Shifting the known richness of Paramycodrosophila Duda, 1924 (Diptera: Drosophilidae): the description of nineteen new species in the Neotropical region

ABSTRACT

Paramycodrosophila Duda, 1924 is a small cosmopolitan genus which encompasses 16 described species. In the Neotropical region there are records of only two species, P. costaricana Duda, 1925 and P. nephelea Wheeler, 1968. In this paper, we describe the first 19 new species from South America – P. itatiaiensis n. sp., P. blauthae n. sp., P. rafaeli n. sp., P. boldrinii n. sp., P. roraimensis n. sp., P. amazonensis n. sp., P. moratoi n. sp., P. mineira n. sp., P. leonensis n. sp., P. marinhoi n. sp., P. viscondedemauaensis n. sp., P. pedraseladensis n. sp., P. vicenziae n. sp., P. pallidifacies n. sp., P. acreensis n. sp., P. mantiqueira n. sp., P. maculosa n. sp., P. melana n. sp., P. puri n. sp. – based on morphological traits. A distribution map and a taxonomic key for male imagoes of the Neotropical species was also produced. By adding 19 new species, we establish the Neotropical region as the biogeographical region with the most known diversity in the world for the genus.

Keywords:
Taxonomy; Terminalia; Morphology; Zygothrica genus group; Brazil

Introduction

ParamycodrosophilaDuda (1924) is a small genus of Drosophilidae with 16 species described worldwide (Bächli, 2023). Most of the known diversity is, so far, from the Australasian and Oriental regions totalizing 11 described species (Meijere, 1911; Malloch, 1934; Wheeler and Takada, 1964; Bock, 1982; McEvey and Bock, 1982; Wynn and Toda, 1990; Tsacas and Chassagnard, 1991).

In the Neotropical region, there are confirmed records of two species: P. costaricana Duda, 1925 and P. nephelea Wheeler, 1968 (Duda, 1925; Wheeler, 1968). There are also unconfirmed records of P. centralis Wheeler, 1954 and P. anomala Wheeler, 1954 to El Salvador (Wheeler, 1954).

Little is known about the ecology of these animals but some are known to use Fungi sporocarps during their life cycle, given the records of P. anomala, P. parsonsi Bock, 1982, P. diversicrus McEvey and Bock, 1982, P. parapictula Wheeler and Takada, 1964 and P. takadai Wynn and Toda, 1990 on this substrate (Wheeler, 1954; Bock, 1982; McEvey and Bock, 1982). Although taxonomic works present the genus as mycophagous (Wheeler and Takada, 1964; Grimaldi, 1987; Wynn and Toda, 1990) as part of its diagnosis, a Paramycodrosophila specimen has already been collected during a floral visit (Vaz et al., 2014), thus, some species may have some anthophilic nature.

In this paper we describe 19 new Neotropical species of Paramycodrosophila. We also present a key to the known Neotropical species of Paramycodrosophila and the known distribution of the genus for the Neotropical region.

Materials and methods

Specimens were dried using a Hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS) protocol and then point-mounted (Kirk-Spriggs, 2017) with white glue. The entomological triangles used in the point-mounting were extracted from 120g/m² bond paper. The mounted specimens were photomicrographed; if the wing covered the abdomen, it was detached. Once photomicrographs were taken, the left wing was detached with a pair of fine tweezers. The wings were placed on temporary slides with water and then photomicrographed. To examine and photomicrograph the terminalia, the dried specimens were placed in a humid chamber with synthetic camphor at 7°C, where they were kept for about four weeks so as to moisturize and soften them. Once the specimens were softened, the distal part of abdomen was detached. Soft tissues of the detached abdomen were dissolved using a proteinase K solution. The sclerites were, then, placed in the glycerol and dissected with the aid of minute pins under a stereomicroscope. The dissected parts were placed on a temporary slide with a drop of glycerin jelly (a solution of 48.5% water, 48.5% glycerin, and 3% jelly) so as to appropriately position them. After the glycerin jelly slightly hardened, a glass cover was placed on the droplet and photographs were taken. The remaining body part of dissected specimen was dried again in an oven at 40°C to 50°C for 24 h.

The morphological terminology followed primarily McEvey and Grimaldi (2021) and Cumming and Wood (2017) and secondarily Bächli et al. (2004) if the structures were not contemplated on the first two works. Longitudinal vittae on the scutum are encoded as “v1, v2, …, v6” from the medial to the most lateral one after Grimaldi (1987), though the homology is uncertain. The abdominal tergites and sternites were encoded from the anterior to the posterior ones as “T1, T2, T3, ...” and “S1, S2, S3, ...”, respectively. The apical portion of phallus is termed as distiphallus or acrophallus with some synonyms for various structures among dipteran taxa (Cumming and Wood, 2017). However, since the homology of these structures is uncertain, the posterior section of the phallus near the phallotrema is here called “phallotrema section”.

