Soil physical quality in response to intensification of grain production systems

Mota, Paula K.; Silva, Bruno M.; Borghi, Emerson; Viana, João H. M.; Resende, Álvaro V. de; Moura, Maíse S. de

doi:10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v24n10p647-655

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Articles • Rev. bras. eng. agríc. ambient. 24 (10) • Oct 2020 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v24n10p647-655 copy

Soil physical quality in response to intensification of grain production systems

Qualidade física do solo em resposta à intensificação de sistemas de produção de grãos

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

The Brazilian Cerrado stands out in relation to grain production, however, in this region the occurrence of summer and irregular rainfall, drastically harm the non-irrigated production. Conservationist managements favor the soil physical quality and, consequently, the efficiency of soil water consumption. The objective of this study was to evaluate the soil physical quality, as a function of the conservation managements adopted, by using physical soil quality indicators, and to verify its relation with the soil organic carbon stocks and the grain yield in the Cerrado of Minas Gerais state, Brazil. For that, six treatments were evaluated: soybean (1) and maize (2) monocultures crop systems at medium level of investment in soil fertilization, soybean-maize crop succession at medium (3) and high (6) level of investment in soil fertilization, and crop succession of soybean-maize and intercropped with Urochloa ruziziensis at medium (4) and high (5) level of investment in soil fertilization, during the initial stage of no-tillage system. The treatments 3, 4, 5 and 6 showed improvement in the soil physical quality in relation to the monoculture. Pore distribution and soil organic carbon content were the main responsible for discriminating the intensified crop systems. Attributes related to water availability were important for plant growth in the 0-0.05 m layer, while for the 0.15-0.20 m layer, the highest soil aeration stood out. Productivity did not correlate with the evaluated attributes.

Key words:
Urochloa ruziziensis; soil management; soil water properties; crop rotations; principal component analysis

Treatments	Levels of investment in soil fertilization	Crop season	Summer	Autumn-Spring	Fertilizer (kg ha^-1)
Treatments	Levels of investment in soil fertilization	Crop season	Summer	Autumn-Spring	N	P₂O₅	K₂O
1	Medium	2014/15	Soybean	Fallow	8.2	82	82
1	Medium	2015/16	Soybean	Fallow	7	70	70
2	Medium	2014/15	Maize	Fallow	33.2	116.2	66.4
2	Medium	2015/16	Maize	Fallow	24	84	48
3	Medium	2014/15	Maize	Fallow	33.2	116.4	66.4
3	Medium	2015/16	Soybean	Fallow	7	70	70
4	Medium	2014/15	Maize + U. ruziziensis	U. ruziziensis	33.2	116.2	66.4
4	Medium	2015/16	Soybean + U. ruziziensis	U. ruziziensis	7	70	70
5	High	2014/15	Soybean + U. ruziziensis	U. ruziziensis	9.6	95.8	95.8
5	High	2015/16	Maize + U. ruziziensis	U. ruziziensis	36	126	72
6	High	2014/15	Soybean	Fallow	9.6	95.8	95.8
6	High	2015/16	Maize	Fallow	36	126	72

