Leaching of cations in soil cultivated with sugarcane subjected to saline irrigation and leaching fractions

Lixiviação de cátions em solo cultivado com cana-de-açúcar submetida à irrigação salina e frações de lixiviação

ABSTRACT

The objective of this study was to evaluate the concentration of cations in the leachate of soil cultivated with sugarcane irrigated with brackish water. An experiment was carried out in drainage lysimeters at the Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, at the Recife campus. The experimental design was completely randomized in a 5 x 2 factorial scheme, with four replicates, corresponding to five levels of electrical conductivity of the irrigation water (ECw) (0.5, 2.0, 3.5, 5.0 and 6.5 dS m^-1) and two leaching fractions (LF1 = 0 and LF2 = 0.17) corresponding to water depths equivalent to 100 and 120% of crop evapotranspiration (ETc), by which the irrigations were managed. Electrical conductivity of the drained water was daily monitored and Na, K, Ca and Mg concentrations in the drainage water were determined at 129, 214, 286 and 324 days after planting (DAP). There were higher salt concentrations in the leachates when leaching fraction LF1 = 0 was used. The use of the 0.17 leaching fraction led to greater dissolution of the salts and may have caused a higher uptake of the essential cations by the crop. Sodium was the most quantitatively leached cation at all collection dates.

Key words: Saccharum spp.; water salinity; soluble ions

RESUMO

Objetivou-se com o presente trabalho avaliar a concentração de cátions no lixiviado de solo cultivado com cana-de-açúcar irrigada com águas salobras. Realizou-se um experimento em lisímetros de drenagem na Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, no campus do Recife. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 5 x 2, com quatro repetições, sendo cinco níveis de condutividade elétrica da água de irrigação (CEa) (0,5; 2,0; 3,5; 5,0 e 6,5 dS m^-1) e duas frações de lixiviação (FL1 = 0 e FL2 = 0,17) que corresponderam à lamina de irrigação equivalente a 100 e 120% da evapotranspiração da cultura (ETc), pelas quais foram manejadas as irrigações. Diariamente foi monitorada a condutividade elétrica da água drenada (CEad) e aos 129, 214, 286 e 324 dias após o plantio (DAP) foram determinadas as concentrações de Na, K, Ca e Mg na água de drenagem. Verificou-se maiores concentrações de sais na água drenada quando não se utilizou a fração de lixiviação, ou seja, FL1 = 0. O uso da fração de lixiviação 0,17 proporcionou maior dissolução dos sais podendo ter ocasionado maior absorção dos cátions essenciais pela cultura. O sódio foi o cátion quantitativamente mais lixiviado em todas as datas de coletas.

Palavras-chave: Saccharum spp.; salinidade da água; íons solúveis

Introduction

Soil salinization is an increasing problem on a global scale. It is a natural process of the weathering referred to as primary salinization, occurring over time; and anthropogenic, which is a process accelerated through irrigated agriculture, known as secondary salinization. Low-quality waters and poor irrigation management in poorly drained areas without using leaching fractions may intensify the reduction of soil production capacity (Lima Júnior & Silva, 2010; Herbert et al., 2015).

Excess of salts in agricultural soils can cause serious damages to soil physical and chemical processes (lower availability of water and nutrients to plants, reduction in the osmotic potential of the soil solution and clay dispersion) and result in generalized reduction in plant growth (Vasconcelos et al., 2013). According to Puga et al. (2016), one of the techniques used to control salts in the soil is the use of leaching fraction, which consists in applying through irrigation a water depth above the need of the crop, so that salts from irrigation water and/or present in the soil are leached from the root zone, allowing good yields of the crops.

According to Silva et al. (2011), the main salts dissolved in irrigation water are the cations sodium, calcium, magnesium and potassium. However, each element has a different reaction in the soil-plant-atmosphere system, being totally dependent on the surrounding environment.

Thus, it is necessary to monitor nutrients and ions removed or retained in the soil or in the plants when low-quality waters are used, as a form of prevention of soil salinization and yield reduction. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the concentration of leached cations in soil cultivated with sugarcane subjected to irrigation with brackish waters and use of leaching fractions.

Material and Methods

The experiment was carried out at the Lysimeter Station of Irrigated Agriculture Professor Ronaldo Freire de Moura, located at the Department of Agricultural Engineering (DEAGRI) of the Federal Rural University of Pernambuco (UFRPE), Recife Campus (8° 01’ 05” S; 34° 56’ 48” W; 6.5 m). According to Köppen’s classification, the climate of the region is As, tropical megathermal (humid tropical) (Alvares et al., 2014).

