Critical levels and fertility classes of soils with high-activity clay in the Brazilian semi-arid region

Souza, Henrique Antunes de; Lima Neto, Antonio João de; Pompeu, Roberto Cláudio Fernandes Franco; Guedes, Fernando Lisboa; Tonucci, Rafael Gonçalves; Cavalcante, Ana Clara Rodrigues; Natale, William; Valladares, Gustavo Souza; Escobar, Maria Eugênia Ortiz; Rodrigues, Helen Cristina de Arruda; Andrade, Hosana Aguiar Freitas de; Oliveira Júnior, José Oscar Lustosa de; Sagrilo, Edvaldo

doi:10.36783/18069657rbcs20230154

Henrique Antunes de Souza

Conceptualization (lead)

Data Curation (equal)

Formal Analysis (lead)

Funding Acquisition (equal)

Investigation (lead)

Methodology (lead)

Project Administration (lead)

Resources (lead)

Supervision (lead)

Writing – Original Draft (lead)

Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Embrapa Meio Norte, Teresina, Piauí, Brasil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2209-4285

Antonio João de Lima Neto

Formal Analysis (equal)

Writing – Review & Editing (equal)

Universidade Federal do Ceará, Departamento de Fitotecnia, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9019-562X

Roberto Cláudio Fernandes Franco Pompeu

Data Curation (equal)

Investigation (equal)

Resources (equal)

Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Embrapa Caprinos e Ovinos, Sobral, Ceará, Brasil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4099-3575

Fernando Lisboa Guedes

Data Curation (equal)

Investigation (equal)

Resources (equal)

Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Embrapa Caprinos e Ovinos, Sobral, Ceará, Brasil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7363-4747

Rafael Gonçalves Tonucci

Data Curation (equal)

Investigation (equal)

Resources (equal)

Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Embrapa Caprinos e Ovinos, Sobral, Ceará, Brasil.

Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Embrapa Gado de Leite, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brasil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7511-4956

Ana Clara Rodrigues Cavalcante

Data Curation (equal)

Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Embrapa Caprinos e Ovinos, Sobral, Ceará, Brasil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9685-569X

William Natale

Formal Analysis (equal)

Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Departamento de Ciência do Solo, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9572-4463

Gustavo Souza Valladares

Project Administration (supporting)

Universidade Federal do Piauí, Departamento de Geografia, Teresina, Piauí, Brasil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4884-6588

Maria Eugênia Ortiz Escobar

Writing – Review & Editing (equal)

Universidade Federal do Ceará, Departamento de Ciências do Solo, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7530-3338

Helen Cristina de Arruda Rodrigues

Writing – Original Draft (supporting)

Universidade Estadual do Piauí, Departamento de Ciências Agrárias, Teresina, Piauí, Brasil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2963-4678

Hosana Aguiar Freitas de Andrade ^** Corresponding author: E-mail: hosanaguiarf.andrade@gmail.com

Writing – Review & Editing (equal)

Universidade Federal do Piauí, Departamento de Ciências Agrárias, Teresina, Piauí, Brasil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9332-9689

José Oscar Lustosa de Oliveira Júnior

Funding Acquisition (equal)

Resources (equal)

Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Embrapa Meio Norte, Teresina, Piauí, Brasil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0174-7056

Edvaldo Sagrilo

Funding Acquisition (equal)

Resources (equal)

Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Embrapa Meio Norte, Teresina, Piauí, Brasil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8523-9640

* Corresponding author: E-mail: hosanaguiarf.andrade@gmail.com

Editors:

José Miguel Reichert https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9943-2898 and Edicarlos Damacena Souza https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3719-8615