The following measurements were taken with the ±10 μm precision for the holotypes and paratypes, according to Vilela (1983) and Correa et al. (2021): body length = in lateral view, the summed length of head, thorax and abdomen; wing length = the distance from near the intersection of the first (M₁) and fourth (M₄) medial vein branches to the apex of third branch of radial vein (R₄₊₅); wing width = the smaller distance between near the middle of the Costal vein to near the apex of the M₄; the distance between proclinate fronto-orbital seta (pc frorb s) and anterior reclinate fronto-orbital seta (a rc frorb s); the distance between a rc frorb s and posterior reclinate fronto-orbital seta (p rc frorb s); the distance between a rc frorb s and p rc frorb s; CII = distance between the subcostal break and the apex of the second branch of radial vein (R₂₊₃); CIII = distance between the apex of R₂₊₃ and the apex of the R₄₊₅; CIV = distance between the apexes of R₄₊₅ and M₁; CIII’ = section of CIII with hard bristles; MIII = distance between the intersection of the M₁ and radial–medial crossvein (r-m) and the intersection between M₁ and discal medial crossvein (dm-m); MIV = distance between the intersection of the M₁ and dm-m and the apex of the M₁; M₄’ = distance between the apex of M₄ and the intersection of the M₄ and dm-m; dm-m’ = dm-m length; and R₄₊₅’ = distance between the intersection of R₂₊₃ and R₄₊₅ and the intersection of R₄₊₅ and r-m. Then, the following indices were calculated: C (CII/CIII), ac (CIII/CIV), hb (CIII’/CIII), 4c (CIII/MIII), 4v (MIV/MIII), 5x (M₄’ /dm-m’), M (M₄’ /MIII), and prox. x (R₄₊₅’/MIII).

The external morphology was photographed at several depths of focus using a Zeiss Discovery V.20 stereomicroscope equipped with the Axiohome system Software, which provided the magnification scales. Wing pictures were taken using a Samsung Galaxy A8 smartphone model SM-A530F, with ProCam X Lite V.1.10 software, attached to an Olympus BX51 microscope with 4× and 10× objective lens. An objective micrometer was photographed at the same magnification as wing pictures to calibrate the wing measurements. The terminalia structures were microphotographed at different magnifications depending on the structure size and at several depths of focus, using a Canon EOS REBEL T3 camera attached to an Olympus BX51 microscope with 10x, 20x, and 40x objective lens. To indicate the scale bar on each picture, an objective micrometer was also photographed at the same magnification. All the pictures were saved at the maximum resolution in JPEG format. The pictures taken at different depths of focus were stacked into an all-in-focus composite image by the rendering method “C” (pyramid) with the minimal smoothing setting of the Helicon Focus 7.7.5 Pro lifetime software (www.heliconsoft.com).

All specimens’ conditions are as follows: “specimen point-mounted; left wing removed and set between coverslips attached to the specimen; abdomen dissected; detached sclerites stored in a microtube with glycerin”. In addition, certain aspects are noted for each studied specimen when deemed necessary.

The holotypes and paratypes of the described species are deposited in the “Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo” - “MZUSP” and in the “Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia” - “INPA”. The acronyms for each collection were cited in brackets to indicate specimen’ deposit location in the lists of material examined.

To produce the map, we used QGIS v3.20 Odense Software (http://www.qgi.org). The records of Paramycodrosophila were extracted from literature or constitute the primary source. Satellite images were extracted from Google Maps (http://www.google.com/maps) using SAS.Planet software (http://www.sasgis.org). To better highlight political boundaries, we used shapefiles for the countries ([dataset] Pope, 2017) and for the federal units of Brazil (https://www.ibge.gov.br).

Results

Taxonomy

Paramycodrosophila Duda, 1924

Paramycodrosophila Duda, 1924: 191. Type species: Drosophila pictula Meijere, 1911: 412.

Upolumyia Malloch, 1934: 280. Type species: U. pictifrons Malloch, 1934: 280; synonymy of Paramycodrosophila, Wheeler and Takada (1964, p. 206).

Diagnosis. Subcostal break deep, forming a broad, black, protruding lappet; C- index usually less than two; carina narrow; antennal bases close; arista usually with a single ventral branch; flagellomere 1 large; no prescutellars; anterior reclinate fronto-orbital setae close to proclinate fronto-orbital setae; no sub-vibrissa; mesonotum dull, usually with complex color pattern; two pairs of dorsocentral setae; acrostichal setulae in four or six rows.

Key to male imagoes of Neotropical Paramycodrosophila

1. Two dark rings on fore tibiae, prominent ocellar triangle (e.g. Fig. 84)………..…....2

Figure 84
Males. Habitus of: A, Holotype of Paramycodrosophila mantiqueira n. sp.; B, Holotype of P. maculosa n. sp.; C, Holotype of P. melana n. sp.; D, Holotype of P. puri n. sp. Scale bars: 1 mm.

1’. Fore tibiae with no or one ring, ocellar triangle with varying prominence (e.g. Fig. 81)……………………………………………………………………………………………..9

Figure 81
Males. Habitus of: A, Holotype of Paramycodrosophila itatiaiensis n. sp.; B, Holotype of P. blauthae n. sp.; C, Holotype of P. rafaeli n. sp.; D, Holotype of P. boldrinii n. sp.; E, Holotype of P. roraimensis n. sp.; F, Holotype of P. amazonensis n. sp. Scale bars: 1 mm.

2. Face and anterior half of frons pale (e.g. Fig. 39A)……......………………..…..…....3

Figure 39
Holotype of Paramycodrosophila vicenziae n. sp.: A, head (anterolateral view); B, thorax (dorsal view); C, head and thorax (lateral view); D, abdomen (lateral view); E, abdomen (dorsal view); F, wing.

2’. Face and anterior half of frons with color patterns, not pale (e.g. Fig. 45A)......…..5

Figure 45
Holotype of Paramycodrosophila mantiqueira n. sp.: A, head (anterolateral view); B, thorax (dorsal view); C, head and thorax (lateral view); D, abdomen (lateral view); E, abdomen (dorsal view); F, wing.

3. Flagellomere 1 mostly light brown (Fig. 43A). Phallus tubular, projected ventrally, 2x as wide in the phallotrema section, the phallotrema section ornated with tiny lumps dorsally, squarish apically, with a broad triangular lateral projection (Figs. 44G-I)…………………………………………………………………….....…P. acreensis n. sp.