The experimental area comprised 40 drainage lysimeters with capacity for 1000 L each, with upper external diameter of 1.38 m and external height of 0.745 m, equidistantly spaced by 1.20 m and installed at 0.65 m depth, with an edge of 10 cm above soil surface to avoid the entry of rainwater or irrigation water, from runoff.

The soil material used in the lysimeters came from a Spodosol of the municipality of Goiana/PE (0 to 0.40 m): EC = 0.38 dS m^-1, coarse sand = 640 g kg^-1, fine sand = 250 g kg^-1, silt = 30 g kg^-1, clay = 80 g kg^-1, textural class = sand, bulk density = 1.80 kg dm^-3, particle density = 2.63 kg dm^-3, clay dispersed in water = 0%, degree of flocculation = 100%, moisture_0.33atm = 3.02%, moisture_15atm = 1.34%, available water = 1.68%, organic matter = 20.39 g kg^-1, pH(H₂O) = 5.0, P = 5 mg dm^-3, K⁺ = 0.02 cmol_c dm^-3, Ca²⁺ = 0.30 cmol_c dm^-3, Mg²⁺ = 0.40 cmol_c dm^-3, Na⁺ = 0.11 cmol_c dm^-3, Al³⁺ = 0.75 cmol_c dm^-3, CEC_effective = 1.58 cmol_c dm^-3, SB = 0.83 cmol_c dm^-3, determined according to the methodology of EMBRAPA (2009, 2011).

The internal drainage system of the lysimeters was composed of a 50-mm-diameter low-density polyethylene tube, covered with a geotextile. The lysimeters were filled with a 7-cm layer of 19-mm crushed stone, covered with a geotextile to prevent soil particles from passing. Above the geotextile, the lysimeters were filled with soil and each lysimeter received the same amount of dry soil (1070 kg).

Treatments consisted of the combination of five levels of irrigation water electrical conductivity (ECw): T1 = 0.5; T2 = 2.0; T3 = 3.5; T4 = 5.0 and T5 = 6.5 dS m^-1 and two leaching fractions (L1 = 0 and L2 = 0.17), corresponding to water depths equivalent to L1 = 100% and L2 = 120% of crop evapotranspiration (ETc), respectively. The experimental design was completely randomized in a 5 x 2 factorial scheme, with four replicates, totaling 40 experimental plots.

Salinity levels were obtained by the addition of NaCl and CaCl₂ at equivalent proportion of 1:1 (Ca:Na), respectively, in water from the local supply system of the UFRPE (ECw = 0.5 dS m^-1) in amounts necessary to obtain the electrical conductivities of the respective treatments, according to Rhoades et al. (2000) (Eq. 1):

$$Q=640E{C}_w$$ (1)

where:

Q - quantity of salts (mg L^-1); and

ECw - desired value of water electrical conductivity (dS m^-1).

For the control (T1), only water from the local supply system was used. The sugarcane variety RB867515 was used in the experiment, and its cuttings came from the Sugarcane Experimental Station of Carpina (EECAC-UFRPE). Planting was carried out at spacing of 1.20 m between rows and 0.20 m between cuttings, with two buds each.

Sugarcane was planted on August 2, 2014. Treatments began to be applied at 60 days after planting (DAP) and irrigation was daily performed, based on the replacement of 100% and 120% ETc according to Eq. 2:

$$ETc=EToKc$$ (2)

where:

ETc - crop evapotranspiration, mm d^-1;

ETo - reference evapotranspiration, mm d^-1; and

Kc - crop coefficient, dimensionless.

ETo was determined from the meteorological data collected at the automatic meteorological station (Campbell Scientific, CR1000/CFM100/OS100) situated in the area and used in the Penman-Monteith estimation method (Allen et al., 1998). The Kc used varied with the phenological stage, according to the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations – FAO (Allen et al., 1998).

Every day, an 80-mL aliquot was collected in the water drained from the 120% ETc water depth to monitor the concentration of leached salts, by measuring the electrical conductivity (ECdw) with a benchtop conductivity meter (Model MCA150). For the 100% ETc water depth, drainage only occurred when the daily effective rainfall was higher than ETc. At 129, 214, 286 and 324 DAP, the cations calcium, magnesium, potassium and sodium were analyzed in the leachate according to the methodology of EMBRAPA (2011).

The data were subjected to analysis of variance by F test (p < 0.05) and regression analysis for salinity levels, and means were compared by Tukey test (p < 0.05), using the statistical program Sisvar (Ferreira, 2014).

