| Shochet RB et al.1313. Shochet RB, Colbert-Getz JM, Levine RB, Wright SM. Gauging events that influence students’ perceptions of the medical school learning environment: findings from one institution. Acad Med. 2013;88(2):246-52. (2013) |
Fourth-year medical students from 1 school in the United States |
Impact level on learning |
Cohort survey using a questionnaire developed by the authors |
S: 119 Rr: 71% |
42% |
| Cook AF et al.1414. Cook AF, Arora VM, Rasinski KA, Curlin FA, Yoon JD. The prevalence of medical student mistreatment and its association with burnout. Acad Med . 2014;89(5):749-54. (2014) |
Third-year medical students from 24 schools in United States |
Burnout |
Cross-sectional survey using a questionnaire + a validated two-item version of the Maslach Burnout Inventory |
S: 919 Rr: 61% |
~70% |
| Wilkinson J et al.1515. Wilkinson TJ, Gill DJ, Fitzjohn J, Palmer CL, Mulder RT. The impact on students of adverse experiences during medical school. Med Teach . 2006;28(2):129-35. (2006) |
Students from all medical schools in New Zealand |
Both negative and positive consequences for mental health and quality of life |
Cross-sectional survey using a questionnaire developed by the authors |
S: 1660 Rr: 83% |
68% |
| Gan R, Snell L1616. Gan R, Snell L. When the learning environment is suboptimal: exploring medical students’ perceptions of “mistreatment”. Acad Med . 2014;89(4):608-17. (2014) |
Final-year medical students from 1 school in Canada |
Suboptimal learning experiences |
Qualitative descriptive study with focal group interviews + a questionnaire with open-ended questions developed by the authors |
S: 174 Rr: 23% |
90% |
| Heru A et al.1717. Heru A, Gagne G, Strong D. Medical student mistreatment results in symptoms of posttraumatic stress. Acad Psychiatry. 2009;33(4):302-6. (2009) |
Third and fourth-year medical students from 1 school in the United States |
Symptoms of posttraumatic stress |
Cross-sectional survey using a questionnaire developed by the authors + the revised Impact of Event Scale |
S: 91 Rr: 78% |
73% |
| Owoaje ET et al.1818. Owoaje ET, Uchendu OC, Ige OK. Experiences of mistreatment among medical students in a university in south west Nigeria. Niger J Clin Pract. 2012;15(2):214-9. (2012) |
Final-year medical students from 1 school in Nigeria |
Only negative consequences involving mental health, quality of life, social relationships, and academic performance |
Cross-sectional survey using a semi-structured questionnaire developed by the authors |
S:269 Rr: 100% |
98% |
| Hardeman RR et al.1919. Hardeman RR, Przedworski JM, Burke S, Burgess DJ, Perry S, Phelan S, et al. Association Between Perceived Medical School Diversity Climate and Change in Depressive Symptoms Among Medical Students: A Report from the Medical Student CHANGE Study. J Natl Med Assoc. 2016;108(4):225-35. (2016) |
Undergraduate medical students from 49 schools in the United States |
Depression symptoms |
Longitudinal web-based survey using a questionnaire developed by the authors + PROMIS Emotional Distress - Depression short-form |
S: 5823 Rr: 79% (in the first approach) Rr: 64% (in the final approach) |
95% (in the final approach, when students were in their final year) |
| Acik Y et al.2020. Acik Y, Deveci SE, Gunes G, Gulbayrak C, Dabak S, Saka G, et al. Experience of workplace violence during medical speciality training in Turkey. Occup Med (Lond). 2008;58(5):361-6. (2008) |
Residents from 7 hospitals in Turkey |
The victim’s immediate reactions to the experience |
Cross-sectional survey using a semi-structured questionnaire |
S: 2442 Rr: 70% |
68% |
| Xie Z et al.2121. Xie Z, Li J, Chen Y, Cui K. The effects of patients initiated aggression on Chinese medical students’ career planning. BMC Health Serv Res. 2017;17(1):849.) (2017) |
Undergraduate medical students from 1 school in China |
Only negative consequences involving quality of life and career planning |
Cross-sectional survey using a questionnaire developed by the authors + the Short Form-36 (SF-36) Scale Testing Quality of Life |
S: 180 Rr: 87% |
30% |
| Peres MFT et al.2222. Peres MF, Babler F, Arakaki JN, Quaresma IY, Barreto AD, Silva AT, et al. Mistreatment in an academic setting and medical students’ perceptions about their course in São Paulo, Brazil: a cross-sectional study. Sao Paulo Med J. 2016;134(2):130-7. (2016) |
Undergraduate medical students from 1 school in Brazil |
The way students perceive their course and professional choice |
Cross-sectional survey using a questionnaire developed by the authors |
S: 1072 Rr: 31% |
92% |
| Nagata-Kobayashi S et al.55. Nagata-Kobayashi S, Maeno T, Yoshizu M, Shimbo T. Universal problems during residency: abuse and harassment. Med Educ. 2009 Jul;43(7):628-36. (2009) |
