Characterization of soils cultivated with cassava under different managements

Costa, Andrezza G.; Souza, Luciano da S.; Xavier, Francisco A. da S.; Cova, Alide M. W.; Silva, Evellyn F. da; Bonfim, Marcela R.

doi:10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v25n11p764-771

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Articles • Rev. bras. eng. agríc. ambient. 25 (11) • Nov 2021 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v25n11p764-771 copy

Characterization of soils cultivated with cassava under different managements¹ 1 Research developed at São Felipe, BA, Brazil

Caracterização de solos cultivados com mandioca sob diferentes manejos

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

HIGHLIGHTS:

The predominant textural class in the different areas cultivated with cassava is sandy clay loam.

Cassava agricultural areas with different managements have low fertility and organic matter concentration.

The chemical attributes of the soil were the most significant to distinguish the different areas cultivated with cassava.

ABSTRACT

Although cassava is an undemanding crop in terms of soil chemical fertility, the scarcity of nutrients affects crop productivity, and it is common to cultivate it in soils with low natural fertility, as occurs in Coastal Tablelands. In this context, the present study aimed to evaluate the physical and chemical attributes of soils cultivated with cassava under different managements. The study was carried out in the municipality of São Felipe, located in the landscape unit of Coastal Tablelands, Bahia state, Brazil. Fifteen properties were selected to evaluate the characteristics of soils cultivated with cassava under different types of management. Soil sampling was carried out during the months of October and November 2018, a dry period in the region. The medium-textured soil was predominant in the different areas of management of cassava cultivation. Most areas showed pH below the recommended range for cassava (5.5 to 6.5), base saturation below 50% and low phosphorus, potassium, calcium, and magnesium contents, according to the crop’s nutritional needs. The first two principal components explained 84.65% of the total variance. Thus, it was possible to verify that the diversity of management of cassava production areas results in high or very high variability of soil chemical attributes. The attributes pH, P, Al, H + Al, V, CEC and OM are the most representative in the distinction of soils of the cassava cultivation areas evaluated.

Key words:
Manihot esculenta Crantz; mineral fertilization; organic fertilization; agricultural practices

Area	Cassava cultivar	Fertilizer used	Agricultural managements ⁽¹⁾
1	‘Salangó’ (S1)	Chicken manure	Crop rotation with Arachis hypogaea
1	‘Cigana’ (C1)	Chicken manure	Crop rotation with Arachis hypogaea
2	‘Salangó’ (S2)	Cattle manure	Crop rotation with Dioscorea rotundata
2	‘Cigana’ (C3)	Cattle manure	Crop rotation with Dioscorea rotundata
3	‘Salangó’ (S3)	Mineral fertilization	Area for the cultivation of cassava only
4	‘Cigana’ (C2)	Chicken manure and Cattle manure	Area for the cultivation of cassava only
5	‘Platina’ (P1)	Cattle manure	Intercropping with orange tree
5	‘Graveto’ (G1)	Cattle manure	Intercropping with orange tree
6	‘Platina’ (P2)	Mineral fertilization, castor cake and flour mill residue	Crop rotation with Arachis hypogaea
7	‘Platina’ (P3)	Chicken manure	Area for the cultivation of cassava only
8	‘Eucalipto’ (E1)	Mineral fertilization and cattle manure	Crop rotation with Dioscorea rotundata
9	‘Eucalipto’ (E3)	Mineral fertilization and cattle manure	Intercropping with orange tree
	‘Graveto’ (G3)	Mineral fertilization and cattle manure	Intercropping with orange tree
	‘Milagrosa’ (M3)	Mineral fertilization and cattle manure	Intercropping with orange tree
10	‘Eucalipto’ (E2)	Cattle manure	Crop rotation with Arachis hypogaea
11	‘Correnteza’ (CT)	Chicken manure	Crop rotation with Dioscorea rotundata
12	‘Graveto’ (G2)	Mineral fertilization, cattle manure and castor cake	Intercropping with orange tree
13	‘Milagrosa’ (M1)	Mineral fertilization and flour mill residue	Crop rotation with Arachis hypogaea
14	‘Milagrosa’ (M2)	Cattle manure and flour mill residue	Crop rotation with Arachis hypogaea
15	‘Cidade Rica’ (CR)	Mineral fertilization	Crop rotation with Arachis hypogaea