Results and Discussion

Until 94 DAP, the drained water showed mean electrical conductivity below 3 dS m^-1, due to the effect of dilution of the salts caused by the rainfall observed in the period (Figure 1).

Figure 1
Rainfall and crop evapotranspiration recorded along the experiment

From this period (94 DAP), ECdw increased for all ECw levels studied, and these increments were directly proportional to the ECw values. This occurred because of the increase in irrigation depth due to the higher ETc over the time, in which a drier period was observed up to 220 DAP (Figure 2).

Figure 2
Electrical conductivity of the water drained from the lysimeters as a function of levels of irrigation water salinity: 0.5 (A); 2.0 (B); 3.5 (C); 5.0 (D); 6.5 (E) dS m^-1 and leaching fractions (L1 = 0 and L2 = 0.17) along the sugarcane cycle

From 94 DAP, it was also observed that most treatments under 0.17 leaching fractions had lower values of ECdw (Figure 2), proving the effect of leaching fraction on the reduction of soil salinity, corroborating the results obtained by Simões et al. (2016).

This occurred because a water depth above the requirement of the crop was applied, leading to leaching of salts from the root zone, higher dissolution of salts and consequently favoring higher absorption of nutrients by the plant.

The leaching fraction L1 did not cause drainage every day and salts accumulated in the soil, being only leached when effective rainfall occurred. Ferreira et al. (2006), evaluating the beet crop irrigated with brackish water of different levels of electrical conductivity (1, 2, 3 and 4 dS m^-1) and applying leaching fractions equivalent to 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1.00 and 1.25 of the pore volume of the soil, observed increments of salinity in the leachate as the leaching fractions decreased.

In terms of electrical conductivity of drained water, it was also observed that salinity decreased in some periods of analysis, due to the intense rains occurred in the period. In addition, there was higher conductivity at 156 DAP (ECw ~14 dS m^-1) at the most saline level and 100% ETc replacement (Figure 2).

For the concentrations of Na, K, Ca and Mg salts in the drained water, there were isolated effects of both factors irrigation water salinity and leaching fractions. In the last analysis at 324 DAP, none of the factors had significant effect on the variables, except sodium, which was influenced by irrigation water salinity (Table 1).

Table 1
Summary of test F of the leached cations as a function of levels of irrigation water salinity and leaching fractions

Source of variation	DF	Ca129DAP	Ca214DAP	Ca286DAP	Ca324DAP	Mg129DAP	Mg214DAP	Mg286DAP	Mg324DAP
ECw (S)	4	**	**	**	ns	**	**	**	ns
Fraction (LF)	1	**	**	**	ns	**	0.0013*	**	ns
ECw x LF	4	ns	4ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns
CV (%)		4.81	16.94	14.88	30.65	20.96	11.94	11.51	42.19
		K129DAP	K214DAP	K286DAP	K324DAP	Na129DAP	Na214DAP	Na286DAP	Na324DAP
ECw (S)	4	**	**	**	ns	**	**	**	**
Fraction (LF)	1	**	**	**	ns	*	**	**	ns
ECw x LF	4	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns*	ns
CV (%)		21.20	17.21	9.29	73.17	12.93	15.94	14.49	34.47

• *Significant at 0.05 probability level ** Significant at 0.01 probability level; ^ns Not significant

As irrigation water salinity increased, all cations were leached with increments according to the regression equations presented for each element and date in Figure 3.

Figure 3
Concentrations of calcium (A), magnesium (B), potassium (C) and sodium (D) leached in the water drained from the lysimeters

For all ions analyzed at 214 DAP, there was greater leaching of the salts, probably because the period was drier; thus, more irrigation with salinized water was applied and probably plants had more difficulty absorbing nutrients. According to Munns & Tester (2008), composts of Ca²⁺, K⁺, Na⁺ and Cl^- when added to the soil reach the roots, decreasing the osmotic potential of the soil-plant system, compromising the absorption of water and nutrients by the plant.

The first phase is fast because it occurs immediately after the contact with salinity, referred to as osmotic phase, in which salts such as Ca²⁺, K⁺, Na⁺ and Cl^- reach the roots, reducing the osmotic potential of the soil-plant system, compromising water absorption by the plant.

