27.24	1.53	66.92
0.025-0.050	5.46	1.82	582.55	746.82	14.33	3.02	0.10	9.02	18.84	18.94	27.86	0.54	67.58
0.05-0.10	5.47	1.16	504.81	435.41	9.96	2.09	0.08	7.54	13.34	13.42	20.88	0.61	63.88
0.10-0.20	5.54	0.63	394.23	243.27	8.26	1.14	0.12	6.59	10.41	10.53	17.00	1.10	61.23
0.20-0.40	4.93	0.52	274.25	32.07	6.76	1.29	0.07	9.56	8.76	8.82	18.32	0.77	47.78

Layer	SA	PS90	PS180	DL90	DL180
m	–––––––––––––––––––– mg g^-1 ––––––––––––––––––––
	C_Total
0.00-0.025	42.45 ± 1.03 aD	39.93 ± 0.82 aE	49.02 ± 1.20 aC	52.59 ± 1.45 aB	65.33 ± 0.61 aA
0.025-0.05	30.95 ± 0.90 bC	28.68 ± 1.06 bC	40.31 ± 1.78 bB	42.64 ± 1.30 bAB	43.01 ± 0.82 bA
0.05-0.10	21.71 ± 0.44 cC	19.91 ± 0.71 cC	26.43 ± 0.75 cAB	27.19 ± 0.61 cA	24.84 ± 1.24 cB
0.10-0.20	17.01 ± 0.62 dBC	15.85 ± 0.59 dC	17.82 ± 1.55 dB	19.15 ± 0.66 dA	17.64 ± 0.43 dAB
0.20-0.40	13.15 ± 0.68 eAB	12.55 ± 1.32 eB	14.01 ± 0.52 eA	13.58 ± 0.56 eAB	13.34 ± 0.61 eAB
	C_POM
0.00-0.025	2.45 ± 0.27 aA¹	2.36 ± 0.41 aA	3.51 ± 0.42 aA	3.23 ± 0.58 aA	3.58 ± 0.27 aA
0.025-0.05	2.31 ± 0.45 aA	2.24 ± 0.32 aA	1.83 ± 0.24 bA	2.07 ± 0.30 abA	1.78 ± 0.39 bA
0.05-0.10	1.61 ± 0.06 aA	1.62 ± 0.20 aA	2.09 ± 0.12 bA	2.18 ± 0.32 abA	1.56 ± 0.10 bA
0.10-0.20	1.61 ± 0.18 aA	1.21 ± 0.30 aA	1.89 ± 0.03 bA	1.86 ± 0.21 abA	1.65 ± 0.15 bA
0.20-0.40	1.12 ± 0.30 aA	1.17 ± 0.31 aA	1.31 ± 0.46 bA	1.72 ± 0.58 bA	1.43 ± 0.27 bA
	C_HCl
0.00-0.025	0.84 ± 0.21 aABC	0.69 ± 0.16 aBC	0.27 ± 0.07 aC	1.82 ± 0.02 aAB	2.01 ± 0.08 aA
0.025-0.05	0.70 ± 0.12 aB	0.59 ± 0.06 aB	0.50 ± 0.08 aB	1.94 ± 0.18 aA	2.13 ± 0.32 aA