Local	Crop	Year	Experiment	Soil characterization	Number of samples (soil and yield)	Reference
Sobral (1)	Corn (Gorutuba variety)	2013 and 2014	Evaluation of base organic compost rates and residues from the production and slaughter of small ruminants in the corn crop	Haplic Luvisol (0.00-0.20 m: 80 g kg^-1 clay, 19.5 cmol_c kg^-1 of CEC (Ta = 243 cmol_c kg^-1) /0.20-0.40 m: 180 g kg^-1 clay, 20.0 cmol_c kg^-1 of CEC (Ta = 111 cmol_c kg^-1))	48	Souza et al. (2016)
Sobral (2)	Corn (Robusto variety)	2013 and 2014	Evaluation of sources (organic compost and mineral fertilizer) and nitrogen rates in the corn crop	Haplic Luvisol (0.00-0.20 m: 80 g kg^-1 clay, 19,5 cmol_c kg^-1 of CEC (Ta = 243 cmol_c kg^-1) / 0.20-0.40 m: 180 g kg^-1 clay, 20,0 cmol_c kg^-1 de CEC (Ta = 111 cmol_c kg^-1))	54	Araújo et al. (2023)
Sobral (3)	Corn (BRS2020 hybrid)	2017	Evaluation of corn intercropped with buffel and massai forages with different planting times	Haplic Luvisol (0.00-0.20 m: 80 g kg^-1 clay, 19.5 cmol_c kg^-1 of CEC (Ta = 243 cmol_c kg^-1) / 0.20-0.40 m: 180 g kg^-1 clay, 20.0 cmol_c kg^-1 of CEC (Ta = 111 cmol_c kg^-1))	27	Ponte Filho et al. (2023)
Sobral (4)	Corn (Gorutuba variety)	2015	Evaluation of corn intercropped with buffel or massai forages and nitrogen rates	Fluvic Neosol (0.00-0.20 m: 250 g kg^-1 clay and 13.5 cmol_c kg^-1 of CEC (Ta = 54 cmol_c kg^-1) / 0.20-0.40 m: 230 g kg^-1 clay and 13.5 cmol_c kg^-1 of CEC (Ta = 59 cmol_c kg^-1))	21	Unpublished data
Ibaretama (5)	Sabiá	2016	Evaluation of sheep manure rates in sabiá plants	Haplic Planosol (0.00-0.20 m: 50 g kg^-1 clay and 10.0 cmol_c kg^-1 of CEC (Ta = 200 cmol_c kg^-1) / 0.20-0.40 m: 100 g kg^-1 clay and 14.0 cmol_c kg^-1 de CEC (Ta = 140 cmol_c kg^-1))	20	Souza et al. (2021)
Ibaretama (6)	Sabiá	2016	Evaluation of phosphorus rates in sabiá plants	Haplic Planosol (0.00-0.20 m: 50 g kg^-1 clay and 10.0 cmol_c kg^-1 of CEC (Ta = 200 cmol_c kg^-1) / 0.20-0.40 m: 100 g kg^-1 clay and 14.0 cmol_c kg^-1 de CEC (Ta = 140 cmol_c kg^-1))	20	Souza et al. (2022)
Ibaretama (7)	Corn (AL Piratininga variety) / Cowpea (Xiquexique variety)	2015, 2017 and 2019	Evaluation of organic fertilizers applied in crop-forest interaction (sabiá) with corn and cowpea grown in the same plot	Haplic Planosol 0.00-0.20 m: 50 g kg^-1 clay and 10.0 cmol_c kg^-1 of CEC (Ta = 200 cmol_c kg^-1) / 0.20-0.40 m: 100 g kg^-1 clay and 14.0 cmol_c kg^-1 of CEC (Ta = 140 cmol_c kg^-1))	36	Pompeu et al. (2023)

Site/ Experiment	Year	Crop	Average	Maximum	Minimum	δ	CV	n
							%
Sobral 1	2013	Corn (kg ha^-1)	1897	3015	628	676	35.6	24
Sobral 1	2014	Corn (kg ha^-1)	5329	7550	3331	1456	27.3	24
Sobral 2	2013	Corn (kg ha^-1)	1654	5520	533	1209	73.1	27
Sobral 2	2014	Corn (kg ha^-1)	5588	11369	147	3009	53.9	27
Sobral 3	2017	Corn (kg ha^-1)	3096	5532	482	1226	39.6	27
Sobral 4	2015	Corn (kg ha^-1)	1383	1894	748	385	27.9	21
Ibaretama 5	2016	Sabiá (g plant^-1)	392	649	160	97	24.8	20
Ibaretama 6	2016	Sabiá (g plant^-1)	480	673	311	98	20.3	20
Ibaretama 7	2015	Corn (kg ha^-1)	2834	3364	1748	851	30.0	12
Ibaretama 7	2015	Cowpea (kg ha^-1)	1478	2901	791	615	41.6	12
Ibaretama 7	2017	Corn (kg ha^-1)	1354	2255	397	614	45.4	12
Ibaretama 7	2017	Cowpea (kg ha^-1)	536	842	88	227	42.3	12
Ibaretama 7	2019	Corn (kg ha^-1)	1640	3126	703	769	46.9	12
Ibaretama 7	2019	Cowpea (kg ha^-1)	421	687	199	170	40.3	12