Figure 43
Holotype of Paramycodrosophila acreensis n. sp.: A, head (anterolateral view); B, thorax (dorsal view); C, thorax (lateral view); D, abdomen (lateral view); E, abdomen (dorsal view); F, wing.

Figure 44
Holotype of Paramycodrosophila acreensis n. sp.: A, posterior end of abdomen (ventral view); B, posterior end of abdomen (lateral view); C, articulated periphallic and phallic organs (posteroventral view); D, articulated periphallic and phallic organs (lateral view); E, epandrium and associated sclerites (posterolateral view); F, epandrium and associated sclerites (posterior view); G, hypandrium, phallus and associated sclerites (ventral view); H, hypandrium, phallus and associated sclerites (lateroventral view); I, hypandrium, phallus and associated sclerites (lateral view). Scale bars: 0.1 mm.

3’. Flagellomere 1 mostly light yellow (Figs. 39A, 41A)….....…...…...….………………4

Figure 41
Holotype of Paramycodrosophila pallidifacies n. sp.: A, head (anterolateral view); B, thorax (dorsal view); C, thorax (lateral view); D, abdomen (lateral view); E, abdomen (dorsal view); F, wing.

4. Medial vitta of scutum brown (Fig. 41B). Phallus tubular, projected ventrally, 2x as wide in the phallotrema section, the phallotrema section is ornated with tiny lumps; in ventral view phallotrema section is squarish (Figs. 42G-I).……P. pallidifacies n. sp.

Figure 42
Holotype of Paramycodrosophila pallidifacies n. sp.: A, posterior end of abdomen (ventral view); B, posterior end of abdomen (lateral view); C, articulated periphallic and phallic organs (posteroventral view); D, articulated periphallic and phallic organs (lateral view); E, epandrium and associated sclerites (posterolateral view); F, epandrium and associated sclerites (posterior view); G, hypandrium, phallus and associated sclerites (ventral view); H, hypandrium, phallus and associated sclerites (lateroventral view); I, hypandrium, phallus and associated sclerites (lateral view). Scale bars: 0.1 mm.

4’. Medial vitta of scutum greyish (Fig. 39B). Phallus tubular and thick, projected ventrally, with a narrow more sclerotinized dorsal band, the band has two sub-apical projections as the lateral margins of phallotrema, phallus with two jaggy latero-ventral transversal brands projected ventrally; the phallus has micro-ornamentations on its anterior half which is more sclerotinized (Figs. 40G-I).…………...…P. vicenziae n. sp.

Figure 40
Holotype of Paramycodrosophila vicenziae n. sp.: A, posterior end of abdomen (ventral view); B, posterior end of abdomen (lateral view); C, articulated periphallic and phallic organs (posteroventral view); D, articulated periphallic and phallic organs (lateral view); E, epandrium and associated sclerites (posterolateral view); F, epandrium and associated sclerites (anterior view); G, hypandrium, phallus and associated sclerites (ventral view); H, hypandrium, phallus and associated sclerites (lateroventral view); I, hypandrium, phallus and associated sclerites (lateral view). Scale bars: 0.1 mm.

5. Wings with a complex pattern of black spots………………...…………...P. nephelea

5’. Wings with no complex pattern of black spots (e.g. Fig. 45F)..……..………………6

6. Abdominal tergites almost entirely dark (Fig. 49E). Postgonites “L”-shaped, the posterior sections of postgonites are symmetrical and ornated with projections medially. Phallus tubular, it gets gradually wider from the base to just before the phallotrema, projected ventrally, with two antero-posterior, rounded, more membranous projections dorsally, the projections are micro-ornated with tiny structures; in lateral view the phallotrema lateral margins seem concave; phallotrema is smaller than the rest of the tube of the phallus (Figs. 50G-I)…......…P. melana n. sp.

Figure 49
Holotype of Paramycodrosophila melana n. sp.: A, head (anterolateral view); B, thorax (dorsal view); C, head and thorax (lateral view); D, abdomen (lateral view); E, abdomen (dorsal view); F, wing.

Figure 50
Holotype of Paramycodrosophila melana n. sp.: A, posterior end of abdomen (ventral view); B, posterior end of abdomen (lateral view); C, articulated periphallic and phallic organs (posteroventral view); D, articulated periphallic and phallic organs (lateral view); E, epandrium and associated sclerites (posterolateral view); F, epandrium and associated sclerites (ventral view); G, hypandrium, phallus and associated sclerites (ventral view); H, hypandrium, phallus and associated sclerites (lateroventral view); I, hypandrium, phallus and associated sclerites (lateral view). Scale bars: 0.1 mm.

6’. Abdominal tergites with easily distinguishable yellow and dark areas (e.g. Fig. 45E)……………………………………………………………………………………………7

7. T6 entirely dark (Fig. 51E). Postgonites “L”-shaped, the posterior sections of postgonites are broad and symmetrical, ornated with projections apically, its apex is broader. Phallus tubular, narrow, projected ventrally, with two antero-posterior small, rounded, more membranous, projections dorsally; the lateral margins of phallotrema have two indentations (Figs. 52G-I)….…..………..……..……..…....………P. puri n. sp.

Figure 51
Holotype of Paramycodrosophila puri n. sp.: A, head (anterolateral view); B, thorax (dorsal view); C, thorax (lateral view); D, abdomen (lateral view); E, abdomen (dorsal view); F, wing.