0.05-0.10	0.86 ± 0.14 aAB	0.65 ± 0.05 aAB	0.34 ± 0.01 aB	1.82 ± 0.06 aA	1.81 ± 0.10 aA
0.10-0.20	0.23 ± 0.05 aC	0.76 ± 0.29 aBC	0.80 ± 0.05 aBC	2.06 ± 0.03 aA	1.78 ± 0.12 aAB
0.20-0.40	0.16 ± 0.11 aB	0.74 ± 0.12 aAB	0.81 ± 0.09 aAB	1.73 ± 0.06 aA	1.64 ± 0.06 aA
	C_FA
0.00-0.025	3.23 ± 0.08 aB	3.95 ± 0.03 aAB	3.99 ± 1.55 aA	3.48 ± 0.08 aB	2.68 ± 0.34 aB
0.025-0.05	2.64 ± 0.10 abBC	3.22 ± 0.06 aAB	3.80 ± 1.22 aA	2.10 ± 0.17 abBC	1.71 ± 0.11 abC
0.05-0.10	1.78 ± 0.08 bcA	1.77 ± 0.25 bA	1.70 ± 0,12 bA	0.94 ± 0.16 bcA	1.14 ± 0.14 bcA
0.10-0.20	1.13 ± 0.41 cA	1.09 ± 0.23 bA	1.30 ± 0.12 bA	0.53 ± 0.16 cA	0.55 ± 0.21 bcA
0.20-0.40	0.27 ± 0.15 dA	0.62 ± 0.08 bA	0.63 ± 0.18 bA	0.44 ± 0.15 cA	0.25 ± 0.02 cA
	C_HA
0.00-0.025	5.56 ± 0.49 aB	3.37 ± 0.36 aC	9.03 ± 0.29 aA	5.85 ± 0.31 aB	8.84 ± 0.86 aA
0.025-0.05	5.53 ± 0.65 aB	2.18 ± 0.62 abC	8.12 ± 0.44 aA	6.07 ± 0.19 aB	5.63 ± 0.45 bB
0.05-0.10	3.30 ± 0.42 bB	1.74 ± 0.27 bcC	6.31 ± 1.12 bA	3.06 ± 0.13 bB	3.48 ± 0.31 cB
0.10-0.20	2.81 ± 0.37 bA	0.71 ± 0.54 cB	2.64 ± 1.02 cA	2.12 ± 0.12 bA	2.67 ± 0.14 cA
0.20-0.40	0.68 ± 0.02 cB	0.34 ± 0.29 cB	2.22 ± 0.94 cA	2.85 ± 0.09 bA	2.75 ± 0.13 cA
	C_HU
0.00-0.025	30.38 ± 1.14 aC	29.55 ± 0.35 aC	30.21 ± 2.10 aC	38.51 ± 1.05 aB	48.21 ± 1.68 aA
0.025-0.05	19.76 ± 0.98 bD	20.69 ± 1.65 bD	26.06 ± 3.03 aC	30.46 ± 1.23 bB	31.76 ± 1.24 bA
0.05-0.10	14.17 ± 0.07 cC	14.13 ± 1.22 cC	15.99 ± 0.79 bB	19.19 ± 0.89 cA	16.85 ± 1.46 cB
0.10-0.20	11.23 ± 0.69 dB	12.09 ± 0.99 dAB	11.70 ± 1.80 cAB	12.59 ± 1.11 dA	11.00 ± 0.37 dB
0.20-0.40	11.45 ± 0.74 dA	9.69 ± 1.29 eB	9.05 ± 0.63 dB	6.84 ± 1.09 eC	6.65 ± 0.66 eC