Attribute	Average	Maximum	Minimum	δ	CV	N
					%
pH(H₂O) (1:2.5)	6.50	7.30	5.70	0.33	5.1	208
OM (g kg^-1)	8.9	18.5	2.0	3.9	43.8	220
P (mg dm^-3)	16.1	42.0	3.0	9.8	60.9	199
K (mg dm^-3)	78	147	23	27	34.6	218
Ca²⁺ (mmol_c dm^-3)	39	84	8	19	48.7	226
Mg²⁺ (mmol_c dm^-3)	19	42	3	9	47.4	214
H+Al (mmol_c dm^-3)	19	31	11	4	21.1	216
SB (mmol_c dm^-3)	61	127	14	26	42.6	222
CEC (mmol_c dm^-3)	79	153	25	29	36.7	224
BS (%)	78	95	62	6	7.7	201
S-SO₄^2- (mg dm^-3)	6	14	1	3	50.0	204
Na (mg dm^-3)	11	24	3	5	45.5	170
B (mg dm^-3)	0.26	0.51	0.10	0.09	34.6	221
Cu (mg dm^-3)	0.6	1.3	0.1	0.3	55.4	226
Fe (mg dm^-3)	30	66	5	16	53.3	223
Mn (mg dm^-3)	22	56	3	14	60.9	224
Zn (mg dm^-3)	0.9	2.0	0.1	0.5	55.6	210

Property	Interpretation Classes					Critical level
Property	Very low	Low	Adequate	High	Very high	Critical level
Present study
pH _(H2O)	<5.7	5.7-5.9	6.0-6.7	6.8-7.0	>7.0	6.3
OM (g dm^-3)	<2.1	2.1-6.3	6.4-15.2	15.3-19.5	>19.5	10.8
P (mg dm^-3)	<3.9	3.9-12.3	12.4-29.4	29.5-37.9	>37.9	20.9
K (mg dm^-3)	<27	27-53	54-107	108-134	>134	81
Ca²⁺ (mmol_c dm^-3)	<19	19-36	37-73	73-91	>91	55
Mg²⁺ (mmol_c dm^-3)	<9	09-16	17-31	32-39	>39	24
H+Al (mmol_c dm^-3)	<13	13-16	17-25	26-28	>28	21
SB (mmol_c dm^-3)	<20	20-47	48-105	106-134	>134	77
CEC (mmol_c dm^-3)	<19	19-48	49-110	111-140	>140	79
BS (%)	<64	64-69	70-80	81-85	>85	75
S-SO₄^2- (mg dm^-3)	<2	2-4	5-10	11-13	>13	8
B (mg dm^-3)	<0.09	0.09-0.17	0.18-0.34	0.35-0.43	>0.43	0.26
Cu (mg dm^-3)	<0.1	0.1-0.3	0.4-0.9	1.0 -1.10	>1.10	0.6
Fe (mg dm^-3)	<17	17-24	25-42	43-51	>51	34
Mn (mg dm^-3)	<8	8-20	21-47	48-60	>60	34
Zn (mg dm^-3)	<0.2	0.2-0.5	0.6-1.5	1.6-2.0	>2.0	1.1
	Very low	Low	Tolerable	High	Very high	Critical level
Na (mg dm^-3)	<5	5-8	9-17	18-21	>21	13
Literature⁽¹ (1) Adapted from Aquino et al. (1993). ^,² (2) Adapted from Alvarez et al. (1999). ⁾
	Acidity			Neutrality	Alkalinity	Critical level
	High	Average	Low	Neutrality	Low	Critical level
pH⁽¹⁾ (1) Adapted from Aquino et al. (1993).	<5.1	5.1-5.9	6.0-6.9	7.0	7.1-7.4	-
	Very low	Low	Adequate	High	Very High	Critical level
OM⁽¹⁾ (1) Adapted from Aquino et al. (1993). (g dm^-3)	-	0-15	16-30	>30	-	-
P⁽¹⁾ (1) Adapted from Aquino et al. (1993). (mg dm^-3)	-	0-10	11-20	21-40	>40	-
K ⁽¹⁾ (1) Adapted from Aquino et al. (1993). (mg dm^-3)	-	0-45	46-90	91-180	>180	-
Ca²⁺⁽¹⁾ (1) Adapted from Aquino et al. (1993). (mmol_c dm^-3)	-	0-15	16-40	>40	-	-
Mg²⁺⁽¹⁾ (1) Adapted from Aquino et al. (1993). (mmol_c dm^-3)	-	0-5	6-10	>10	-	-
Al³⁺ ⁽¹⁾ (1) Adapted from Aquino et al. (1993). (mmol_c dm^-3)	-	0-5	6-10	>10	-	-
B⁽²⁾ (2) Adapted from Alvarez et al. (1999). (mg dm^-3)	<0.16	0.16-0.35	0.36-0.60	0.61-0.90	>0.90	0.60
Cu⁽²⁾ (2) Adapted from Alvarez et al. (1999). (mg dm^-3)	<0.4	0.4-0.7	0.8-1.2	1.3-1.8	>1.8	1.2
Fe⁽²⁾ (2) Adapted from Alvarez et al. (1999). (mg dm^-3)	<9	9-18	19-30	31-45	>45	30
Mn⁽²⁾ (2) Adapted from Alvarez et al. (1999). (mg dm^-3)	<3	3-5	6-8	9-12	>12	8
Zn⁽²⁾ (2) Adapted from Alvarez et al. (1999). (mg dm^-3)	<0.5	0.5-0.9	1.0-1.5	1.6-2.2	>2.20	1.5