Treatments	Value	BD	Mic	Mac	RWC	PAWC	RAW	SM	n	S	OC	SOCS	RY
1	0-0.05 m
	Maximum	1.230	0.444	0.132	0.849	0.130	0.076	0.553	1.431	0.055	2.18	12.54	100.0
	Minimum	1.088	0.414	0.077	0.758	0.127	0.075	0.519	1.289	0.041	2.04	11.86	91.3
	Medium	1.173	0.430	0.105	0.804	0.129	0.076	0.533	1.358	0.048	2.09	12.23	96.2
	0.15-0.20 m
	Maximum	1.158	0.407	0.125	0.781	0.127	0.075	0.549	1.539	0.059	2.09	12.08	100.0
	Minimum	1.067	0.406	0.114	0.764	0.094	0.055	0.520	1.272	0.039	1.75	9.41	91.3
	Medium	1.113	0.407	0.121	0.771	0.114	0.067	0.537	1.386	0.048	1.87	10.40	96.2
2	0-0.05 m
	Maximum	1.123	0.413	0.180	0.775	0.171	0.092	0.608	1.226	0.050	2.25	11.68	80.3
	Minimum	0.994	0.401	0.119	0.689	0.069	0.037	0.545	1.077	0.015	2.08	11.17	93.6
	Medium	1.071	0.408	0.155	0.726	0.128	0.069	0.580	1.144	0.037	2.14	11.42	82.5
	0.15-0.20 m
	Maximum	1.085	0.409	0.161	0.785	0.121	0.066	0.562	1.573	0.068	2.45	13.15	80.3
	Minimum	1.064	0.389	0.112	0.716	0.111	0.060	0.544	1.221	0.042	1.99	10.59	93.6
	Medium	1.075	0.401	0.135	0.749	0.117	0.063	0.552	1.363	0.052	2.28	12.27	82.5
3	0-0.05 m
	Maximum	1.051	0.392	0.213	0.688	0.142	0.084	0.602	1.882	0.115	2.79	12.84	97.3
	Minimum	0.922	0.374	0.177	0.637	0.118	0.070	0.591	1.199	0.052	2.39	12.53	100.0
	Medium	0.986	0.385	0.198	0.660	0.126	0.074	0.596	1.490	0.079	2.59	12.69	100.0
	0.15-0.20 m
	Maximum	1.011	0.409	0.242	0.687	0.134	0.079	0.589	1.977	0.120	2.50	12.42	97.3
	Minimum	0.908	0.357	0.173	0.597	0.128	0.075	0.578	1.567	0.080	2.28	10.34	100.0
	Medium	0.964	0.381	0.200	0.657	0.130	0.077	0.582	1.722	0.094	2.41	11.64	100.0
4	0-0.05 m
	Maximum	1.098	0.437	0.161	0.784	0.160	0.094	0.585	1.330	0.063	2.83	15.53	91.8
	Minimum	1.036	0.410	0.120	0.721	0.140	0.083	0.561	1.188	0.045	2.64	13.69	99.5
	Medium	1.066	0.422	0.147	0.743	0.150	0.089	0.571	1.278	0.055	2.72	14.49	97.7
	0.15-0.20 m
	Maximum	1.167	0.457	0.149	0.843	0.171	0.101	0.565	1.462	0.066	2.49	14.46	91.8
	Minimum	1.068	0.392	0.085	0.725	0.126	0.074	0.545	1.144	0.040	2.45	13.09	99.5
	Medium	1.108	0.420	0.123	0.774	0.145	0.086	0.553	1.291	0.051	2.47	13.70	97.7
5	0-0.05 m
	Maximum	1.058	0.419	0.224	0.738	0.178	0.096	0.612	1.819	0.120	2.68	14.15	100.0
	Minimum	0.969	0.387	0.148	0.636	0.135	0.073	0.560	1.245	0.067	2.59	12.55	99.7
	Medium	1.000	0.399	0.190	0.679	0.163	0.088	0.592	1.494	0.085	2.62	13.11	100.0
	0.15-0.20 m
	Maximum	1.063	0.433	0.206	0.739	0.199	0.107	0.627	1.773	0.116	2.63	12.78	100.0
	Minimum	0.971	0.378	0.148	0.647	0.151	0.082	0.598	1.187	0.056	2.34	12.41	99.7
	Medium	1.027	0.410	0.180	0.696	0.176	0.095	0.612	1.431	0.083	2.46	12.63	100.0
6	0-0.05 m
	Maximum	1.145	0.450	0.198	0.773	0.171	0.092	0.586	1.586	0.086	2.76	15.77	77.0
	Minimum	0.979	0.386	0.132	0.662	0.145	0.078	0.568	1.386	0.065	2.07	10.15	100.0
	Medium	1.056	0.416	0.162	0.720	0.155	0.084	0.575	1.483	0.075	2.42	12.84	82.9
	0.15-0.20 m
	Maximum	1.151	0.432	0.170	0.774	0.143	0.077	0.589	1.705	0.084	2.55	14.68	77.0
	Minimum	1.100	0.414	0.125	0.708	0.135	0.073	0.569	1.352	0.064	2.34	13.02	100.0
	Medium	1.121	0.425	0.151	0.739	0.139	0.075	0.578	1.491	0.071	2.47	13.84	82.9
	Values found in the literature
	Maximum	1.34^b	-	0.15^b	0.7^a	0.20^a	-	-	-	0.045^b	5^a	-	-
	Minimum	1.08^b	-	0.10^b	0.6^a	0.15^a	-	-	-	0.025^b	3^a	-	-

