Multifractal and joint analysis of soil arthropod diversity in the Brazilian Savanna

Siqueira, Glécio Machado; Silva, Raimunda Alves

doi:10.36783/18069657rbcs20230114

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Division – Soil In Space and Time - Commission – Pedometrics • Rev. Bras. Ciênc. Solo 48 • 2024 • https://doi.org/10.36783/18069657rbcs20230114 copy

Multifractal and joint analysis of soil arthropod diversity in the Brazilian Savanna

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

Soil fauna organisms participate in a series of processes that benefit the physical and chemical soil properties; however, little is known about their spatial variability and scale. This study aimed to characterize the spatial variability of soil fauna from multifractal and joint multifractal analysis in Brazilian Savanna areas. Pitfall traps collected soil fauna in two Savanna formations (dense Savanna and typical Savanna) in two transects with 128 points. Organisms were identified and classified into functional groups (Microphages, Pollinators, Predators and Social), and then Ind trap⁻¹ day⁻¹ (number of individuals per day in the sample) and Richness were determined. Data were analyzed using multifractal and joint multifractal analysis, and the scale indexes f(α,β) were generated for the singularity indexes of α(q,t) and β(q,t), considering Ind trap⁻¹ day⁻¹ and Richness as predictive variables. A total of 3456 and 1629 individuals were collected from T1 (dense Savanna) and T2 (typical Savanna), respectively. The singularity spectrum for soil fauna showed the greatest difference in dimensions D₋₁₀–D₁₀ for the functional group Pollinator (D₋₁₀–D₁₀ = 0.936) in T1 and for Social (D₋₁₀–D₁₀ = 0.620) in T2, reflecting more heterogeneous systems. The joint multifractal dimension showed a high correlation between Ind trap⁻¹ day⁻¹ and the functional groups (Pollinators, Predators, and Social) in T1, demonstrating how phytophysiognomy of this experimental plot (dense Savanna) favors the presence of these organisms and reflects the spatial correspondence of the measurement values along the geometric support. Abundance of organisms (Ind trap⁻¹ day⁻¹) and Richness were promising variables to represent the set of relationships with the functional groups of soil invertebrate fauna. In general, multifractal analysis using abundance and Richness can assist in decision-making focused on conserving Savanna areas.

Keywords
multifractal dimension; joint multifractal dimension; soil arthropod; spatial variability scales; Oxisols

Experimental plots	Clay	Silt	Sand	OC	pH(CaCl₂)	P	K⁺	Ca²⁺	Mg²⁺	SB	CEC	V%
	——— % ———			g dm⁻³		mg dm⁻³	——— mmol_c dm⁻³ ———
Transect 1 (T1)	8	6	86	20	4.3	2	2.1	9	7	21.8	52.0	42.0
Transect 2 (T2)	16	6	78	12	4.3	5	3.7	6	4	19.8	48.4	40.9

Taxonomic groups					Transect 1			Transect 2
Taxonomic groups					Abundance	N	%	Abundance	N	%
PHYLUM MOLLUSCA
		Class Gastropoda			33	3 (2.34)	0.95	-	-	-
PHYLUM ARTHROPODA
	SUBPHYLUM MYRIAPODA
		Class Diplopoda			3	3 (2.34)	0.09	-	-	-
	SUBPHYLUM CHELICERATA
		Class Arachnida
			Order Acari		14	14 (10.93)	0.41	4	4 (3.12)	0.25
			Order Araneae		64	44 (34.37)	1.85	95	45 (35.15)	5.83
			Order Opillionida		-	-	-	2	2 (1.56)	0.12
			Order Scorpionida		-	-	-	5	3 (2.34)	0.31
	SUBPHYLUM HEXAPODA
			Order Entomobryomorpha		1	1 (0.78)	0.03	-	-	-
			Order Diplura		44	22 (17.18)	1.27	16	4 (3.12)	0.98
		Class Insecta
			Order Archaeognatha		1	1 (0.78)	0.03	-	-	-
			Order Zygentoma		9	6 (4.68)	0.26	-	-	-
			Order Orthoptera		6	6 (4.68)	0.17	23	15 (11.71)	1.41
			Order Dermaptera		4	4 (3.12)	0.12	-	-	-
			Order Isoptera		97	9 (7.03)	2.81	7	5 (3.90)	0.43
			Order Blattaria		4	4 (3.12)	0.12	1	1 (0.78)	0.06
			Order Hemiptera
				Suborder Aucheonorrhyncha	8	7 (5.46)	0.23	-	-	-
				Suborder Heteroptera	9	6 (4.68)	0.26	2	2 (1.56)	0.12
				Suborder Sternorrhyncha	4	2 (1.56)	0.12	-	-	-
			Order Thysanoptera		13	2 (1.56)	0.38	-	-	-
			Order Coleoptera		69	37 (28.90)	2.00	239	53 (41.40)	14.67
			Order Neuroptera		1	1 (0.78)	0.03	-	-	-
			Order Hymenoptera		1517	116 (90.62)	43.89	605	108 (84.37)	37.14
				Family Formicidae	1479	116 (90.62)	42.80	607	95 (74.21)	37.26
			Order Trichoptera		6	4 (3.12)	0.17	-	-	-
			Order Lepidoptera		1	1 (0.78)	0.03	-	-	-
			Order Diptera		27	6 (4.68)	0.78	12	6 (4.68)	0.74
Immature organism
Larva Coleoptera					2	2 (1.56)	0.06	1	1 (0.78)	0.06
Larva Diptera					32	5 (3.90)	0.93	-	-	-
Larva Formicidae					8	6 (4.68)	0.23	10	6 (4.68)	0.61
Functional groups
Microphages					93	37 (28.90)	-	16	11 (8.59)	-
Pollinators					1518	116 (90.62)	-	605	110 (85.93)	-
Predators					243	85 (66.40)	-	392	89 (69.53)	-
Social					1576	121 (94.53)	-	614	109 (85.15)	-
Others					26	20 (15,62)		2	2 (1.57)
Total					3,456	-	100 %	1,629	-	100 %
Richness					26	-	-	15	-	-
Number of points with individual					126^* * In T1, no individuals were collected from points 27 or 64. In T2, no individuals were collected from points 8, 14, 15, 62, 126, or 127.	-	-	122^** * In T1, no individuals were collected from points 27 or 64. In T2, no individuals were collected from points 8, 14, 15, 62, 126, or 127.	-	-

