Paim and Kovaleski33. Paim M, Kovaleski D. Análise das diretrizes brasileiras de obesidade: patologização do corpo gordo, abordagem focada na perda de peso e gordofobia. Saúde e Soc. 2020;29(1):4-12. |
Brazil 2020 |
Reflection |
Health professionals and students |
Medical fatphobia may be responsible for the worsening of the lifestyle of fat patients, as they do not receive proper guidance on changing their lifestyle. |
Sutin and Terracciano.1212. Sutin A, Robinson E, Daly M, Terracciano A. Weight discrimination and unhealthy eating-related behaviors. Appetite. 2016;102:83-9. |
United States 2016 |
Cross-sectional observational |
Fat people who suffer discrimination because of their weight. |
People who suffer from fatphobia tend to develop more eating disorders compared to fat people who do not report suffering prejudiced. |
Tylka et al.1313. Tylka TL, Annunziato RA, Burgard D, Daníelsdóttir S, Shuman E, Davis C, et al. The weight-inclusive versus weight-normative approach to health: evaluating the evidence for prioritizing well-being over weight loss. J Obes. 2014;2014(1):1-18. |
United States2014 |
Cross-sectional observational |
Physicians and/or medical interns and fat patients |
Behind the supposed concern of doctors with the patients’ weight, there is a strong prejudice. |
Hatzenbuehler and McLaughlin1414. Hatzenbuehler L, McLaughlin A. Structural stigma and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis reactivity in lesbian, gay, and bisexual young adults. Ann Behav Med. 2013;(47):39-47 |
United States 2013 |
Cross-sectional observational |
Gays, Lesbian and Bisexual Adults |
There is a relationship between experiencing social prejudice and developing metabolic disorders such as obesity. It has been shown that gays, lesbians and bisexuals have high cardiovascular risks. |
Malterud and Ulriksen1515. Malterud K, Ulriksen K. Obesity, stigma, and responsibility in health care: a synthesis of qualitative studies. International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-Being. 2011;6(4):1-8. . |
Norway 2011 |
Review article |
Health professionals |
It is observed that a considerable number of health professionals attribute excess weight exclusively to the lack of physical exercise and a hypercaloric diet, disregarding hormonal and psychosocial factors. |
Pearl and Schulte1616. Pearl R, Schulte E. Weight bias during the Covid-19 pandemic. Curr Obes Rep. 2021;10(2):181-90. |
United States 2021 |
Narrative review |
Fat people in social isolation |
Overweight people during the pandemic were the ones who suffered the most from binge eating and psychological suffering. However, these people did not receive any guidance on health care. |
Phelan et al1717. Phelan S, Puhl R, Burgess D, Natt N, Mundi M, Miller N, et al. The role of weight bias and role-modeling in medical students’ patient-centered communication with higher weight standardized patients. Patient Educ Couns. 2021;104(8):1962-9. |
United States 2021 |
Cross-sectional observational |
Medical students |
A questionnaire was applied to students from the first to the fourth year of the course and the same prejudiced content against fat people was observed, both in students at the beginning of the course and at the end. |
Hurst et al.1818. Hurst D, Schmuhl N, Voils C, Antony K. Prenatal care experiences among pregnant women with obesity in Wisconsin, United States: a qualitative quality improvement assessment. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2021;21(1):2-10. |
United States 2021 |
Cross-sectional observational |
Overweight pregnant women receiving prenatal care |
Overweight pregnant women reported not receiving adequate guidance on the importance of weight loss for pregnancy and fetal health. |
Hübner et al1919. Hübner C, Baldofski S, Crosby R, Müller A, Zwaan M de, Hilbert A. Weight-related teasing and non-normative eating behaviors as predictors of weight loss maintenance. A longitudinal mediation analysis. Appetite . 2016;102:25-31. |
Germany 2016 |
Retrospective study |
Adults who reported experiencing fatphobia during their childhood and adolescence |
Children and adolescents who have been bullied because of their weight go through adulthood with anxiety attacks and lack of self-esteem. |
Benas and Gibb2020. Benas J, Gibb B. Weight-related teasing, dysfunctional cognitions, and symptoms of depression and eating disturbances. Cognit Ther Res. 2006;32(2):143-60. |
United States 2006 |
Cross-sectional observational |
Overweight children and young adults |
Children and young adults who are bullied for their weight have higher rates of suicidal ideation and depression. |
Richard et al.2121. Richard P, Ferguson C, Lara A, Leonard J, Younis M. Disparities in physician-patient communication by obesity status. Inquiry. 2014;51(1):2-7. . |
United States 2014 |
Cross-sectional observational |
Physicians and overweight patients |
Physicians, when treating overweight patients, tend to interrupt more appointments and there is no creation of a therapeutic alliance from the patient’s view. In addition, the physical examination for these patients is often uncomfortable. |
Phelan et al.77. Phelan SM, Puhl RM, Burke SE, Hardeman R, Dovidio JF, Nelson DB, et al. The mixed impact of medical school on medical students’ implicit and explicit weight bias. Med Educ. 2015;49(10):983-92. |
United States 2015 |
Cross-sectional observational |
Medical students |
A bias about weight is, implicitly and explicitly, widespread In medical schools. That is, just because the patient is overweight, students tend not to establish an adequate bond and approach the appointment in a discriminatory manner. |
Durso et al.2222. Durso L, Latner J, Hayashi K. Perceived discrimination is associated with binge eating in a community sample of non-overweight, overweight, and obese adults. Obes Facts. 2012;5(6):869-80. |
United States 2012 |
Cross-sectional observational |
Overweight and normal weight people |
There is a close relationship between weight discrimination and the development of eating disorders. |
O´Brien et al.2323. O’Brien K, Latner J, Puhl R, Vartanian L, Giles C, Griva K, et al. The relationship between weight stigma and eating behavior is explained by weight bias internalization and psychological distress. Appetite . 2016;102:70-6. |
United States 2016 |
Cross-sectional observational |
Overweight patients undergoing the process of losing weight |
Due to the offenses and lack of adequate guidance, the process of changing lifestyle habits is seen as a traumatic process for the patient, who may develop psychological problems in the future due to this process. |
Murakami and Latner2424. Murakami J, Latner J. Weight acceptance versus body dissatisfaction: effects on stigma, perceived self-esteem, and perceived psychopathology. Eat Behav. 2015;19:163-7. |
United States 2015 |
Cross-sectional observational |
Overweight patients undergoing the process of losing weight |
Patients who blame themselves for being overweight are the ones with the lowest adherence to the treatment of lifestyle changes and the ones who most resort to over-the-counter diets. |
Tarozo and Pessa2525. Tarozo M, Pessa R. Impacto das consequências psicossociais do estigma do peso no tratamento da obesidade: uma revisão integrativa da literatura. Psicol Ciênc Prof. 2020;40:1-12. |
Brazil 2020 |
Integrative review |
Healthcare professionals and overweight patients |
It is crucial for the process of changing the lifestyle of an overweight patient that they have a health team capable of welcoming them, guiding them in a correct and scientific way, and above all, without discrimination and prejudice. Treatment success rates are considerably higher when the professional-patient binomial is empathically established. |