Storage and quality of landrace cowpea grains stored in silo bags<sup>1</sup>

Silva, Mayara A. D. e; Lopes, Lucas M.; Sousa, Adalberto H. de; Faroni, Lêda R. A.; Brito, Rychaellen S. de; Lima, Malena; Andrade, Reginaldo A.

doi:10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v28n11e282159

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Original Article • Rev. bras. eng. agríc. ambient. 28 (11) • Nov 2024 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v28n11e282159 copy

Storage and quality of landrace cowpea grains stored in silo bags¹

Armazenamento e qualidade dos grãos de variedades crioulas de feijão-caupi em silo bolsa

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

Storage is one of the main stages during grain production. The present study was conducted to evaluate the use of silo bags as an alternative for storing landrace cowpea grains. The experiment used samples of the Arigozinho, Manteiguinha, and Quarentão cowpea varieties from Cruzeiro do Sul - Acre, harvested in the 2021 crop season. The samples (500 g) were stored in raffia and silo bags for 30, 60, 90, and 120 days. The experimental design was completely randomized, arranged in a split-plot-in-time scheme (2 × 5) with four replicates. Storage conditions represented the plots: silo bags and raffia bags. The subplots comprised five storage conditions: 0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 days for each landrace cowpea variety. The insect species identified in all varieties was Zabrotes subfasciatus, with infestation ranging from 49% to 98% in raffia bags and less than 10% in silo bags over 120 days. A depreciation in grain quality was observed during storage in raffia bags. There was increase in electrical conductivity, fluctuations in water content, and reductions in bulk density and germination due to the higher degree of infestation in all the investigated varieties. The grains stored in silo bags showed minimal variations over the 120 days, maintaining their initial quality throughout the storage period. The bag silo storage system is an effective alternative for controlling Z. subfasciatus and maintaining the grain quality of the varieties Arigozinho, Manteiguinha, and Quarentão for a period of up to 120 days.

Key words:
Vigna unguiculata; modified atmosphere; alternative control; weevil

HIGHLIGHTS:

Storage in silo bags preserves the quality of landrace cowpea grains for up to 120 days.

Infestation by Zabrotes subfaciatus was controlled by the storage of landrace cowpea grains in silo bags.

Silo bags are an airtight alternative to mitigate the environmental effects that lead to the deterioration of cowpea grains.

Variables analyzed	Varieties
Variables analyzed	Arigozinho	Manteiguinha	Quarentão
Infestation (%)	1.50	4.50	2.50
Water content (% w.b.)	8.83	12.47	9.17
Bulk density (kg m^-3)	682.00	745.00	702.00
Germination (%)	86.50	73.00	79.00
Electrical conductivity (μS cm^-1 g ^-1)	24.28	29.50	50.93

Source of variation	DF	Mean squares
Source of variation	DF	Arigozinho	Manteiguinha	Quarentão
Storage	1	6956.40**	2795.58 **	10653.60 **
Error 1	6	2.20	0.60	2.50
Period	4	3616.70**	759.70 **	3634.50 **
Storage × Period	4	2762.00**	685.72 **	3158.40 **
Error 2	24	2.00	2.41	1.20
Total	39
CV 1		7.72	6.87	7.60
CV 2		7.34	13.78	5.37

Variable	Storage (days)	Arigozinho		Manteiguinha		Quarentão
Variable	Storage (days)	Raffia	Silo bag	Raffia	Silo bag	Raffia	Silo bag
Infestation (%)	0	3.75 a	3.75 a	3.50 a	3.50 a	1.50 a	1.50 a
	30	7.00 a	3.50 b	7.00 a	1.57 a	4.75 a	3.87 a
	60	11.13 a	4.13 b	11.12 a	2.75 b	21.50 a	5.37 b
	90	41.00 a	8.38 b	26.92 a	2.82 b	59.75 a	5.30 b
	120	98.38 a	9.63 b	49.58 a	3.87 b	98.00 a	6.25 b

Source of variation	DF	Mean squares
Source of variation	DF	Arigozinho	Manteiguinha	Quarentão
Storage	1	6.52 **	0.35 ^ns	28.01 **
Error 1	6	0.16	0.07	0.22
Period	4	7.89 **	2.15 **	8.67 **
Storage × Period	4	6.86 **	1.41 **	5.51 **
Error 2	24	0.06	0.08	0.12
Total	39
CV 1		3.35	2.25	4.34
CV 2		2.09	2.43	3.19