Figure 52
Holotype of Paramycodrosophila puri n. sp.: A, posterior end of abdomen (ventral view); B, posterior end of abdomen (lateral view); C, articulated periphallic and phallic organs (posteroventral view); D, articulated periphallic and phallic organs (lateral view); E, epandrium and associated sclerites (posterolateral view); F, surstyli and subepandrial sclerite (dorsal view); G, hypandrium, phallus and associated sclerites (ventral view); H, hypandrium, phallus and associated sclerites (lateroventral view); I, hypandrium, phallus and associated sclerites (lateral view). Scale bars: 0.1 mm.

7’. T6 yellow with a caudal band (Figs. 47E, 45E).…………………………….………..8

Figure 47
Holotype of Paramycodrosophila maculosa n. sp.: A, head (anterolateral view); B, thorax (dorsal view); C, thorax (lateral view); D, abdomen (lateral view); E, abdomen (dorsal view); F, wing.

8. T6 caudal band is faint (Fig. 47E). Postgonites “L”-shaped, the posterior sections of postgonites are asymmetrical and sinuous, narrower on its apex; the right side is more sinuous in ventral view. Phallus tubular, projected ventrally, with two antero-posterior, round, more membranous projections dorsally (Figs. 48G-I)…………………………………………………………………………P. maculosa n. sp.

Figure 48
Holotype of Paramycodrosophila maculosa n. sp.: A, posterior end of abdomen (ventral view); B, posterior end of abdomen (lateral view); C, articulated periphallic and phallic organs (posteroventral view); D, articulated periphallic and phallic organs (lateral view); E, epandrium and associated sclerites (posterior view); F, epandrium and associated sclerites (ventral view); G, hypandrium, phallus and associated sclerites (ventral view); H, hypandrium, phallus and associated sclerites (lateroventral view); I, hypandrium, phallus and associated sclerites (lateral view). Scale bars: 0.1 mm.

8’. T6 caudal band is not faint (Fig. 45E). Postgonites “L”-shaped, the posterior sections of postgonites are slightly asymmetrical and slightly ornated with projections apically. Phallus tubular, narrow, projected ventrally, with two antero-posterior, rounded, more membranous projections dorsally (Figs. 46G-I)………………………………………………..…...……………...…P. mantiqueira n. sp.

Figure 46
Holotype of Paramycodrosophila mantiqueira n. sp.: A, posterior end of abdomen (ventral view); B, posterior end of abdomen (lateral view); C, articulated periphallic and phallic organs (ventral view); D, articulated periphallic and phallic organs (lateral view); E, epandrium and associated sclerites (posterior view); F, epandrium and associated sclerites (posterolateral view); G, hypandrium, phallus and associated sclerites (ventral view); H, hypandrium, phallus and associated sclerites (lateroventral view); I, hypandrium, phallus and associated sclerites (lateral view). Scale bars: 0.1 mm. Abbreviations: p sc ptg, posterior section of posgonite; v sc ptg, ventral section of postgonite.

9. Scutellum yellow with distinguishable darker areas (e.g. Fig. 1B).….….………….10

Figure 1
Holotype of Paramycodrosophila itatiaiensis n. sp.: A, head (anterolateral view); B, thorax (dorsal view); C, head and thorax (lateral view); D, abdomen (lateral view); E, abdomen (dorsal view); F, wing. Abbreviations: a dc s, anterior dorsocentral seta; a rc frorb s, anterior reclinate fronto-orbital seta; ap sctl s, apical scutellar seta; ar, arista; b sctl s, basal scutellar seta; C, costal vein; co lap, costal lappet; CuA+CuP, anterior branch of cubital vein + posterior branch of cubital vein; d ar branch, dorsal aristal branch; dm-m, discal medial crossvein; h, humeral crossvein; M₁, first branch of medial vein; M₄, fourth branch of medial vein; p dc s, posterior dorsocentral setae; p rc frorb s, posterior reclinate fronto-orbital seta; pc frorb s, proclinate fronto-orbital seta; R₂₊₃, second branch of radial vein; R₄₊₅, third branch of radial vein; r-m, radial-medial crossvein; sc brk, subcostal break; Sc, subcostal vein; T1, tergite 1; T2, tergite 2; T3, tergite 3; T4, tergite 4; T5, tergite 5; T6, tergite 6; v ar branch, ventral aristal branch; vb, vibrissa.

9’. Scutellum uniformly yellow (e.g. Fig. 19B)…...……….……………………………..18

Figure 19
Holotype of Paramycodrosophila mineira n. sp.: A, head (anterolateral view); B, thorax (dorsal view); C, head and thorax (lateral view); D, abdomen (lateral view); E, abdomen (dorsal view); F, wing.

10. T6 mostly dark (e.g. Figs. 1D, E)..………………………..……...……….……………11

10’. T6 mostly light (e.g. Figs. 3D, E)………..…………….......….……….….……..…....13

Figure 3
Holotype of Paramycodrosophila blauthae n. sp.: A, head (anterolateral view); B, thorax (dorsal view); C, thorax (lateral view); D, abdomen (lateral view); E, abdomen (dorsal view); F, wing.

11. Phallus with a bulbous and membranous region apically (e.g. Fig. 2G).…..…....12

Figure 2
Holotype of Paramycodrosophila itatiaiensis n. sp.: A, posterior end of abdomen (ventral view); B, posterior end of abdomen (lateral view); C, articulated periphallic and phallic organs (posteroventral view); D, articulated periphallic and phallic organs (lateral view); E, epandrium and associated sclerites (posterior view); F, epandrium and associated sclerites (dorsal view); G, hypandrium, phallus and associated sclerites (ventral view); H, hypandrium, phallus and associated sclerites (lateroventral view); I, hypandrium, phallus and associated sclerites (lateral view). Scale bars: 0.1 mm. Abbreviations: cerc, cercus; ej apod, ejaculatory apodeme; epand, epandrium; hpp, hypoproctal plate; hypd, hypandrium; pgt, postgonite; ph, phallus; phapod, phallapodeme; phtr, phallotrema; pregt, pregonite; sur, surstylus; sbepand scl, subepandrial sclerite; vcl, ventral cecal lobe; vpl, ventral epandrial lobe.

