Promoting C fixation |
Plant growth-promoting microorganisms (PGPM) |
• Selection and application of effective PGPM isolates and consortia in different soil-plant-climate conditions. • Reforestation or forest management, including species with N-fixing association. |
Santoyo et al. (2021)Santoyo G, Guzmán-Guzmán P, Parra-Cota FI, Santos-Villalobos S, Orozco-Mosqueda MC, Glick BR. Plant growth stimulation by microbial consortia. Agronomy. 2021;11:219. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11020219 https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11020219...
; Adeleke and Babalola (2021)Adeleke BS, Babalola OO. The endosphere microbial communities, a great promise in agriculture. Int Microbiol. 2021;24:1-17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10123-020-00140-2 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10123-020-00140...
; Mayer et al. (2020)Mayer M, Prescott CE, Abaker WEA, Augusto L, Cécillon L, Ferreira GWD, James J, Jandl R, Katzensteiner K, Laclau J-P, Laganière J, Nouvellon Y, Paré D, Stanturf JA, Vanguelova EI, Vesterdal L. Tamm Review: Influence of forest management activities on soil organic carbon stocks: A knowledge synthesis. For Ecol Manage. 2020;466:118127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2020.118127 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2020.11...
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Mycorrhiza |
• Application of effective mycorrhizal isolates and consortia in a range of environmental conditions. • Stimulation of AMF communities by: - Increasing plant diversity through crop rotation and cover crops. - Cultivating mycotrophic plants. - Avoiding or reducing the use of fungicides; Organic farming. - No-tillage crop systems. |
Crossay et al. (2019, 2020); Brito et al. (2021)Brito I, Carvalho M, Goss MJ. Managing the functional diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi for the sustainable intensification of crop production. Plants People Planet. 2021;3:491-505. https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp3.10212 https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp3.10212...
; Wahdan et al. (2021)Wahdan SFM, Reitz T, Heintz‐Buschart A, Schädler M, Roscher C, Breitkreuz C, Schnabel B, Purahong W, Buscot F. Organic agricultural practice enhances arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis in correspondence to soil warming and altered precipitation patterns. Environ Microbiol. 2021;23:6163-76. https://doi.org/10.1111/1462-2920.15492 https://doi.org/10.1111/1462-2920.15492...
; Kuila and Ghosh (2022)Kuila D, Ghosh S. Aspects, problems and utilization of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal (AM) application as bio-fertilizer in sustainable agriculture. Curr Res Microb Sci. 2022;3:100107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crmicr.2022.100107 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crmicr.2022.10...
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Promoting C storage |
Soil aggregation |
• Increase soil organic matter through cover crops and organic amendment. • No-tillage. • Organic farming. |
Ramborun et al. (2021)Ramborun V, Facknath S, Lalljee B. Effect of mulch, no-tillage and no-fertiliser as sustainable practices on soil organic carbon and carbon dioxide emission. T Roy Soc S Afr. 2021;76:247-55. https://doi.org/10.1080/0035919X.2021.1995530 https://doi.org/10.1080/0035919X.2021.19...
; Liu et al. (2021)Liu X, Wu X, Liang G, Zheng F, Zhang M, Li S. A global meta‐analysis of the impacts of no‐tillage on soil aggregation and aggregate‐associated organic carbon. Land Degrad Dev. 2021;32:5292-305. https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.4109 https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.4109...
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C efflux |
C mineralization in soil |
• No-tillage. • Cover crops with more recalcitrant residues and higher C:N ratios such as grasses. • Cease draining organic soils in wetlands. |
Liu et al. (2021)Liu X, Wu X, Liang G, Zheng F, Zhang M, Li S. A global meta‐analysis of the impacts of no‐tillage on soil aggregation and aggregate‐associated organic carbon. Land Degrad Dev. 2021;32:5292-305. https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.4109 https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.4109...
; Liu et al. (2022)Liu S, Li J, Liang A, Duan Y, Chen H, Yu Z, Fan R, Liu H, Pan H. Chemical composition of plant residues regulates soil organic carbon turnover in typical soils with contrasting textures in northeast China plain. Agronomy. 2022;12:747. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12030747 https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12030747...
; (Conchedda and Tubiello, 2020Conchedda G, Tubiello FN. Drainage of organic soils and GHG emissions: validation with country data. Earth Syst Sci Data. 2020;12:3113-37. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3113-2020 https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3113-202...
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Rhizosphere effect |
• Stimulation of rhizosphere activity and organic matter deposition through crop rotation or consortium, including legumes and species with dense root systems such as grasses. |
Solanki et al. (2019)Solanki MK, Wang F-Y, Wang Z, Li C-N, Lan T-J, Singh RK, Singh P, Yang L-T, Li Y-R. Rhizospheric and endospheric diazotrophs mediated soil fertility intensification in sugarcane-legume intercropping systems. J Soils Sediments. 2019;19:1911-27. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-018-2156-3 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-018-2156-...
; Sokol et al. (2019)Sokol NW, Kuebbing SaraE, Karlsen-Ayala E, Bradford MA. Evidence for the primacy of living root inputs, not root or shoot litter, in forming soil organic carbon. New Phytol. 2019;221:233-46. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.15361 https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.15361...
; Panchal et al. (2022)Panchal P, Preece C, Peñuelas J, Giri J. Soil carbon sequestration by root exudates. Trends Plant Sci. 2022;27:749-57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2022.04.009 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2022.0...
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Soil methanogenesis |
• Conservative management of soils to avoid or reverse soil compaction. • Improvement of soil hydraulic conductivity. • Selection and application of methane-oxidizing isolates. • Modification of roadways to prevent thawing in permafrost areas. |
Yadav et al. (2020)Yadav GS, Lal R, Moonilall NI, Meena RS. The long-term impact of vehicular traffic on winter and spring methane flux under no-till farming in Central Ohio. Atmos Pollut Res. 2020;11:2030-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apr.2020.07.025 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apr.2020.07.02...
; Berisso et al. (2012)Berisso FE, Schjønning P, Keller T, Lamandé M, Etana A, Jonge LW, Iversen BV, Arvidsson J, Forkman J. Persistent effects of subsoil compaction on pore size distribution and gas transport in a loamy soil. Soil Till Res. 2012;122:42-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2012.02.005 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2012.02....
; Lu et al. (2022)Lu B, Song L, Zang S, Wang H. Warming promotes soil CO2 and CH4 emissions but decreasing moisture inhibits CH4 emissions in the permafrost peatland of the Great Xing’an Mountains. Sci Total Environ. 2022;829:154725. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154725 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022...
; Dang et al. (2022)Dang C, Wu Z, Zhang M, Li X, Sun Y, Wu R, Zheng Y, Xia Y. Microorganisms as bio‐filters to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions from high‐altitude permafrost revealed by nanopore‐based metagenomics. iMeta. 2022;1:e24. https://doi.org/10.1002/imt2.24 https://doi.org/10.1002/imt2.24...
; Goering (2013)Goering DJ. Passively Cooled Railway Embankments for Use in Permafrost Areas. Journal of Cold Regions Engineering. 2003;17:119-33. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0887-381X(2003)17:3(119) https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0887-381X(...
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