Layer	SA		PS90		PS180		DL90		DL180
	Mg ha^-1	%	Mg ha^-1	%	Mg ha^-1	%	Mg ha^-1	%	Mg ha^-1	%
m	C_Total
0.00-0.025	12.49 dCD	12.9	11.73 dD	12.9	14.42 dBC	13.2	15.45 dB	13.9	19.22 cA	17.3
0.025-0.05	9.91 eB	10.2	9.18 eB	10.1	12.91 dA	11.8	13.65 eA	12.3	13.77 eA	12.4
0.05-0.10	14.74 cB	15.2	13.51 cB	14.9	17.94 cA	16.5	18.46 cA	16.6	16.86 dA	15.2
0.10-0.20	23.27 bBC	24.0	21.66 bC	23.9	24.86 bB	22.8	26.20 bA	23.5	24.12 bB	21.8
0.20-0.40	36.40 aB	37.6	34.66 aC	38.2	38.80 aA	35.6	37.57 aAB	33.7	36.92 aB	33.3
Sum	96.81	100.0	90.75	100.0	108.93	100.0	111.34	100.0	110.89	100.0
	C_POM
0.00-0.025	0.72 bA	9.3	0.69 bA	9.3	1.03 bcA	11.1	0.95 bcA	9.2	1.06 bA	11.9
0.025-0.05	0.74 bA	9.5	0.72 bA	9.7	0.59 cA	6.4	0.66 cA	6.4	0.57 bA	6.4
0.05-0.10	1.09 bA	14.0	1.10 bA	14.9	1.42 bcA	15.4	1.48 bcA	14.3	1.06 bA	11.8
0.10-0.20	2.19 abA	28.0	1.65 abA	22.4	2.58 abA	28.0	2.54 bA	24.5	2.25 bA	25.2
0.20-0.40	3.08 aA	39.3	3.22 aA	43.7	3.61 aA	39.1	4.73 aA	45.6	3.98 aA	44.7
Sum	7.83	100.0	7.38	100.0	9.22	100.0	10.37	100.0	8.91	100.0
	C_HCl
0.00-0.025	0.24 aA	13.1	0.20 bA	5.2	0.08 bA	2.2	0.54 cA	5.4	0.59 cA	6.2
0.025-0.05	0.22 aA	12.1	0.19 bA	4.9	0.16 bA	4.5	0.62 cA	6.2	0.68 bcA	7.2
0.05-0.10	0.62 aA	33.7	0.44 abA	11.4	0.23 bA	6.6	1.24 bcA	12.4	1.23 bcA	12.9
0.10-0.20	0.31 aB	16.9	1.04 abAB	26.6	0.85 abB	23.9	2.81 bA	28.2	2.43 bA	25.7
0.20-0.40	0.45 aC	24.1	2.03 aBC	52.0	2.22 aB	62.8	4.78 aA	47.9	4.54 aA	47.9
Sum	1.85	100.0	3.90	100.0	3.54	100.0	9.98	100.0	9.48	100.0
	C_FA
0.00-0.025	0.95 aA	17.9	1.16 aA	17.8	1.50 aA	17.8	0.93 aA	22.2	0.79 aA	22.1
0.025-0.05	0.85 aA	16.0	0.98 aA	15.0	1.43 aA	15.0	0.67 aA	16.1	0.55 aA	15.4
0.05-0.10	1.21 aA	22.7	1.20 aA	18.4	1.15 aA	18.4	0.64 aA	15.3	0.78 aA	21.8
0.10-0.20	1.55 aA	29.3	1.48 aA	22.7	1.78 aA	22.7	0.72 aA	17.4	0.75 aA	21.2
0.20-0.40	0.75 aA	14.1	1.71 aA	26.1	1.75 aA	26.1	1.21 aA	29.0	0.69 aA	19.5
Sum	5.30	100.0	6.54	100.0	7.61	100.0	4.16	100.0	3.56	100.0
	C_HA
0.00-0.025	1.64 bAB	14.4	0.99 aB	20.6	3.03 bcA	16.0	1.73 bAB	10.4	2.61 bcAB	13.5
0.025-0.05	1.77 bAB	15.5	0.70 aB	14.6	2.60 cA	13.7	1.94 bAB	11.8	1.80 cAB	9.3
0.05-0.10	2.24 abB	19.7	1.18 aB	24.7	4.29 abA	22.7	2.08 bB	12.6	2.36 bcAB	12.2
0.10-0.20	3.84 aA	33.8	0.98 aB	20.5	3.63 bcA	19.2	2.89 bA	17.5	3.66 bA	18.8
0.20-0.40	1.89 bC	16.6	0.93 aC	19.5	5.39 aB	28.4	7.89 aA	47.7	8.96 aA	46.2
Sum	11.38	100.0	4.78	100.0	18.94	100.0	16.53	100.0	19.39	100.0
	C_HU
0.00-0.025	8.93 dC	12.4	8.69 cC	12.8	8.92 dC	12.9	11.31 dB	16.1	14.17 bA	20.5
0.025-0.05	6.33 eC	8.8	6.62 dBC	9.7	8.35 dAB	12.1	9.75 eA	13.9	10.16 cA	14.7
0.05-0.10	9.62 cB	13.4	9.58 cB	14.1	10.85 cB	15.7	13.03 cA	18.5	11.44 cAB	16.5
0.10-0.20	15.36 bAB	21.4	16.51 bAB	24.2	16.03 bAB	23.2	17.23 bA	24.5	15.04 bB	21.7
0.20-0.40	31.66 aA	44.0	26.77 aB	39.3	25.03 aC	36.2	18.97 aD	27.0	18.41 aD	26.6
Sum	71.91	100.0	68.18	100.0	69.17	100.0	70.29	100.0	69.22	100.0