11’. Phallus without a bulbous and membranous region apically.....…..P. costaricana

12. Phallus micro-ornated with tiny spikes near the posterior margin of phallotrema (Fig. 10G). Phallus tubular and projected ventrally, in ventral view the phallus is 2x wider near the phallotrema section with the apical squarish bulbous membranous structure, in lateral view the bulbous membranous structure is narrow and curved dorsally; the lateral margins of phallotrema are more sclerotinized surrounded by more membranous region resembling a flap (Figs. 10G-I).……….....P. boldrinii n. sp.

Figure 10
Holotype of Paramycodrosophila boldrinii n. sp.: A, posterior end of abdomen (ventral view); B, posterior end of abdomen (lateral view); C, articulated periphallic and phallic organs (ventral view); D, articulated periphallic and phallic organs (lateral view); E, epandrium and associated sclerites (posterior view); F, epandrium and associated sclerites (posterolateral view); G, hypandrium, phallus and associated sclerites (ventral view); H, hypandrium, phallus and associated sclerites (lateroventral view); I, hypandrium, phallus and associated sclerites (lateral view). Scale bars: 0.1 mm.

12’. Phallus without tiny spikes at the posterior margin of phallotrema (Fig. 2G). Phallus tubular and projected ventrally, in ventral view the phallus is 2x wider near the phallotrema section with the apical bulbous membranous structure, in lateral view the bulbous membranous structure is narrow and curved dorsally; the lateral margins of phallotrema are more sclerotinized surrounded by more membranous region (Figs. 2G-I) ………………………………………………………….………..P. itatiaiensis n. sp.

13. T5 with a medial spot (e.g. Fig. 1E)…………………………..……………………...14

13’. T5 with a caudal band (e.g. Fig. 15E)…………………………..…………………..16

Figure 15
Holotype of Paramycodrosophila moratoi n. sp.: A, head (anterolateral view); B, thorax (dorsal view); C, thorax (lateral view); D, abdomen (lateral view); E, abdomen (dorsal view); F, wing.

14. Darker sub-medial vittae on scutum fuse medially forming a “X” shape (e.g. Fig. 7B)…………………………………………....………………………………………………15

Figure 7
Holotype of Paramycodrosophila rafaeli n. sp.: A, head (anterolateral view); B, thorax (dorsal view); C, thorax (lateral view); D, abdomen (lateral view); E, abdomen (dorsal view); F, wing.

14’. Darker sub-medial vittae on scutum fuse medially not forming a “X” shape (Fig. 11B). Phallus tubular and projected ventrally, in ventral view the phallus gets gradually wider from the base to the apex; the apex of the phallus has one medial pointy projection and two wide, round lateral projections; anterior to the phallotrema there are two pointy projection pointing ventrally (Figs. 12G-I).…………………………………………………………………..…..P. roraimensis n. sp.

Figure 11
Holotype of Paramycodrosophila roraimensis n. sp.: A, head (anterolateral view); B, thorax (dorsal view); C, thorax (lateral view); D, abdomen (lateral view); E, abdomen (dorsal view); F, wing.

Figure 12
Holotype of Paramycodrosophila roraimensis n. sp.: A, posterior end of abdomen (ventral view); B, posterior end of abdomen (lateral view); C, articulated periphallic and phallic organs (ventral view); D, articulated periphallic and phallic organs (lateral view); E, epandrium and associated sclerites (posterior view); F, epandrium and associated sclerites (ventral view); G, hypandrium, phallus and associated sclerites (ventral view); H, hypandrium, phallus and associated sclerites (lateroventral view); I, hypandrium, phallus and associated sclerites (lateral view). Scale bars: 0.1 mm.

15. Phallus with a bulbous and membranous region apically (Fig. 8G). Phallus tubular and projected ventrally, in ventral view the phallus is 2x wider near the phallotrema section, in lateral view the bulbous membranous structure is thick; the lateral margins of phallotrema are more sclerotinized surrounded by more membranous region (Figs. 8G-I)………………………………………………………………...…...…P. rafaeli n. sp.

Figure 8
Holotype of Paramycodrosophila rafaeli n. sp.: A, posterior end of abdomen (ventral view); B, posterior end of abdomen (lateral view); C, articulated periphallic and phallic organs (ventral view); D, articulated periphallic and phallic organs (lateral view); E, epandrium and associated sclerites (posterior view); F, epandrium and associated sclerites (ventral view); G, hypandrium, phallus and associated sclerites (ventral view); H, hypandrium, phallus and associated sclerites (lateroventral view); I, hypandrium, phallus and associated sclerites (lateral view). Scale bars: 0.1 mm.

15’. Phallus without a bulbous and membranous region apically (Fig. 4G). Phallus tubular and projected ventrally, in ventral view the phallus is gets continuously wider from its base to the middle of the phallotrema section; in lateral view it gets narrower at its apex; the phallotrema is diamond-shaped; the phallus is micro ornated dorsally and at its apex (Figs. 4G-I)…………………….………………...…P. blauthae n. sp.

