Mining is a human activity with a harsh impact on ecosystems. The degradation degree depends on the intensity of soil impact, exploited soil volume and amount of mine spoil. Soil microbial activities are responsible for key functions in ecosystems and can indicate the degree of rehabilitation of mined areas. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of bauxite mining in two chronosequences with different rehabilitation strategies (revegetation) on the following soil attributes: organic carbon (C org), total nitrogen (Nt), microbial biomass and respiration, and enzymatic activities. The study was developed in mining areas owned by Alcoa S/A in two different environments: (a) areas originally covered by a tropical prairie vegetation called "campo", at elevations up to 1,000 masl, and (b) in hilly areas, on the plateau top, including remnants of the native vegetation cover, represented by a subtropical decidous forest, at elevations about 1.600 masl, called "serra". Rehabilitation differed depending on strategies and time, varying from recent mining to 19 years of rehabilitation. Composite samples were collected in eight "campo" and nine "serra" areas, in two layers (0-10 and 10-20 cm) in the winter as well as in the summer, in three replicates. Bauxite mining caused a negative impact on org C, Nt and microbial biomass (C, N and P). The values of these attributes were reduced by up to 99 % in comparison with those in reference areas (native vegetation). In both "campo" and "serra", the C org, Nt, microbial biomass and enzymatic activity increased with the different rehabilitation strategies, although the recovery of the different attributes varied according to the time of rehabilitation. Microbial biomass and enzymatic activity recovered very quickly. It reached values similar to the reference areas after the first year of rehabilitation, whereas org C and Nt only reached the reference values after longer periods (18 years). The metabolic coefficient (qCO2) was very sensitive to indicate the impact of bauxite mining, but did not discriminate the effect of rehabilitation stages. The results of this study show that after mining the essential soil attributes for soil functioning can be recovered by revegetation.
degraded soil; biological attributes; mine spoils; land rehabilitation
