A proposal to clarify the use of Sum of Bases in the Brazilian Remineralizer Regulation and in Soil Science

Azevedo, Antonio Carlos de; Manning, David Andrew Charles

doi:10.36783/18069657rbcs20220053

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Division – Soil Use and Management, Commission – Soil Fertility and Plant Nutrition • Rev. Bras. Ciênc. Solo 47 • 2023 • https://doi.org/10.36783/18069657rbcs20220053 copy

A proposal to clarify the use of Sum of Bases in the Brazilian Remineralizer Regulation and in Soil Science

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

The term Sum of Bases has different meanings in Soil Science and the Remineralizer Regulations. This issue may cause misunderstandings in communication, particularly between the agricultural community and the mining community, becoming an obstacle to the advancement of the use of this soil amendment. In this scientific note we propose the use of subscript “R” (SB_R), standing for Rock, in English, and Rocha, in Brazilian Portuguese, and “S” (SB_S) standing for Soil in English and Solo in Brazilian Portuguese. In this way SB_R will refer to the Sum of Bases as defined in the Remineralizer Regulation (), and SB_S to the Sum of Bases as defined in Soil Science (SB_S = Ca (mmol_c dm^-3) + Mg (mmol_c dm^-3) + K (mmol_c dm^-3) + Na (mmol_c dm^-3)). This approach avoids confusion and facilitates the correct use of laboratory data. We provide a working example, a conversion table and a formula to estimate the potential increase in SB_S caused by SB_R.

rock dust; remineralizer; petrochemistry; pedochemistry

	Sum of Bases
	Remineralizer	Soil Science
Units	• % mass (g 100g^-1)	• mmol_c dm^-3 or cmol_c dm^{-3 (1,2)}
Methods (examples)	• X-ray fluorescence (XRF) - (e.g., Karathanasis and Hajek, 1996Karathanasis AD, Hajek BF. Elemental analysis by X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy. In: Sparks DL, Page AL, Helmke PA, Loeppert RH, Soltanpour PN, Tabatabai MA, Johnston CT, Sumner ME, editors. Methods of soil analysis: Part 3 - Chemical methods. Madison: Soil Science Society of America; 1996. p. 161-223. https://doi.org/10.2136/SSSABOOKSER5.3.C7 https://doi.org/10.2136/SSSABOOKSER5.3.C... ) • Dissolution in acids and measurement by ICP-OES or ICP-MS. - (e.g., Hossner, 1996Hossner LR. Dissolution for total elemental analysis. In: Sparks DL, Page AL, Helmke PA, Loeppert RH, Soltanpour PN, Tabatabai MA, Johnston CT, Sumner ME, editors. Methods of soil analysis: Part 3 - Chemical methods. Madison: Soil Science Society of America; 1996. p. 49-64. https://doi.org/10.2136/SSSABOOKSER5.3.C3 https://doi.org/10.2136/SSSABOOKSER5.3.C... ; Soltanpour et al., 1996Soltanpour PN, Johnson GW, Workman SM, Jones Jr JB, Miller RO. Inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. In: Sparks DL, Page AL, Helmke PA, Loeppert RH, Soltanpour PN, Tabatabai MA, Johnston CT, Sumner ME, editors. Methods of soil analysis: Part 3 - Chemical methods. Madison: Soil Science Society of America; 1996. p. 91-139. https://doi.org/10.2136/SSSABOOKSER5.3.C5 https://doi.org/10.2136/SSSABOOKSER5.3.C... )	Extraction with: • dilute acid solution (ex: Mehlich-1); (e.g., Teixeira et al., 2017Teixeira PC, Donagemma GK, Fontana A, Teixeira WG. Manual de métodos de análise de solo. 3. ed. rev e ampl. Brasília, DF: Embrapa; 2017., p.224) • concentrated neutral salt (ex. KCl 1 mol L^-1) (e.g., van Raij et al., 2001van Raij B, Andrade JC, Cantarella H, Quaggio JA. Análise química para avaliação da fertilidade de solos tropicais. Campinas: Instituto Agronômico; 2001., p.213) • exchange resin (e.g., van Raij et al., 2001van Raij B, Andrade JC, Cantarella H, Quaggio JA. Análise química para avaliação da fertilidade de solos tropicais. Campinas: Instituto Agronômico; 2001., p.189) Determination with: • Titration (e.g., Teixeira et al., 2017Teixeira PC, Donagemma GK, Fontana A, Teixeira WG. Manual de métodos de análise de solo. 3. ed. rev e ampl. Brasília, DF: Embrapa; 2017., p.218) • Atomic Absorption Spectometry (AAS) (e.g., Wright and Stuczynski, 1996Wright RJ, Stuczynski TI. Atomic absorption and flame emission spectrometry. In: Sparks DL, Page AL, Helmke PA, Loeppert RH, Soltanpour PN, Tabatabai MA, Johnston CT, Sumner ME, editors. Methods of soil analysis: Part 3 - Chemical methods. Madison: Soil Science Society of America; 1996. p. 65-90. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssabookser5.3.c4 https://doi.org/10.2136/sssabookser5.3.c... ) • Atomic Emission Spectomery (AES)a (e.g., Wright and Stuczynski, 1996Wright RJ, Stuczynski TI. Atomic absorption and flame emission spectrometry. In: Sparks DL, Page AL, Helmke PA, Loeppert RH, Soltanpour PN, Tabatabai MA, Johnston CT, Sumner ME, editors. Methods of soil analysis: Part 3 - Chemical methods. Madison: Soil Science Society of America; 1996. p. 65-90. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssabookser5.3.c4 https://doi.org/10.2136/sssabookser5.3.c... )
Calculation	• SB_R = CaO (%) + MgO (%) + K₂O (%) - Does not include Sodium (Na)	• SB_S = Ca²⁺ (mmol_c dm^-3) + Mg²⁺ (mmol_c dm^-3) + K⁺ (mmol_c dm^-3) + Na⁺ (mmol_c dm^-3) - Does include Sodium (Na)
Objectives	To measure the total content of basic cations in a sample	To measure the exchangeable content of basic cations in a sample

