In this work we present an exposition on the process of transformation that led from Aristotle's qualitative science, founded on philosophical principles, to modern science, which rests on a combination of empiricism and mathematization, process whose highest expression is given by Newton's work. We present how Aristotelian-Ptolemaic Cosmos, rigidly ordered according to metaphysical criteria, was replaced by a new Universe, completely deprived from concepts of finality and value and governed by a mechanical causality, expressed through mathematical laws. We show how Copernican revolution had gone beyond the limits of astronomy and had promoted a wide transformation on scientific thought that led to the birth of Newtonian physics.
gravitation; cosmology; mechanics; scientific revolution