Gas exchange, photosynthetic pigments, and growth of hydroponic okra under salt stress and salicylic acid

Mendonça, Allysson J. T.; Lima, Geovani S. de; Soares, Lauriane A. dos A.; Oliveira, Valeska K. N.; Gheyi, Hans R.; Silva, Luderlândio de A.; Almeida, Fernandes A. de; Fernandes, Pedro D.

doi:10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v27n9p673-681

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Articles • Rev. bras. eng. agríc. ambient. 27 (9) • Sept 2023 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v27n9p673-681 copy

Gas exchange, photosynthetic pigments, and growth of hydroponic okra under salt stress and salicylic acid¹ 1 Research developed at Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Centro de Ciências e Tecnologia Agroalimentar, Pombal, PB, Brazil

Trocas gasosas, pigmentos fotossintéticos e crescimento de quiabeiro hidropônico sob estresse salino e ácido salicílico

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

HIGHLIGHTS:

Salt stress limited gas exchange and inhibited the growth of okra in hydroponic system.

Saline nutrient solution up to 9.0 dS m^-1 does not affect the relative water content and electrolyte leakage.

Salicylic acid at a concentration of 0.9 mM stimulates the synthesis of carotenoids under a saline solution of 9.0 dS m^-1.

ABSTRACT

The high concentrations of salts present in the water sources of the Brazilian Northeastern semi-arid region stand out as one of the limiting factors for agricultural production, contributing to soil salinization and/or sodification. Thus, it is extremely important to identify strategies to mitigate the effects of salt stress on plants, such as the foliar application of salicylic acid. In this context, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of foliar application of salicylic acid as an attenuator of salt stress on leaf gas exchange, water relations, photosynthetic pigments, and growth of okra cv. Canindé grown in a hydroponic system. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse, in Pombal, PB, Brazil. The treatments consisted of four levels of electrical conductivity of the nutrient solution - ECns (3.0, 5.0, 7.0, and 9.0 dS m^-1) and four concentrations of salicylic acid - SA (0, 1.2, 2.4, and 3.6 mM) distributed in a completely randomized design in a split-plot scheme, considering the ECns levels as the plots and SA concentrations as the subplots, with four replicates and two plants per plot. ECns from 3.0 dS m^-1 inhibited the synthesis of photosynthetic pigments, leaf gas exchange, and growth of okra cv. Canindé. Foliar application of salicylic acid at concentrations of up to 3.6 mM does not alleviate the effects of salt stress on water relations, gas exchange and growth of okra. Salicylic acid at a concentration of 1.8 mM stimulates chlorophyll a and b biosynthesis in okra under ECns of 3.0 and 4.0 dS m^-1, respectively.

Key words:
Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench; salinity; soilless cultivation; phytohormone

Nutrient	Fertilizer	Quantity (g 1000L^-1)
N	KH₂PO₄	136.09
P	KNO₃	101.10
K	Ca(NO₃)₂.4H₂O	236.15
Ca	MgSO₄.7H₂O	246.49
Mg	H₃BO₃	3.10
S	MnSO₄.4H₂O	1.70
B	ZnSO₄.7H₂O	0.22
Mn	CuSO₄.5H₂O	0.75
Zn	(NH₄)₆Mo₇O₂₄.4H₂O	1.25
Cu	CuSO₄	0.75
Mo	EDTA – Na	13.9
Fe	FeSO₄	13.9