Line	Total												SB_R
Line		SiO₂	Al₂O₃	Fe₂O₃	CaO	MgO	Na₂O	K₂O	TiO₂	P₂O₅	LOI	SUM	SB_R
		%
1	Rock	52.10	11.90	14.45	6.94	3.45	3.06	1.59	3.27	0.75	1.02	97.51	11.98
2	Soil⁽¹⁾	81.40	6.87	3.32	0.11	0.07	<0.01	0.04	1.45	0.1	6.46	99.86	0.22
		Exchangeable											SB_S
					Ca²⁺	Mg²⁺	Na⁺	K⁺					SB_S
		mmol_c dm^-3
3	Soil				22.0	17.0	0.0	5.7					44.70
		Exchangeable											SB_S⁽³⁾
					Ca²⁺	Mg²⁺	Na⁺	K⁺					SB_S⁽³⁾
		% mass⁽²⁾
4	Soil				0.044	0.021	0.00	0.022					0.087

Oxides	F⁽¹⁾
%
SiO₂	6.66 10⁵
Al₂O₃	5.88 10⁵
Fe₂O₃ (FeIII)	3.76 10⁵
FeO (FeII)	2.78 10⁵
CaO	3.57 10⁵
MgO	4.96 10⁵
Na₂O	3.23 10⁵
K₂O	2.12 10⁵
TiO₂	5.01 10⁵
MnO	2.82 10⁵

Sociedade Brasileira de Ciência do Solo Sociedade Brasileira de Ciência do Solo, Departamento de Solos - Edifício Silvio Brandão, s/n, Caixa Postal 231 - Campus da UFV, CEP 36570-900 - Viçosa-MG, Tel.: (31) 3612-4542 - Viçosa - MG - Brazil
E-mail: sbcs@sbcs.org.br

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[1] * Corresponding author: E-mail: aazevedo@usp.br