Variable	Storage (days)	Arigozinho		Manteiguinha		Quarentão
Variable	Storage (days)	Raffia	Silo bag	Raffia	Silo bag	Raffia	Silo bag
Water content (% w. b.)	0	11.90 a	11.90 a	11.41 a	11.41 a	9.36 a	9.36 a
	30	12.18 a	11.59 b	11.87 a	11.86 a	11.62 a	9.58 b
	60	10.91 b	11.49 a	10.34 b	11.77 a	10.71 a	10.04 b
	90	11.66 a	11.68 a	11.49 b	11.86 a	11.55 a	10.21 b
	120	15.81 a	11.77 b	12.91 a	12.00 b	14.40 a	10.09 b

Source of variation	DF	Mean squares
Source of variation	DF	Arigozinho	Manteiguinha	Quarentão
Storage	1	26860.90 **	1109.55 **	31621.50 **
Error 1	6	21.30	63.22	71.70
Period	4	14284.80 **	346.05 **	15997.00 **
Storage × Period	4	15427.30 **	210.39 **	16098.50 **
Error 2	24	53.30	40.13	58.60
Total	39
CV 1		0.70	1.07	1.26
CV 2		1.11	0.85	1.14

Variable	Storage (days)	Arigozinho		Manteiguinha		Quarentão
Variable	Storage (days)	Raffia	Silo bag	Raffia	Silo bag	Raffia	Silo bag
Bulk density (kg dm^-3)	0	686.00 a	680.00 a	742.00 a	742.00 a	698.00 a	698.00 a
	30	680.00 a	684.00 a	746.67 a	752.00 a	696.00 a	705.33 a
	60	672.67 b	682.83 a	742.00 b	752.00 a	687.83 a	697.66 a
	90	637.33 b	683.33 a	732.00 b	742.00 a	647.83 b	696.67 a
	120	481.03 b	686.00 a	720.00 b	747.33 a	487.50 b	700.66 a

Source of variation	DF	Mean squares
Source of variation	DF	Arigozinho	Manteiguinha	Quarentão
Storage	1	4445.10 **	774.40 **	3525.00 **
Error 1	6	0.80	25.13	2.60
Period	4	1943.80 **	301.70 **	1238.40 **
Storage × Period	4	1841.90 **	254.10 **	1174.00 **
Error 2	24	4.80	10.52	6.60
Total	39
CV 1		1.00	5.36	1.88
CV 2		2.50	3.47	2.97

Variable	Storage (days)	Arigozinho		Manteiguinha		Quarentão
Variable	Storage (days)	Raffia	Silo bag	Raffia	Silo bag	Raffia	Silo bag
Germination (%)	0	98.88 a	98.88 a	95.50 a	95.50 a	95.87 a	95.87 a
	30	97.50 a	99.13 a	99.50 a	99.37 a	93.50 b	97.87 a
	60	91.13 b	98.00 a	93.37 b	99.12 a	87.87 b	96.87 a
	90	73.00 b	97.38 a	87.37 b	98.62 a	73.00 b	93.62 a
	120	25.33 b	97.88 a	69.75 b	96.87 a	36.50 b	96.37 a

Source of variation	DF	Mean squares
Source of variation	DF	Arigozinho	Manteiguinha	Quarentão
Storage	1	50319.00 **	211.55 *	42966.00 **
Error 1	6	24.00	28.25	29.00
Period	4	33056.00 **	1433.61 **	24378.00 **
Storage × Period	4	33267.00 **	130.35 *	21210.00 **
Error 2	24	11.00	34.06	11.00
Total	39
CV 1		7.33	11.01	6.86
CV 2		5.07	12.09	4.20

Variable	Storage (days)	Arigozinho		Manteiguinha		Quarentão
Variable	Storage (days)	Raffia	Silo bag	Raffia	Silo bag	Raffia	Silo bag
Electrical conductivity (µS cm^-1 g ^-1)	0	28.13 a	28.13 a	53.27 a	53.27 a	39.95 a	39.97 a
	30	26.94 b	37.31 a	31.17 a	31.44 a	41.30 a	38.65 a
	60	63.08 a	30.04 b	51.18 a	33.83 b	73.21 a	49.49 b
	90	61.85 a	28.84 b	45.81 a	47.75 a	104.26 a	48.21 b
	120	330.15 a	31.14 b	71.39 a	63.54 a	295.62 a	50.28 b

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[1] * Corresponding author - E-mail: adalberto.sousa@ufac.br

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Storage and quality of landrace cowpea grains stored in silo bags1

Armazenamento e qualidade dos grãos de variedades crioulas de feijão-caupi em silo bolsa

ABSTRACT

HIGHLIGHTS:

Storage and quality of landrace cowpea grains stored in silo bags¹