	CP1	CP2	CP1	CP2
	0-0.05 m		0.15-0.20 m
Eigenvalues	2.562	1.758	2.516	1.857
Explained variance (%)	55	26.1	52.7	29.4
Accumulated explained variance (%)	55	81.1	52.7	82.1
Variables	Eigenvalues
Bulk density	-0.369	0.163	-0.328	-0.243
Soil microporosity	-0.304	0.345	-0.160	-0.447
Soil macroporosity	0.362	-0.205	0.385	0.068
Water relative capacity	-0.355	0.233	-0.375	-0.167
Plant-available water capacity	0.176	0.395	0.256	-0.373
Readily available water	0.172	0.488	0.246	-0.307
Saturation moisture	0.330	-0.230	0.363	-0.152
Parameter n	0.274	0.126	0.295	0.253
S Index	0.350	0.106	0.388	0.007
Soil organic carbon	0.317	0.213	0.246	-0.349
Soil organic carbon stocks	0.184	0.443	0.053	-0.493
Relative yield	0.116	0.206	0.139	0.151

	RY	SOCS	BD	Mic	Mac	RWC	PAWC	RAW	SM	n	S	OC
0-0.05 m
RY.	1
SOCS	0.337	1
BD	-0.033	-0.236	1
Mic	-0.116	0.136	0.887*	1
Mac	0.042	0.126	-0.991*	-0.924*	1
RWC	-0.030	-0.090	0.987*	0.941*	-0.999*	1
PAWC	0.094	0.598	-0.319	0.085	0.271	-0.218	1
RAW	0.319	0.863*	-0.211	0.204	0.131	-0.079	0.903*	1
SM	-0.152	0.114	-0.977*	-0.877*	0.970*	-0.970*	0.257	0.095	1
n	0.594	0.265	-0.446	-0.393	0.483	-0.464	0.412	0.416	0.273	1
S	0.475	0.371	-0.718	-0.583	0.733	-0.710	0.554	0.512	0.574	0.931*	1
OC	0.289	0.832*	-0.730	-0.424	0.649	-0.624	0.553	0.698	0.625	0.452	0.671	1
0.15-0.20 m
RY.	1
SOCS	-0.479	1
BD	-0.377	0.267	1
Mic	-0.250	0.632	0.836*	1
Mac	0.336	-0.023	-0.894*	-0.581	1
RWC	-0.330	0.111	0.933*	0.675	-0.993*	1
PAWC	0.341	0.518	-0.232	0.317	0.432	-0.340	1
RAW	0.504	0.451	-0.282	0.237	0.415	-0.334	0.952*	1
SM	0.270	0.332	-0.580	-0.073	0.818	-0.751	0.832*	0.728	1
n	0.257	-0.225	-0.760	-0.678	0.850*	-0.873*	-0.037	0.001	0.450	1
S	0.351	0.065	-0.821*	-0.468	0.987*	-0.963*	0.484	0.471	0.844*	0.850*	1
OC	-0.247	0.843*	-0.288	0.159	0.478	-0.412	0.618	0.596	0.631	0.235	0.532	1

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[1] E-mail: pk_mota@yahoo.com.br (Corresponding author)