Natural compounds and their potential use in stored grain treatment: A review

Alves, Diana R.; Andrade, Júlio C. de A.; Nobre, Danúbia A. C.

doi:10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v29n1e279969

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Review • Rev. bras. eng. agríc. ambient. 29 (1) • Jan 2025 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v29n1e279969 copy

Natural compounds and their potential use in stored grain treatment: A review¹ 1 Research developed at Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Campus JK, Diamantina, MG, Brazil

Compostos naturais e seu potencial emprego no tratamento de grãos armazenados: Uma revisão

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

Grain production is steadily increasing; however, the static storage capacity remains inadequate in Brazil. The lack of proper facilities and the precarious and inadequate storage conditions lead to post-harvest losses due to factors interacting with the grains, causing their deterioration. Chemical treatments are commonly used to reverse these effects; however, their replacement with natural substances has been sought due to environmental and human health concerns. The objective of this review was to discuss a sustainable strategy for treating stored grains, focusing on the use of natural compounds with bioactive properties, such as antifungal, antioxidant, and insecticidal activities, with potential for further studies. Natural compounds with useful properties for application in grain storage were outlined. Research on the use of natural compounds in grain treatment is still in its early stages, requiring progress in identifying new promising compounds, understanding the mechanisms of action, and developing and optimizing effective extraction, application, and formulation processes to make the use of these substances viable.

Key words:
sustainability; bioactives; storage; natural products

HIGHLIGHTS:

Using natural compounds for treating stored grains emerges as an eco-friendly and promising alternative.

The recognized bioactivities of classes of natural compounds can be adapted for application in grain storage.

Research on natural compounds in stored grains is still incipient, requiring more tests to make their application viable.

Active ingredient	Target	Product	Toxicological class/ Environmental class	Mechanism of action
Deltamethrin (pyrethroid)	Rhyzoperta dominica	Rice, maize, wheat	IV/III	Sodium channel modulator
Permethrin (pyrethroid)		Rice, maize, wheat	I/II	Sodium channel modulator
Bifenthrin (pyrethroid)		Rice, maize	IV/II	Sodium channel modulator
Aluminum phosphide			I/III	Complex IV inhibitor in the mitochondrial electron transport chain
Esfenvalerate (pyrethroid) + fenitrothion (organophosphate)		Wheat	III/I	Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors / Sodium channel modulator
Pirimiphos-methyl (organophosphate)	Sitophilus oryzae	Rice	V/II	Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors
Magnesium phosphide		Rice	I/III	Complex IV inhibitor in the mitochondrial electron transport chain
Aluminum phosphide		Rice	I/III	Complex IV inhibitors in the mitochondrial electron transport chain
Deltamethrin (pyrethroid)		Wheat, maize	IV/III	Sodium channel modulator
Esfenvalerate (pyrethroid) + fenitrothion (organophosphate)		Wheat	III/I	Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors / Sodium channel modulator
Pirimiphos-methyl (organophosphate)	Sitophilus zeamais	Rice, maize, wheat	V/II	Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors
Magnesium phosphide		Rice, maize, wheat	I/III	Complex IV inhibitor in the mitochondrial electron transport chain
Permethrin (pyrethroid)		Rice, maize, wheat	I/II	Sodium channel modulator
Bifenthrin (pyrethroid)		Rice, maize, wheat	IV/II	Sodium channel modulator
Aluminum phosphide		Maize, soybean meal	I/III	Complex IV inhibitor in the mitochondrial electron transport chain
Deltamethrin (pyrethroid)		Maize	IV/III	Sodium channel modulator
Deltamethrin (pyrethroid)	Sitophilus granarius	Maize	IV/III	Sodium channel modulator
Aluminum phosphide	Lasioderma serricorne	Soybean meal	I/III	Complex IV inhibitor in the mitochondrial electron transport chain
Phosphine	Lasioderma serricorne	Soybean meal	I/III	Complex IV inhibitor in the mitochondrial electron transport chain
Pirimiphos-methyl (organophosphate)	Sitotroga cerealella	Rice, maize	V/II	Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor
Deltamethrin (pyrethroid)		Rice, maize, wheat	IV/III	Sodium channel modulator
Magnesium phosphide		Rice, maize, wheat	I/III	Complex IV inhibitor in the mitochondrial electron transport chain
Aluminum phosphide		Maize	I/III	Complex IV inhibitor in the mitochondrial electron transport chain
Permethrin (pyrethroid)		Maize	I/II	Sodium channel modulator
Magnesium phosphide	Plodia interpunctella	Flours	I/III	Complex IV inhibitor in the mitochondrial electron transport chain
Aluminum phosphide		Flours, wheat flour	I/III	Complex IV inhibitor in the mitochondrial electron transport chain
Phosphine		Flours	I/III	Complex IV inhibitor in the mitochondrial electron transport chain
Deltamethrin (pyrethroid)	Tribolium castaneum	Rice	IV/III	Sodium channel modulator
Magnesium phosphide		Wheat flour	I/III	Complex IV inhibitor in the mitochondrial electron transport chain
Aluminum phosphide		Wheat flour, and soybean meal	I/III	Complex IV inhibitor in the mitochondrial electron transport chain
Aluminum phosphide	Ephestia kuehniella	Flours, wheat flour	I/III	Complex IV inhibitor in the mitochondrial electron transport chain
Phosphine	Ephestia kuehniella	Flours	I/III	Complex IV inhibitor in the mitochondrial electron transport chain