Parameters	Mean	CV	Skewness	Kurtosis	D-KS*
%
T1
Ind trap⁻¹ day⁻¹	3.850	84.150	1.430	2.084	0.137n
Richness	5.990	38.510	0.710	1.490	0.202Ln
Microphages	0.727	298.017	5.848	39.161	0.368Ln
Pollinators	11.859	126.656	2.804	11.168	0.215Ln
Predators	1.898	151.281	2.609	7.079	0.286Ln
Social	12.313	95.745	2.254	8.125	0.173Ln
Others	0.203	328.00	5.988	39.256	0.369Ln
T2
Ind trap⁻¹ day⁻¹	1.810	85.150	1.610	3.360	0.165Ln
Richness	5.630	46.510	0.110	0.500	0.167Ln
Microphages	0.125	155.032	3.441	15.174	0.259Ln
Pollinators	4.726	342.544	3.808	15.100	0.521Ln
Predators	3.062	95.060	2.164	5.255	0.247Ln
Social	4.796	109.636	2.393	7.296	0.228Ln
Others	0.015	399.200	4.200	7.540	0.332Ln

Variables		D₋₁₀	D₀	D₁	D₂	D₁₀	D₋₁₀–D₁₀	q₊	q_-	α₀	α₋₁₀	α₁₀	Δα_L	Δα_R
T1	Ind trap^-1 day^-1	1.489±0.086	0.997±0.001	0.940±0.012	0.898±0.019	0.758±0.032	0.731	6	−2	1.066±0.026	1.460±0.183	0.724±0.072	0.342	−0.394
	Richness	1.106±0.025	0.996±0.002	0.984±0.004	0.973±0.006	0.902±0.016	0.204	10	0	1.007±0.003	1.125±0.058	0.864±0.014	0.143	−0.118
	Pollinators	1.585±0.101	0.985±0.006	0.975±0.005	0.826±0.032	0.649±0.052	0.936	2	0	1.110±0.021	1.111±0.021	0.771±0.084	0.339	−0.001
	Predators	1.174±0.089	0.936±0.024	0.930±0.020	0.754±0.018	0.610±0.019	0.564	4	−2	1.024±0.064	1.171±0.145	0.599±0.040	0.425	−0.147
	Social	1.496±0.084	0.990±0.003	0.980±0.002	0.876±0.024	0.709±0.053	0.787	2	0	1.071±0.023	1.172±0.023	0.830±0.065	0.342	−0.101
T2	Ind trap^-1 day^-1	1.378±0.077	0.991±0.003	0.940±0.014	0.902±0.021	0.787±0.041	0.591	8	−10	1.052±0.020	1.409±0.178	0.772±0.088	0.280	−0.347
	Richness	1.180±0.027	0.990±0.003	0.974±0.005	0.961±0.006	0.904±0.017	0.276	10	−4	1.008±0.007	1.213±0.068	0.875±0.046	0.133	−0.205
	Social	1.328±0.056	0.976±0.009	0.960±0.003	0.854±0.029	0.708±0.048	0.620	2	−2	1.046±0.012	1.319±0.109	0.804±0.074	0.515	−0.273

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[1] * Corresponding author: E-mail: glecio.siqueira@ufma.br