Figure 4
Holotype of Paramycodrosophila blauthae n. sp.: A, posterior end of abdomen (ventral view); B, posterior end of abdomen (lateral view); C, articulated periphallic and phallic organs (posteroventral view); D, articulated periphallic and phallic organs (lateral view); E, epandrium and associated sclerites (posterior view); F, epandrium and associated sclerites (dorsal view); G, hypandrium, phallus and associated sclerites (ventral view); H, hypandrium, phallus and associated sclerites (lateroventral view); I, hypandrium, phallus and associated sclerites (lateral view). Scale bars: 0.1 mm.

16. Posterior hypandrial process present. Phallus tubular and projected ventrally, in ventral view the phallus gets wider near the phallotrema section; the phallus is micro-ornated with long scale-like structures (Figs. 14G-I)...….…..…P. amazonensis n. sp.

Figure 14
Holotype of Paramycodrosophila amazonensis n. sp.: A, posterior end of abdomen (ventral view); B, posterior end of abdomen (lateral view); C, articulated periphallic and phallic organs (ventral view); D, articulated periphallic and phallic organs (posterior view); E, epandrium and associated sclerites (posterolateral view); F, surstyli and subepandrial sclerite (posterior view); G, hypandrium, phallus and associated sclerites (ventral view); H, hypandrium, phallus and associated sclerites (lateroventral view); I, hypandrium, phallus and associated sclerites (lateral view). Scale bars: 0.1 mm. Abbreviations: php, posterior hypandrial process.

16’. Posterior hypandrial process absent (e.g. Fig. 16G)……………...………………17

Figure 16
Holotype of Paramycodrosophila moratoi n. sp.: A, posterior end of abdomen (ventral view); B, posterior end of abdomen (lateral view); C, articulated periphallic and phallic organs (ventral view); D, articulated periphallic and phallic organs (lateral view); E, epandrium and associated sclerites (posterior view); F, epandrium and associated sclerites (posterolateral view); G, hypandrium, phallus and associated sclerites (ventral view); H, hypandrium, phallus and associated sclerites (lateroventral view); I, hypandrium, phallus and associated sclerites (lateral view). Scale bars: 0.1 mm.

17. Phallotrema is roundish (Fig. 24G). Phallus tubular, broad and projected ventrally; in ventral view the phallus is wider and round at the phallotrema section; in lateral view the lateral margins of phallotrema seem concave (Figs. 24G-I).……………………………………….………………………..…….…P. marinhoi n. sp.

Figure 24
Holotype of Paramycodrosophila marinhoi n. sp.: A, posterior end of abdomen (ventral view); B, posterior end of abdomen (lateral view); C, articulated periphallic and phallic organs (ventral view); D, articulated periphallic and phallic organs (lateral view); E, epandrium and associated sclerites (posterior view); F, epandrium and associated sclerites (posterolateral view); G, hypandrium, phallus and associated sclerites (ventral view); H, hypandrium, phallus and associated sclerites (lateroventral view); I, hypandrium, phallus and associated sclerites (lateral view). Scale bars: 0.1 mm.

17’. Phallotrema is droplet-shaped (Fig. 16G). Phallus tubular and projected ventrally; the apex of the phallus is micro-ornated with small scale-like structures; the phallus is micro-ornated with long scale-like structures; in lateral view the lateral margins of phallotrema seem concave (Fig. 16G-I)………....….………………...P. moratoi n. sp.

18. Flagellomere 1 with a conspicuous sub-apical protrusion (Fig. 31A). Phallus tubular and projected ventrally, the posterior half of the phallotrema margins are much wider, making it resemble a fan; the “fan” is micro-ornated with round structures; in lateral view the fan is projected dorsally; the anterior margin of phallotrema has two smaller inner spikes and two lager outer spikes; the spikes are projected anteriorly (Figs. 32G-I)……………..…..……P. viscondedemauaensis n. sp.

Figure 31
Holotype of Paramycodrosophila viscondedemauaensis n. sp.: A, head (anterolateral view); B, thorax (dorsal view); C, thorax (lateral view); D, abdomen (lateral view); E, abdomen (dorsal view); F, wing.

Figure 32
Holotype of Paramycodrosophila viscondedemauaensis n. sp.: A, posterior end of abdomen (ventral view); B, posterior end of abdomen (lateral view); C, articulated periphallic and phallic organs (posteroventral view); D, articulated periphallic and phallic organs (lateral view); E, epandrium and associated sclerites (posterior view); F, epandrium and associated sclerites (posterolateral view); G, hypandrium, phallus and associated sclerites (ventral view); H, hypandrium, phallus and associated sclerites (lateroventral view); I, hypandrium, phallus and associated sclerites (lateral view). Scale bars: 0.1 mm.

18’. Flagellomere 1 without conspicuous sub-apical protrusion (e.g. Fig. 35A)…………………………………………………………………………………….........19

Figure 35
Holotype of Paramycodrosophila pedraseladensis n. sp.: A, head (anterolateral view); B, thorax (dorsal view); C, head and thorax (lateral view); D, abdomen (lateral view); E, abdomen (dorsal view); F, wing.

19. Face and antennae mostly pale yellow (Fig. 35A). Phallus tubular and slightly projected ventrally, in ventral view the apex of the phallus gets pointy; the phallus is micro-ornated laterally and dorsally near the phallotrema (Figs. 36G-I)…………………………………………..…………….………P. pedraseladensis n. sp.