Residents from 37 hospitals in Japan |
Both negative and positive effects on mental health, quality of life and work performance |
Cross-sectional survey using a questionnaire developed by the authors |
S: 619 Rr: 57% |
85% |
| Rademakers JJDJM et al.2323. Rademakers JJ, van den Muijsenbergh ME, Slappendel G, Lagro-Janssen AL, Borleffs JC. Sexual harassment during clinical clerkships in Dutch medical schools. Med Educ . 2008;42(5):452-8. (2008) |
Medical internship students from 2 schools in Netherlands |
Well-being and “professional” performance |
Cross-sectional survey using a questionnaire developed by the authors |
S: 311 Rr: 73% |
20% (only rated sexual harassment) |
| Nagata-Kobayashi S et al.2424. Nagata-Kobayashi S, Sekimoto M, Koyama H, Yamamoto W, Goto E, Fukushima O, et al. Medical student abuse during clinical clerkships in Japan. J Gen Intern Med. 2006;21(3):212-8. (2006) |
Fifth and sixth-year medical students from 6 schools in Japan |
Only negative effects on mental health, quality of life and academic performance |
Cross-sectional survey using a questionnaire developed by the authors |
S: 559 Rr: 49% |
68% |
| Frank E et al.1111. Frank E, Carrera JS, Stratton T, Bickel J, Nora LM. Experiences of belittlement and harassment and their correlates among medical students in the United States: longitudinal survey. BMJ. 2006;333(7570):682. (2006) |
Undergraduate medical students from 16 schools in United States |
Only negative effects on mental health and quality of life |
Longitudinal survey using a questionnaire developed by the authors |
S: 2884 Rr: 80% (in the first approach) Rr: 48% (in the final approach) |
85% (in the final approach, when students were in their final year) |
| Maida AMS et al.2525. Maida SAM, Herskovic MV, Pereira SA, Salinas-Fernández L, Esquivel CC. Percepción de conductas abisivas en estudiantes de medicina. Rev Med Chil. 2006;134(12):1516-23. (2006) |
Undergraduate medical students from 1 school in Chile |
Only negative effects on mental health and quality of life |
Cross-sectional survey using a questionnaire developed by the authors |
S/Rr: not described; 757 students participated |
91% |
| Gagyor I et al.2626. Gágyor I, Hilbert N, Chenot JF, Marx G, Ortner T, Simmenroth-Nayda A, et al. Frequency and perceived severity of negative experiences during medical education in Germany--results of an online-survey of medical students. GMS Z Med Ausbild. 2012;29(4):Doc55. (2012) |
Undergraduate medical students from 1 school in Germany |
Only negative effects on mental health |
Cross-sectional survey using a questionnaire developed by the authors |
S: 1222 Rr: 32% |
88% |
| Scott KM et al.2727. Scott KM, Caldwell PH, Barnes EH, Barrett J. “Teaching by humiliation” and mistreatment of medical students in clinical rotations: a pilot study. Med J Aust. 2015;203(4):185e. (2015) |
Medical students attending the final clinical-based training from 2 schools in Australia |
The way students perceive their professional choice and evaluate their academic performance |
Cross-sectional survey using a questionnaire developed by the authors |
S: 151 Rr: 97% |
51% |
| Olasoji HO1010. Olasoji HO. Broadening conceptions of medical student mistreatment during clinical teaching: message from a study of “toxic” phenomenon during bedside teaching. Adv Med Educ Pract. 2018;9:483-94. (2018) |
Fourth-year medical students from 1 school in Nigeria |
Negative effects on well-being and positive or negative effects on academic performance |
Cross-sectional survey using a questionnaire + semi-structured interview developed by the author |
S: 52 Rr: 90% |
85% |
| Puranitee P et al.2828. Puranitee P, Stevens FFCJ, Pakakasama S, Plitponkarnpim A, Vallibhakara SA, Busari JO, et al. Exploring burnout and the association with the educational climate in pediatric residents in Thailand. BMC Med Educ . 2019;19(1):245. (2019) |
Pediatric residents from 1 hospital in Thailand |
Burnout |
Cross-sectional survey with a mixed-method design: Maslach Burnout Inventory, the Postgraduate Hospital Educational Environmental Measure (PHEEM), Work-Related Quality of Life scale (WRQoL) + an individual interview |
S: 42 Rr: 97% |
51% |
| Hu YY et al.2929. Hu YY, Ellis RJ, Hewitt DB, Yang AD, Cheung EO, Moskowitz JT, et al. Discrimination, Abuse, Harassment, and Burnout in Surgical Residency Training. N Engl J Med. 2019;381(18):1741-52. (2019) |
Residents from 262 surgical residency programs in the United States |
Burnout and suicidal thoughts |
Cross-sectional survey using a questionnaire developed by the authors |
S: 7464 Rr: 99% |
50% |
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