Promising natural compound	Primary bioactive compound	Source matrix	Potential effect	Reference
Natural polysaccharide	Chitosan	Shrimp heads	Delays the growth of Aspergillus parasiticus	Cota-Arriola et al. (2011Cota-Arriola, O.; Cortez-Rocha, M. O.; Rosas-Burgos, E. C.; Burgos-Hernández, A.; López-Franco, Y. L.; Plascencia-Jatomea, M. Antifungal effect of chitosan on the growth of Aspergillus parasiticus and production of aflatoxin B1. Polymer International, v.60, p.937-944, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1002/pi.3054 https://doi.org/10.1002/pi.3054... )
Essential oil	Bornyl and camphene acetate	Valeriana officinalis	Tribolium castaneum: contact toxicity and repellency; Liposcelis bostrychophila: contact and fumigant toxicity and attraction	Feng et al. (2019Feng, Y. X.; Wang, Y.; Chen, Z. Y; Guo, S. S.; You, C. X.; Du, S. S. Efficacy of bornyl acetate and camphene from Valeriana officinalis essential oil against two storage insects. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, v.26, p.16157-16165, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-05035-y https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-05035... )
Essential oil	Thymol and carvacrol	Rosmarinus officinalis, Thymus vulgaris, Origanum majoricum, Origanum vulgare, Origanum virens, and Satureja montana	Inhibition of Aspergillus flavus growth and aflatoxin production in stored maize grains	García-Díaz et al. (2019García-Díaz, M.; Patiño, B.; Vázquez, C.; Gil-Serna, J. A novel niosome-encapsulated essential oil formulation to prevent aspergillus flavus growth and aflatoxin contamination of maize grains during storage. Toxins, v.11, e646, 2019. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins11110646 https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins11110646... )
Essential oil	Thymol, cis-sabinene hydrate, ascaridole, dihydrotagetone, spathulenol, and ocimenone	Origanum vulgare spp. virens, Origanum x applii, Origanum vulgare spp. Vulgare, Chenopodium ambrosioides, and Tagetes riojana	Antifungal action against Fusarium verticillioides	Pizzolitto et al. (2019Pizzolitto, R. P.; Jacquat, A. G.; Usseglio, V. L.; Achimón, F.; Cuello, A. E.; Zygadlo, J. A.; Dambolena, J. S. Quantitative-structure-activity relationship study to predict the antifungal activity of essential oils against Fusarium verticillioides. Food Control, v.108, e106836, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.106836 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.... )
Essential oil	Thymol, carvacrol, p-cymene and γ-terpinene	Satureja intermedia	Mortality (90%) of storage pests (Trogoderma granarium, Rhyzopertha dominica, Tribolium castaneum, and Oryzaephilus surinamensis)	Ebadollahi & Setzer (2020Ebadollahi, A.; Setzer, W. N. Evaluation of the toxicity of Satureja intermedia C. A. mey essential oil to storage and greenhouse insect pests and a predator ladybird. Foods, v.9, e712, 2020. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9060712 https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9060712... )
Essential oils	((Z)-citral, (E)-citral, carvacrol, limonene, and cinnamaldehyde	Cinnamon (Cinnamomum spp.), oregano (Origanum spp.) and lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus)	Inhibition of Aspergillus flavus growth in maize grains; the combination of oils has synergistic effects and inhibits aflatoxin production	Xiang et al. (2020Xiang, F.; Zhao, Q.; Zhao, K.; Pei, H.; Tao, F. The efficacy of composite essential oils against aflatoxigenic fungus Aspergillus flavus in maize. Toxins, v.12, e562, 2020. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins12090562 https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins12090562... )