Figure 36
Holotype of Paramycodrosophila pedraseladensis n. sp.: A, posterior end of abdomen (ventral view); B, posterior end of abdomen (lateral view); C, articulated periphallic and phallic organs (posteroventral view); D, articulated periphallic and phallic organs (lateral view); E, epandrium and associated sclerites (posterior view); F, epandrium and associated sclerites (posterolateral view); G, hypandrium, phallus and associated sclerites (ventral view); H, hypandrium, phallus and associated sclerites (lateroventral view); I, hypandrium, phallus and associated sclerites (lateral view). Scale bars: 0.1 mm.

19’. Face and antennae not mostly pale yellow (e.g. Fig. 19A)……...….…….………20

20. Scutum medial vitta brown; scutum darker sub-medial vittae parallel and short not reaching the scutellum (Fig. 19B). Phallus tubular, broad and projected ventrally; in ventral view the phallus is diamond-shaped; apically and sub apically the phallus is micro-ornated with small lumps dorsally; in lateral view the lateral margins of phallotrema seem concave (Figs. 20G-I)...……………………….…..…P. mineira n. sp.

Figure 20
Holotype of Paramycodrosophila mineira n. sp.: A, posterior end of abdomen (ventral view); B, posterior end of abdomen (lateral view); C, articulated periphallic and phallic organs (ventral view); D, articulated periphallic and phallic organs (lateral view); E, epandrium and associated sclerites (posterolateral view); F, epandrium and associated sclerites (posteriorl view); G, hypandrium, phallus and associated sclerites (ventral view); H, hypandrium, phallus and associated sclerites (lateroventral view); I, hypandrium, phallus and associated sclerites (lateral view). Scale bars: 0.1 mm.

20’. Scutum medial vitta greyish; scutum darker sub-medial vittae convergent reaching the scutellum (Fig. 21B). Phallus tubular, broad and projected ventrally; in ventral view the phallus is wider and round at the phallotrema section; the apex of the phallus is projected ventrally (Figs. 22G-I)………………………...….P. leonensis n. sp.

Figure 21
Holotype of Paramycodrosophila leonensis n. sp.: A, head (anterolateral view); B, thorax (dorsal view); C, head and thorax (lateral view); D, abdomen (lateral view); E, abdomen (dorsal view); F, wing.

Figure 22
Holotype of Paramycodrosophila leonensis n. sp.: A, posterior end of abdomen (ventral view); B, posterior end of abdomen (lateral view); C, articulated periphallic and phallic organs (ventral view); D, articulated periphallic and phallic organs (lateral view); E, epandrium and associated sclerites (posterior view); F, surstylus; G, hypandrium, phallus and associated sclerites (ventral view); H, hypandrium, phallus and associated sclerites (lateroventral view); I, hypandrium, phallus and associated sclerites (lateral view). Scale bars: 0.1 mm.

Paramycodrosophila itatiaiensis n. sp.

urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:3B2EC435-5993-414C-BBB3-F3015DBD6AE5 (Figs. 1, 2, 81A, 89A)

Figure 89
Males. Posterolateral view of terminalia of: A, Holotype of Paramycodrosophila itatiaiensis n. sp.; B, Holotype of P. blauthae n. sp.; C, Holotype of P. rafaeli n. sp.; D, Holotype of P. boldrinii n. sp.; E, Holotype of P. roraimensis n. sp.; F, Holotype of P. amazonensis n. sp.; G, Holotype of P. moratoi n. sp.; H, Holotype of P. mineira n. sp.; I, Holotype of P. leonensis n. sp. Scale bars: 0.1 mm.

Material examined: Holotype male, labeled as follows: “BRA [=Brazil] – RJ [=State of Rio de Janeiro] – PARNA [=National Park] de Itatiaia (22°25’54.39”S, 44°37’18.24”W) Data: 18.i.2021-29.i.2021 Col.: Telles MHF OBS.: Armadilha [=Trap] Malaise”; “Paramycodrosophila itatiaiensis n. sp. Frech-Telles, Valente-Gaiesky, Gottschalk, ♂ Holotype” [MZUSP].

Diagnosis. Flies yellow with brown marks forming a mottled pattern; legs tan with darker rings from near the base to the middle of the femora; scutum yellow with many brown markings, pleura with katepisternum entirely dark; wings hyaline with a large apically pointy black lappet; abdomen with tergites yellow with black and brown; T6 dark brown, medially interrupted in yellow. Phallus tubular and projected ventrally, in ventral view the phallus is 2x wider near the phallotrema section with the apical bulbous membranous structure, in lateral view the bulbous membranous structure is narrow and curved dorsally; the lateral margins of phallotrema are more sclerotinized surrounded by more membranous region; the phallus is micro-ornated dorsally and has smaller ornamentation in the membranous regions.