Sources of variation	DF	Mean squares
Sources of variation	DF	RWC	% IEL	gs⁽¹⁾	E⁽¹⁾	A	Ci⁽¹⁾	WUEi⁽¹⁾	CEi⁽²⁾
Saline nutrient solution (ECns)	3	25.88^ns	2.08^ns	0.05*	2.57*	540.84**	3795.11^ns	17.51**	0.10^ns
Linear regression	1	19.72^ns	0.03^ns	0.14**	6.98**	1282.88**	3496.06^ns	43.98**	0.21^ns
Quadratic regression	1	30.33^ns	4.95^ns	0.01**	0.71^ns	321.57**	7056.75^ns	5.86^ns	0.08^ns
Residual 1	6	557.51	19.14	0.02	8.70	275.03	15.25	49.07	0.06
Salicylic acid (SA)	3	52.82^ns	1.36^ns	0.0028^ns	0.19^ns	41.58^ns	3064.53^ns	4.04^ns	0.08^ns
Linear regression	1	97.74^ns	3.94^ns	0.0005^ns	0.02^ns	79.94^ns	6020.01^ns	9.16^ns	0.14^ns
Quadratic regression	1	26.28^ns	0.13^ns	0.004^ns	0.45^ns	39.24^ns	310.08^ns	0.33^ns	0.002^ns
Interaction (ECns × SA)	9	28.08^ns	0.68^ns	0.0024^ns	0.14^ns	36.96^ns	1640.42^ns	1.93^ns	0.05^ns
Residual 2	26	841.03	32.85	0.04	6.93	771.87	99.41	208.94	1.16
CV 1 (%)		12.62	17.44	13.35	18.81	21.89	15.40	13.83	6.34
CV 2 (%)		7.44	10.97	7.82	7.84	17.62	18.89	14.53	11.80

Sources of variation	DF	Mean squares
Sources of variation	DF	Chl a	Chl b	Car
Saline nutrient solution (ECns)	3	11.21**	449.49**	17.59**
Linear regression	1	19.04^ns	1126.25**	30.70**
Quadratic regression	1	12.38^ns	215.30**	18.70**
Residual 1	6	2.82	39.60	2.12
Salicylic acid (SA)	3	3.22**	15.34^ns	2.71**
Linear regression	1	0.53^ns	0.07^ns	1.63^ns
Quadratic regression	1	2.97*	0.50^ns	1.09^ns
Interaction (ECns × SA)	9	4.94**	27.81*	4.10**
Residual 2	26	6.25	269.58	15.92
CV 1 (%)		2.79	10.92	19.39
CV 2 (%)		2.00	13.69	25.50

Sources of variation	DF	Mean squares
Sources of variation	DF	PH	SD	NL	LA
Saline nutrient solution (ECns)	3	31761.29**	270.67**	1262.18**	373931359.02**
Linear regression	1	94803.75**	802.96**	3736.70**	999947179.26**
Quadratic regression	1	462.52^ns	1.27^ns	27.00^ns	116102865.15**
Residual 1	6	2092.25	32.26	145.67	2063154.31
Salicylic acid (SA)	3	208.43^ns	1.88^ns	23.90^ns	2637518.49^ns
Linear regression	1	279.50^ns	1.11^ns	63.03^ns	5832858.19^ns
Quadratic regression	1	200.08^ns	4.44^ns	8.33^ns	336837.49^ns
Interaction (ECns × SA)	9	358.80^ns	4.18^ns	19.39^ns	1687857.99^ns
Residual 2	26	12208.75	183.10	366.65	2795605.17
CV 1 (%)		12.01	12.26	19.84	21.90
CV 2 (%)		13.94	14.03	15.12	25.49

Unidade Acadêmica de Engenharia Agrícola Unidade Acadêmica de Engenharia Agrícola, UFCG, Av. Aprígio Veloso 882, Bodocongó, Bloco CM, 1º andar, CEP 58429-140, Campina Grande, PB, Brasil, Tel. +55 83 2101 1056 - Campina Grande - PB - Brazil
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[1] * Corresponding author - E-mail: allyssonjonhnny@hotmail.com

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Gas exchange, photosynthetic pigments, and growth of hydroponic okra under salt stress and salicylic acid1 1 Research developed at Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Centro de Ciências e Tecnologia Agroalimentar, Pombal, PB, Brazil

Trocas gasosas, pigmentos fotossintéticos e crescimento de quiabeiro hidropônico sob estresse salino e ácido salicílico

HIGHLIGHTS:

ABSTRACT

Gas exchange, photosynthetic pigments, and growth of hydroponic okra under salt stress and salicylic acid¹ 1 Research developed at Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Centro de Ciências e Tecnologia Agroalimentar, Pombal, PB, Brazil