Sulfur compound	Allyl isothiocyanate	Commercial formulation	High toxicity and reduction in oviposition and progeny of Callosobruchus maculatus when applied to cowpea beans	Vilela et al. (2020Vilela, A. de O.; Faroni, L. R. A.; Sousa, A. H.; Pimentel, M. A. G.; Gomes, J. L. Toxicological and physiological effects of allyl isothiocyanate upon Callosobruchus maculatus. Journal of Stored Products Research , v.87, e101625, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jspr.2020.101625 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jspr.2020.1016... )
Phenolic compounds	Benzoic acid, quinol, salicylic acid, myricetin, and rutin	Eucalyptus camaldulensis	Antifungal effect on Fusarium culmorum, Rhizoctonia solani, Botrytis cinerea; contact and fumigant toxicity on Tribolium castaneum and Sitophilus oryzae	Abdelkhalek et al. (2020Abdelkhalek, A.; Salem, M. Z. M.; Kordy, A. M.; Salem, A. Z. M.; Behiry, S. I. Antiviral, antifungal, and insecticidal activities of Eucalyptus bark extract: HPLC analysis of polyphenolic compounds. Microbial Pathogenesis, v.147, e104383, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104383 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2020.1... )
Alkaloids	Capsaicin and piperine	Capsicum chinense and Piper nigrum	Reduction in growth and germination rate of spores Aspergillus parasiticus and reduction in the production of aflatoxins, with emphasis on P. nigrum	Buitimea-Cantúa et al. (2020Buitimea-Cantúa, G. V.; Velez-Haro, J. M.; Buitimea-Cantúa, N. E.; Molina-Torres, J.; Rosas-Burgos, E C. GC-EIMS analysis, antifungal and anti-aflatoxigenic activity of Capsicum chinense and Piper nigrum fruits and their bioactive compounds capsaicin and piperine upon Aspergillus parasiticus. Natural Product Research, v.34, p.1452-1455, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2018.1514395 https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2018.15... )
Alkaloids and flavonoids	Alkaloids and flavonoids	Acanthus montanus, Acanthospermum hispidum, Argyreia nervosa, and Alchornea laxiflora	Mortality, reduction in egg laying and emergence of Sitophilus zeamais adults in stored maize grains, with significant effects of A. montanus	Ileke et al. (2020Ileke, K. D.; Idoko, J. E.; Ojo, D. O.; Adesina, B. C. Evaluation of botanical powders and extracts from Nigerian plants as protectants of maize grains against maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais (Motschulsky) [coleoptera: Curculionidae]. Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology, v.27, e101702, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcab.2020.101702 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcab.2020.1017... )
Essential oil	1,8-cineole	Laurus nobilis	Inhibition of Aspergillus flavus growth and aflatoxin B1production, even in wheat grains stored for 6 months, and antioxidant activity through free radical scavenging and inhibition of linoleic acid oxidation	Belasli et al. (2020Belasli, A.; Ben Miri, Y.; Aboudaou, M.; Ouahioune, L. A.; Montañes, L.; Ariño, A.; Djenane, D. Antifungal, antitoxigenic, and antioxidant activities of the essential oil from laurel (Laurus nobilis L.): Potential use as wheat preservative. Food Science Nutrition, v.8, p.4717-4729, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.1650 https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.1650... )
Sulfur compound in essential oil	Allicin	Allium sativum	Antifungal effect on Gibberella zeae, Aspergillus parasiticus, and Fusarium verticillioides, with lower rates effective on the latter two species in maize grains stored for 30 days	Bocate et al. (2021Bocate, K. P.; Evangelista, A. G.; Luciano, F. B. Garlic essential oil as an antifungal and anti-mycotoxin agent in stored corn. Food Science and Technology, v.147, e111600, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2021.111600 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2021.11160... )
Alkaloids	Guineensine and piperine	Piper guineense	Mortality (>80%) and reduction in oviposition of Sitophilus zeamais females	Akinbuluma et al. (2021Akinbuluma, M. D.; Ewete, F. K.; Oladosu, I. A. Amide alkaloids from Piper guineense and its crude extract as protectants against Sitophilus zeamais. Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection, v.128, p.1557-1564, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41348-021-00518-y https://doi.org/10.1007/s41348-021-00518... )