Crops	Treatments
Crops	SA	PS90	PS180	DL90	DL180
	–––––––– Mg ha^-1 ––––––––
Black oats	6.96	8.81	9.29	9.44	9.96
Corn	2.36	4.39	4.86	4.83	5.89

Layer	SA	PS90	PS180	DL90	DL180
m
			C_HA/C_FA
0.00-0.025	1.72	0.85	1.85	1.68	3.29
0.025-0.05	2.09	0.68	1.81	2.89	3.29
0.05-0.10	1.86	0.98	3.72	3.27	3.05
0.10-0.20	2.48	0.65	2.02	3.99	4.87
0.20-0.40	2.55	0.54	3.50	6.49	11.01
	C_HA+C_FA/C_HU
0.00-0.025	0.29	0.25	0.46	0.24	0.24
0.025-0.05	0.41	0.26	0.48	0.27	0.23
0.05-0.10	0.36	0.25	0.50	0.21	0.27
0.10-0.20	0.35	0.15	0.34	0.21	0.29
0.20-0.40	0.08	0.10	0.32	0.48	0.45

Treatments	Layer	C	H	N	O	C/N	H/C	O/C
	m	–––––– % ––––––
		FA
SA	0.00-0.025	41.2	5.4	4.0	49.4	12.16	1.58	0.90
PS180	0.00-0.025	47.3	7.1	3.5	42.1	15.70	1.79	0.67
DL180	0.00-0.025	51.5	7.9	4.3	36.4	14.12	1.84	0.53
		HA
SA	0.00-0.025	50.2	6.4	4.7	38.7	12.38	1.53	0.58
PS180	0.00-0.025	48.5	6.0	4.4	41.1	12.77	1.47	0.64
DL180	0.00-0.025	48.6	6.1	4.8	40.5	11.85	1.51	0.62
		HU
SA	0.00-0.025	45.5	6.8	3.7	44.0	14.22	1.79	0.73
PS180	0.00-0.025	45.4	6.8	3.6	44.2	14.74	1.80	0.73
DL180	0.00-0.025	45.0	6.4	2.8	45.8	18.49	1.71	0.76
SA	0.10-0.20	45.2	5.4	3.6	45.8	14.53	1.43	0.76
PS180	0.10-0.20	42.6	6.2	3.3	47.9	15.18	1.76	0.84
DL180	0.10-0.20	40.3	5.5	3.2	51.1	14.77	1.63	0.95

Treatments	Layer	Fraction	IR₂₉₂₀	IR₁₇₁₅	IR₁₆₄₀	IR₁₅₄₅	IR₁₀₇₀
	m		–––––––––– % ––––––––––
		FA
SA	0.00-0.025	Purified	8.2	17.4	28.8	11.4	34.2
PS90	0.00-0.025	Purified	8.6	15.2	26.7	11.0	38.6
PS180	0.00-0.025	Purified	13.4	19.7	35.3	13.9	17.6
DL90	0.00-0.025	Purified	10.3	17.3	37.9	16.9	17.7
DL180	0.00-0.025	Purified	7.1	22.3	40.1	15.2	15.2
		HA
SA	0.00-0.025	Purified	10.0	25.5	36.0	12.1	16.3
SA	0.00-0.025	Not purified	8.4	20.9	35.3	11.2	24.2
PS180	0.00-0.025	Purified	10.1	28.8	35.8	12.5	12.8
PS180	0.00-0.025	Not purified	7.1	21.8	35.3	14.3	21.4
DL180	0.00-0.025	Purified	9.3	29.5	35.8	13.4	11.9
DL180	0.00-0.025	Not purified	6.4	21.8	35.0	16.2	20.5
		HU
SA	0.00-0.025	Purified	12.5	14.8	26.7	13.4	32.6
PS180	0.00-0.025	Purified	13.2	14.5	28.2	14.0	30.1
DL180	0.00-0.025	Purified	11.2	19.0	26.5	15.0	28.3
SA	0.10-0.20	Purified	14.4	14.9	24.9	11.9	34.0
PS180	0.10-0.20	Purified	14.5	14.8	22.1	13.1	35.5
DL180	0.10-0.20	Purified	11.5	14.7	25.1	12.3	36.4

[1] * Corresponding author: E-mail: arcangelo.loss@ufsc.br

Brasil

Brasil

Chemical and spectroscopic composition of humic substances in soil subjected to pig manure applications for ten years

ABSTRACT