The effect of surface liming on acidity components in the soil profile under long-term no-tillage system is largely unknown. This study was carried out in a long-term experiment (21 years) initiated in 1978 on a Brown Latosol (Haplohumox) located in Guarapuava County, Paraná State, South of Brazil. The aim was to evaluate the effect of lime reapplication methods on soil acidity attributes of both solid and liquid phases. Treatments consisted of: no liming, lime broadcast over the soil surface with no incorporation and lime applied on the soil surface followed by incorporation into the soil through plowing and double disking. Lime was reapplied twice, in 1987 and in 1995, at rates of 4.5 and 3.0 Mg ha-1, respectively. Soil samples were collected manually in April 1999, at nine soil layers up to a depth of 0.40 m. Lime reapplication improved the chemical environment of the soil under no-tillage, as evidenced by increases in water pH, exchangeable and soluble forms of Ca and Mg, base saturation in the cation exchange sites and by a decrease in exchangeable Al. The application of lime on soil surface followed by no incorporation was efficient in increasing soil pH up to a 0.15 m depth and increased exchangeable and soluble Ca and Mg and base saturation and reduced exchangeable Al in the 0-0.20 m layer. These effects were similar to those in the treatment with lime incorporation. The effectiveness of surface liming on soil acidity correction in the subsurface soil layer show that this practice is technically viable in soils under no-tillage for a long period.
exchangeable cations; Al toxicity; bases saturation; conservation management systems