Essential oil	β-eudesmol, elemol, α-terpineol, methyl eugenol, and caryophyllene	Rhynchanthus beesianus	Fumigant effect on Liposcelis entomophila and Tribolium castaneum adults	Pan et al. (2022Pan, X.; Xiao, H.; Hu, X.; Liu, Z. L. Insecticidal activities of the essential oil of Rhynchanthus beesianus rhizomes and its constituents against two species of grain storage insects. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C, v.78, p.83-89, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1515/znc-2022-0017 https://doi.org/10.1515/znc-2022-0017... )
Phenolic compounds	Enol, o-cresol, m-cresol, p-cresol, p-cymene, thymol, carvacrol, guaiacol, creosol, and vanillin	Essential oils and similar compounds	Thymol and carvacrol are toxic to Sitophilus zeamais, with thymol functioning as a repellent and carvacrol as both repellent and attractant	Rodríguez et al. (2022Rodríguez, A.; Beato, M.; Usseglio, V. L.; Camina, J.; Zygadlo, J. A.; Dambolena, J. S.; Zunino, M. P. Phenolic compounds as controllers of Sitophilus zeamais: a look at the structure-activity relationship. Journal of Stored Products Research , v.99, e102038, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jspr.2022.102038 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jspr.2022.1020... )
Natural polysaccharide	Chitosan	Commercial chitosan	Inhibition of mycelial growth of Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus fumigatus, with effect on fungal metabolism	Ke et al. (2022Ke, Y.; Ding, B.; Zhang, M.; Dong, T.; Fu, Y.; Lv, Q.; Ding, W.; Wang, X. Study on inhibitory activity and mechanism of chitosan oligosaccharides on Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus fumigatus. Carbohydrate Polymers, v.275, e118673, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118673 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.1... )
Essential oil	Eugenol and pulegone	Syzygium aromaticum and Mentha pulegium	Mortality of Sitophilus zeamais (90%) and reduction of losses (45%) caused by them in maize grains stored for 5 months	Sousa et al. (2023Sousa, P. A. S.; Neto, J.; Barbosa, J. V.; Peres, J.; Magro, A.; Barros, G.; Sousa, J. M.; Magalhães, F. D.; Mexia, A.; Aguiar, A. A. R. M.; Bastos, M. M. S. M. Novel approach for a controlled delivery of essential oils during long-term maize storage: Clove bud and pennyroyal oils efficacy to control Sitophilus zeamais, reducing grain damage and post-harvest losses. Insects, v.14, 366, 2023. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects14040366 https://doi.org/10.3390/insects14040366... )
Essential oil	Thymol, ρ-cymene, z-caryophyllene, and γ-terpinene	Thymus vulgaris	Inhibition of the growth of Penicillium spp. in wheat stored for 6 months	Ziyat et al. (2023Ziyat, H.; Naciri Bennani, M.; Arif, S.; Houssaini, J.; Hajjaj, H. Fungicide formulation based on Thyme essential oil and clay for wheat protection. Research on Chemical Intermediates, v.49, p.2769-2792, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11164-023-05013-7 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11164-023-05013... )

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[1] * Corresponding author - E-mail: danubia.nobre@ufvjm.edu.br

Brasil

Brasil

Natural compounds and their potential use in stored grain treatment: A review1 1 Research developed at Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Campus JK, Diamantina, MG, Brazil

Compostos naturais e seu potencial emprego no tratamento de grãos armazenados: Uma revisão

ABSTRACT

HIGHLIGHTS:

Natural compounds and their potential use in stored grain treatment: A review¹ 1 Research developed at Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Campus JK, Diamantina, MG, Brazil