Soil attributes	Areas/Managements⁽¹⁾
Soil attributes	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15
Sand	627	754	614	657	639	589	660	734	755	707	769	694	569	695	762
Silt	81	25	78	47	82	45	100	21	8	51	27	48	43	32	52
Clay	292*	221*	308*	296*	279*	366**	240*	245*	237*	242*	204*	258*	388**	273*	186***
pH⁽²⁾	5	7.4	4.3	5.3	6.5	4.6	4.7	4.7	5	6	5.4	5.1	5	4.9	5.7
EC	0.148	0.193	0.212	0.159	0.238	0.214	0.204	0.219	0.196	0.255	0.158	0.198	0.212	0.181	0.224
P	1	69	4	10	48	36	21	13	9	17	47	16	29	2	12
K	0.04	0.08	0.06	0.18	0.31	0.31	0.08	0.12	0.09	0.17	0.12	0.12	0.22	0.22	0.12
Ca	0.73	2.63	0.47	0.81	2.87	0.65	0.99	0.69	1.41	2.05	0.92	1.06	1.25	0.61	1.49
Mg	0.4	0.38	0.27	0.46	0.68	0.29	0.62	0.27	0.37	0.47	0.26	0.33	0.32	0.39	0.43
Na	0.02	0.02	0.02	0.03	0.04	0.02	0.05	0.03	0.03	0.03	0.01	0.02	0.02	0.03	0.04
Al	0.4	0	0.7	0.2	0	0.6	0.6	0.6	0.4	0	0.1	0.3	0.4	0.5	0
H + Al	3.08	0	4.51	2.86	1.43	3.63	3.74	3.08	3.3	1.98	2.64	3.19	3.3	3.52	1.98
SB	1.2	3.12	0.81	1.48	3.9	1.27	1.74	1.11	1.9	2.72	1.32	1.53	1.81	1.26	2.07
CEC	4.28	3.12	5.32	4.34	5.33	4.9	5.48	4.19	5.2	4.7	3.96	4.72	5.11	4.78	4.05
V	28	100	15	34	73	26	32	26	37	58	33	32	35	26	51
OM	7.9	10	11.9	10	15	11	11	11	15	11.9	8.9	10	10.8	13.9	10
Cu	0	0.045	0.015	0	0.083	0	0	0	0	0	0.173	0	0	0	0
Fe	0.589	1.612	0.646	0.851	1.455	0.347	0.647	0.47	0.475	0.332	0.563	0.331	0.196	0.363	0.371
Zn	3.116	2.096	5.425	2.327	2.842	4.088	3.937	3.334	3.782	1.838	2.375	3.883	4.271	5.293	1.868
Mn	0.268	0.791	0.189	0.34	0.246	0.529	0.411	0.25	0.297	0.34	0.6	0.363	0.233	0.249	0.3

Attributes	Unit	Mean	CV (%)	Minimum	Maximum	Shapiro-Wilk
Sand	g kg^-1	682	9.6	569	769	0.941^ns
Silt	g kg^-1	49	52.9	8	100	0.947^ns
Clay	g kg^-1	269	20.6	186	388	0.944**
pH⁽¹⁾	-	5.3	15.3	4.3	7.4	0.875*
EC	dS m^-1	0.201	14.9	0.148	0.255	0.966^ns
P	mg dm^-3	22.3	88.8	1	69	0.884^ns
K	cmol_c dm^-3	0.15	56.5	0.04	0.31	0.902^ns
Ca	cmol_c dm^-3	1.24	59.4	0.47	2.87	0.847*
Mg	cmol_c dm^-3	0.40	31.2	0.26	0.68	0.887^ns
Na	cmol_c dm^-3	0.03	37.8	0.01	0.05	0.904^ns
Al	cmol_c dm^-3	0.32	79.4	0.0	0.7	0.891^ns
H + Al	cmol_c dm^-3	2.82	39.0	0.00	4.51	0.909^ns
SB	cmol_c dm^-3	1.82	46.2	0.81	3.90	0.867*
CEC	cmol_c dm^-3	4.63	13.9	3.12	5.48	0.941^ns
V	%	40.4	54.3	15	100	0.803**
OM	g kg^-1	11.2	18.2	7.9	15.0	0.909^ns
Cu	mg dm^-3	0.021	228.4	0	0.173	0.526**
Fe	mg dm^-3	0.617	66.2	0.196	1.612	0.779**
Zn	mg dm^-3	3.365	34.3	1.838	5.425	0.939^ns
Mn	mg dm^-3	0.360	45.4	0.189	0.791	0.826**

Attributes	pH	EC	P	K	Ca	Mg	Na	Al	H+Al	SB	CEC	V	OM
pH	1.00
EC	0.18	1.00
P	0.70	0.12	1.00
K	0.09	0.36	0.28	1.00
Ca	0.90	0.46	0.64	0.21	1.00
Mg	0.39	0.26	0.11	0.23	0.55	1.00
Na	0.05	0.42	-0.20	0.10	0.25	0.80	1.00
Al	-0.86	-0.12	-0.48	-0.12	-0.76	-0.35	-0.03	1.00
H+Al	-0.98	-0.17	-0.68	-0.07	-0.86	-0.32	-0.05	0.85	1.00
SB	0.86	0.48	0.61	0.32	0.98	0.66	0.36	-0.74	-0.81	1.00
CEC	-0.55	0.34	-0.37	0.30	-0.18	0.32	0.38	0.50	0.65	-0.08	1.00
V	0.98	0.29	0.72	0.10	0.94	0.43	0.15	-0.77	-0.96	0.90	-0.46	1.00
OM	0.02	0.48	-0.07	0.43	0.31	0.34	0.41	0.08	0.07	0.37	0.59	0.10	1.00

Soil attributes	PC1	PC2
Soil attributes	Eigenvectors
pH	0.985 ⁽¹⁾	-0.108
P	0.724	-0.186
Ca	0.948	0.257
Mg	0.474	0.653
Al	-0.859	0.147
H + Al	-0.966	0.213
SB	0.923	0.366
CEC	-0.455	0.836
V	0.980	-0.011
OM	0.088	0.838
Eigenvalues	6.32	2.14
Explained variance (%)	63.21	21.44
Cumulative variance (%)	63.21	84.65

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[1] * Corresponding author - E-mail: alidewatanabe@yahoo.com.br

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Characterization of soils cultivated with cassava under different managements1 1 Research developed at São Felipe, BA, Brazil

Caracterização de solos cultivados com mandioca sob diferentes manejos

HIGHLIGHTS:

ABSTRACT

Characterization of soils cultivated with cassava under different managements¹ 1 Research developed at São Felipe, BA, Brazil