Bockheim (1974)Bockheim JG. Nature and properties of highly disturbed urban soils. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. In: Division S-5 Annual Conference. Chicago: Soil Science Society of America; 1974.
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Urban soil |
“A soil material having a non-agricultural, manmade surface layer more than 50 cm thick, that has been produced by mixing, filling or by contamination of land surface in urban and suburban areas.” |
Craul (1985)Craul PJ. Urban soils. METRIA 5: Selecting and preparing sites for urban trees. In: 5th Conference of the Metropolitan Tree Improvement Alliance; May 1985; Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania: The Pennsylvania State University; 1985. p. 23-4.
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Urban soil |
“A material that has been manipulated, disturbed or transported by man's activities in the urban environment and is used as a medium for plant growth.” |
Craul (1992)Craul PJ. Urban soil in landscape design. Wiley: New York; 1992.
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Urban soils |
“…soils composed largely by a mixture of materials differing from those in adjacent agricultural or forest areas, presenting a surface layer greater than 50 cm, and transformed deeply by human activity through mixing, importing and exporting material, and by contamination.” |
Hollis (1991)Hollis JM. The classification of soils in urban areas. In: Bullock P, Gregory P, editors. Soils in the urban environment. Londres: Blackwell Publishing; 1991. p. 5-27.
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Soil (definition that embraces urban soils) |
“Any unconsolidated mineral or organic material at the earth’s surface that has the potential to support plant growth.” |
De Kimpe and Morel (2000)De Kimpe CR, Morel JL. Urban soil management: A growing concern. Soil Sci. 2000;165:31-40. https://doi.org/10.1097/00010694-200001000-00005 https://doi.org/10.1097/00010694-2000010...
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Urban soils |
“…all soils influenced extensively by human activities in the urban landscape.” “…soils that are under strong human influence in the urban and suburban landscape in order to differentiate them from other strongly disturbed soils such as quarries, mines and mine tailings, and airfields.” |
Pedron et al. (2004)Pedron FA, Dalmolin RSD, Azevedo AC, Kaminski J. Solos urbanos. Cienc Rural. 2004;34:1647-53. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-84782004000500053 https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-8478200400...
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Urban soils |
“…soils that are in the urban environment and are generally altered by urban activities.”(1)
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Lehmann and Stahr (2007)Lehmann A, Stahr K. Nature and significance of anthropogenic urban soils. J Soil Sediment. 2007;7:247-60. https://doi.org/10.1065/jss2007.06.235 https://doi.org/10.1065/jss2007.06.235...
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Anthropogenic urban soil |
“…this term refers broadly to soils profoundly affected by urbanization.” …covering anthropogenic inner- and extra-urban soils.*2” |
Lehmann and Stahr (2007)Lehmann A, Stahr K. Nature and significance of anthropogenic urban soils. J Soil Sediment. 2007;7:247-60. https://doi.org/10.1065/jss2007.06.235 https://doi.org/10.1065/jss2007.06.235...
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Urban soils |
“Covering anthropogenic and natural soils (within cities).” |
Rossiter (2007)Rossiter DG. Classification of urban and industrial soils in the world reference base for soil resources. J Soils Sediments. 2007;7:96-100. https://doi.org/10.1065/jss2007.02.208 https://doi.org/10.1065/jss2007.02.208...
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Urban soils |
“…all soils occurring in urban and industrial areas.” |
Santos Junior (2008) |
Urban soil |
“…unconsolidated mineral and/or organic material in the Earth surface with alteration, by mixing, deposition or contamination by a variety of materials, caused by human activities in urban or urbanized areas and not related to agricultural production, that are able to support plant development….”*2
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Meuser (2010)Meuser H. Contaminated urban soils. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands; 2010. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9328-8 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9328-...
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Urban soils |
“…are soils in urban and suburban areas consisting of anthropogenic deposits with natural (mineral, organic) and technogenic materials, formed and modified by cutting, filling, mixing, intrusion of liquids and gases, sealing and contamination…”. “According to the definition urban soils are related to specific areas, namely urban and suburban areas. In this sense, industrial, traffic and mining areas may also belong to the areas of concern.” |
Hazelton and Murphy (2011)Hazelton P, Murphy B. Understanding soils in urban environments. Clayton: CSIRO Publishing; 2011. https://doi.org/10.1071/9780643101432 https://doi.org/10.1071/9780643101432...
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Urban soils |
“…can be considered as natural soil or an anthropized soil (Anthroposol) or as a Technosol (a soil developed on non-traditional substrates and largely due to intensive human activity…).” |
Morel et al. (2015)Morel JL, Chenu C, Lorenz K. Ecosystems services provide by soils of urban, industrial, traffic, mining and military area s (SUITMAs). J Soils Sedimentss. 2015;15:1659-66. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-014-0926-0 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-014-0926-...
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SUITMA (soils of urban, industrial, traffic, mining and military areas) |
“…range from slightly modified soils to very intensively managed and disturbed soils…” |
Morel et al. (2017)Morel JL, Burghardt W, Kim K-HL. The challenges for soils in the urban environment. In: Levin M, Kim KHJ, Morel JL, Burghardt W, Charzynski P, Shaw RK, editors. Soils within Cities: Global approaches to their sustainable management - Composition, properties, and functions of soils of the urban environment. Stuttgart: Catena Soil Science; 2017. p. 1-6.
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Urban soil |
“It is synonyms of SUITMA (soils of urban, industrial, traffic, mining and military areas).” |
Morel et al. (2017)Morel JL, Burghardt W, Kim K-HL. The challenges for soils in the urban environment. In: Levin M, Kim KHJ, Morel JL, Burghardt W, Charzynski P, Shaw RK, editors. Soils within Cities: Global approaches to their sustainable management - Composition, properties, and functions of soils of the urban environment. Stuttgart: Catena Soil Science; 2017. p. 1-6.
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SUITMA (soils of urban, industrial, traffic, mining and military areas) |
“...all soils under strong human influence…” (the term was proposed to) “…emphasize that the so-called “urban soils” are found in a large variety of strongly anthropized areas.” |