In the present study, potassium was the cation with lowest concentration in the leachate. Similar result was found by Pessoa et al. (2010), who worked with onion and three levels of electrical conductivity of the irrigation water (0.2; 0.7 and 2.0 dS m^-1) and also observed that potassium was the cation present in lowest concentration in the water drained from the soil, but it increased as ECw increased. This probably occurred because this element does not participate significantly in the chemical composition of the irrigation water since, when water salinity is increased, there is a reduction in potassium content in the soils due to the replacement of this element in the exchange complex, especially when there are high concentrations of sodium (Deinlein et al., 2014), with subsequent leaching. The same result was observed for magnesium, which was also not supplied by the irrigation water and its contents increased in the leachates of the treatments with highest ECdw values (Figure 3).

Calcium was the essential element with greatest losses, with increment in concentration as ECw increased; however, its contents were surpassed by those of sodium ions.

High concentration of sodium in the irrigation water led to higher concentration in the drained water. This result was also found by Pessoa et al. (2010). Silva et al. (2008) also observed high sodium concentrations in the water drained from four soils irrigated with saline water in Rio Grande do Norte, and its concentrations were higher than those of magnesium and calcium, at 30 days of saline water application. Studying the contribution of irrigation with sodium-chlorine saline waters, Fernandes et al. (2009) also observed high sodium concentration in the soil of an irrigated perimeter in the Sertão region of Pernambuco.

In general, for all elements there was a similar behavior in terms of leaching fraction, with high concentration in the leachate at the leaching fraction L1 = 0, except for the sodium ion in the first analysis at 129 DAP, which had higher concentration at the leaching fraction L2 = 0.17 (Table 2), with mean value of 24.34 mmol_c L^-1. This fact may have occurred due to the leaching of salts to the deeper layers and the lack of absorption of this element by plants, resulting from the very high concentration in the soil solution. Martinez et al. (2010) claim that, when irrigation is performed with levels above those tolerated by the crop and with water exceeding its requirement (leaching fraction), there is a miscible displacement of the solutes through diffusion, dispersion and mass flow, transporting them to deeper regions of the root zone.

Table 2
Comparison of means for the leached cations considering the factor leaching fraction (LF)

Source of variation	Ca129DAP	Ca214DAP	Ca286DAP	Ca324DAP	Mg129DAP	Mg214DAP	Mg286DAP	Mg324DAP
	mmolc L-1
LF1	18.4982 a	36.2052 a	28.304 a	4.0207 a	4.1704 a	7.9738 a	6.1820 a	0.9211 a
LF2	16.6362 b	32.8613 b	26.840 b	3.5813 a	3.4929 b	6.9747 b	5.0450 b	0.8236 a
LSD	0.5456	1.5467	0.8687	0.9978	0.5186	0.5762	0.4174	0.2658
	K129DAP	K214DAP	K286DAP	K324DAP	Na129DAP	Na214DAP	Na286DAP	Na324DAP
	mmolc L-1
LF1	0.0618 a	0.0800 a	0.0517 a	0.0443 a	22.8809 b	71.1536 a	57.1128 a	4.4544 a
LF2	0.0288 b	0.0585 b	0.0435 b	0.0365 a	24.3404 a	61.3004 b	52.6583 b	3.4400 a
LSD	13.17	0.0077	0.0028	0.0167	1.3722	2.5418	1.5917	1.1336

• LSD – Least significant difference. Means followed by the same letters in the column do not differ statistically by Tukey test at 0.05 probability level

Benites et al. (2009) claim that, comparing three essential elements present in the drainage water and evaluated in this study (calcium, magnesium and potassium), the highest mobility was related to the K⁺ ion, followed by Mg²⁺, and the least mobile was Ca²⁺. Nevertheless, Ishiguro et al. (1992) already claimed that the higher the concentration of the nutrient in the soil solution, the greater the chance for it to be lost by leaching. Potassium preferentially moves by diffusion and at lower proportion by mass flow, whereas calcium and magnesium move preferentially by mass flow. In addition, potassium is at higher concentration in the plant, compared with calcium and magnesium. Mengel & Kirkby (2001) claim that, although calcium concentration in the soil solution is ten times higher than that of potassium, its absorption will be usually lower than that of potassium by the plant.

Conclusions

1. The use of 0.17 leaching fraction allowed higher dissolution of the salts in the soil solution and may have allowed higher absorption of cations by the crop.

2. Increasing irrigation water salinity led to increment in the concentrations of the leached cations.

3. Sodium was the most quantitatively leached cation in the entire crop cycle.

Acknowledgments

To the Science and Technology Support Foundation of Pernambuco (FACEPE), to the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES) for granting the Postgraduate scholarship and to the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq/INCTsal) for the financial support.

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  Sept 2018

History

• Received
  27 Sept 2017
• Accepted
  23 Apr 2018
• Published
  25 July 2018