Property	Interpretation Classes					Critical Level
Property	Very low	Low	Adequate	High	Very high	Critical Level
	———————— % ————————
Present study
pH	8	8	64	16	4	34
OM	3	23	62	10	3	66
P	0	43	37	5	15	66
K	1	17	64	11	7	57
Ca²⁺	18	28	49	5	0	81
Mg²⁺	9	40	33	10	8	72
H+Al	11	31	54	3	1	73
SB	5	26	60	8	1	75
CEC	0	18	67	11	4	54
BS	13	4	50	20	13	37
S-SO₄^2-	0	28	52	7	12	81
B	0	17	63	13	7	54
Cu²⁺	0	33	53	8	6	60
Fe²⁺	23	16	37	9	15	66
Mn²⁺	14	39	39	8	0	78
Zn²⁺	4	31	46	12	7	62
	Very low	Low	Tolerable	High	Very high	Critical level
Na	7	20	37	5	32	53
Literature⁽¹ (1) Aquino et al. (1993). ^,² (2) Alvarez et al. (1999). ⁾
	Acidity			Neutrality	Alkalinity	Critical level
	High	Average	Low	Neutrality	Low	Critical level
pH⁽¹⁾ (1) Aquino et al. (1993).	1	15	77	3	4
	Very low	Low	Tolerable	High	Very high	Critical level
OM⁽¹⁾ (1) Aquino et al. (1993).	-	88	12	0	-	-
P⁽¹⁾ (1) Aquino et al. (1993).	-	35	31	21	13	-
K⁽¹⁾ (1) Aquino et al. (1993).	-	7	62	31	0	-
Ca²⁺ ⁽¹⁾ (1) Aquino et al. (1993).	-	13	41	46	-	-
Mg²⁺ ⁽¹⁾ (1) Aquino et al. (1993).	-	1	17	81	-	-
Al³⁺ ⁽¹⁾ (1) Aquino et al. (1993).	-	4	0	96	-	-
B⁽²⁾ (2) Alvarez et al. (1999).	12	69	19	0	0	81
Cu⁽²⁾ (2) Alvarez et al. (1999).	33	36	31	0	0	67
Fe⁽²⁾ (2) Alvarez et al. (1999).	11	16	32	20	21	26
Mn⁽²⁾ (2) Alvarez et al. (1999).	0	5	8	11	77	5
Zn⁽²⁾ (2) Alvarez et al. (1999).	25	26	29	13	7	52

[1] CEC: cation exchange capacity; Ta: clay fraction activity (Ta = CEC × 1000/clay content).

Critical levels and fertility classes of soils with high-activity clay in the Brazilian semi-arid region

ABSTRACT