Description. Holotype. Head (Figs. 1A, C): yellow with black and dark brown marks; eyes red, pubescent; face with a large, narrow prominent carina, black with transversal yellow band; scape light brown; pedicel basally brown, apically light yellow; flagellomere 1 brown, basally yellow, apically black, compressed, mango-shaped; arista with five dorsal and one ventral branches, and terminal fork; frons light yellow and brown; fronto-orbital plate yellow, dark brown mark from near the vertex adjacent to the frontal vitta to the base of the p rc frorb s; fronto-orbital setae black, a rc frorb s lateral and anterior of pc frorb s; distance between pc frorb s and a rc frorb s = 0.03 mm, between pc frorb s and p rc frorb s = 0.08 mm, and between a rc frorb s and p rc frorb s = 0.08 mm; frontal vitta light brown, lighter near ptilinal suture; frontal triangle light yellow, large; ocellar triangle black, prominent; postocellar setae black, crossing; genae light yellow with a black ventral band along the ventral margin, a black spot in the margin of the eye near the vibrissae; palps dark brown to black, large; labellum black. Thorax (Figs. 1B, C): yellow with brown marks; scutum yellow with several brown marks, two longitudinal sub-medial brown bands anteriorly parallel converging medially near the transverse suture and, in height of dorsocentral setae, the bands fuse and are replaced by brown spots partially fused forming a triangle shape; fine gray line between the parallel brown marks; base of the notopleural and dorsocentral setae with brown spots; postpronotum light yellow; external margin of postpronotal lobe brown; transverse suture with a brown mark extended towards supra-alar area; six irregular rows of acrostichal setulae which become scarce posterior to the anterior dorsocentral setae; anterior dorsocentral setae about 2/3 the length of the posterior dorsocentral setae; scutellum dark brown, with yellow margins from its base until the base of the apical scutellar setae, dark spots at the base of the basal scutellar setae; basal and apical scutellar setae parallel, curved inwards; pleura yellow with brown marks; proepisternum black with ventral half light yellow; anepisternum brown with large yellow spot in its center; anepimeron yellow with dark brown spots; meron light brown, lighter at its dorsal margin. Wings (Fig. 1F): faint darker patch present bellow costal lappet; R₄₊₅ and M Parallel; R₂₊₃ slightly curved to costal at its tip; halter light yellow; index: C = 1.72, ac = 2.91, hb = 0.69, 4c = 1.52, 4v = 2.55, 5x = 2.41, M = 0.97, prox. x = 0.54. Length = 2.06 mm, width = 0.99 mm. Abdomen (Figs. 1D, E): tergites yellow with brown and black marks; T1 yellow, laterally black; T2 and T3 black, interrupted medially and sub-laterally in yellow; T3 black with two yellow marks in the medial dark areas; T4 yellow with a caudal black band interrupted sub-laterally in yellow, the black band is enlarged medially advancing towards the anterior margin, the band advances to the anterior margin laterally reaching it; T5 yellow, one large somewhat rounded caudal dark spot, lateral margin with small brown mark; sternites yellow; intersegmental membranes light. Terminalia (Figs. 2, 89A): epandrium with approximately equal width and length, with microtrichia, with seven (four at the right and three at the left side) upper and two lateral setae; ventral lobe narrow, glabrous, with one subapical and two long apical setae. Cerci not fused to epandrium, glabrous, and with large setae, hypoproctal plate present, ventral cecal lobes present with four setae each. Subepandrial sclerite wide, connecting the surstyli. Surstylus connected to the epandrium, with prensisetae arranged in a line, about four longer inner setae and four shorter outer setae. Hypandrium, longer than wider, shorter than epandrium. Pregonites large, fused to the hypandrium, with a seta near the fusion with the postgonite, not fused medially. Postgonites elongated and straight in lateral view, containing approximately three setulae near the fusion with pregonite. Phallotrema is roundish. Phallapodeme is slightly shorter than phallus, slightly curved ventrally. Body length: 2.09 mm.

Etymology. Named in reference to Itatiaia National Park, where the holotype was collected.

Paramycodrosophila blauthae n. sp.

urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:7F0AD4D5-2499-46D0-BC45-4E12C2462AE3(Figs. 3-6, 81B, 85A, 89B)

Figure 6
Paratype of Paramycodrosophila blauthae n. sp.: A, posterior end of abdomen (ventral view); B, posterior end of abdomen (lateral view); C, oviscapt (ventral view); D, oviscapt (lateral view); E, seventh sternite (ventral view); F, spermatheca (lateral view). Scale bars: 0.1 mm. Abbreviations: b intrvrt, basal introvert; cap, capsule; epiprct, epiproct; hyprct, hypoproct; ovscp vlv, oviscapt valve; spmth dt, spermathecal duct; S7, Sternite 7; T8, Tergite 8.

Figure 85
Females. Habitus of: A, Paratype of Paramycodrosophila blauthae n. sp.; B, Paratype of P. moratoi n. sp.; C, VS02, Paratype of P. marinhoi n. sp.; D, C2.1, P. marinhoi n. sp.; E, HBTL02, P. marinhoi n. sp.; F, Paratype of P. viscondedemauaensis n. sp. Scale bars: 1 mm.

Material examined: Holotype male, labelled as follows: “BRA [=Brazil] – MG [State of Minas Gerais] – Bocaina de Minas (22°19’46.69”S, 44°32’31.3”W) Data [Date]: 05.xii.2020-20.xii.2020 Col. [=Collector]: Telles MHF; Vicenzi N OBS.: Armadilha [=Trap] Malaise”; “Paramycodrosophila blauthae n. sp. Frech-Telles, Valente-Gaiesky, Gottschalk, ♂ Holotype” [MZUSP].

Paratype: female, labelled as follows: “BRA [=Brazil] – RJ [=State of Rio de Janeiro] – PES [=State Park] da Pedra Selada (22°19’58.47”S, 44°32’11.14”W) Data: 22.xii.2020-05.i.2021 Col.: Telles MHF; Vicenzi N OBS.: Armadilha [=Trap] Malaise”; “Paramycodrosophila blauthae n. sp. Frech-Telles, Valente-Gaiesky, Gottschalk, ♀ Paratype” [MZUSP].

Diagnosis. Flies yellow with black and dark brown marks; scutum yellow with many brown markings, brown marking in the middle of scutum resembling the letter “X”; pleura with katepisternum light yellow with dorsal half dark brown; legs tan with brown marks in the mid and hind femora medially; wings hyaline with a large black apically roundish lappet; abdomen yellow with black and brown marks; T6 yellow, laterally brown at anterior margin. Phallus tubular and projected ventrally, in ventral view the phallus is gets continuously wider from its base to the middle of the phallotrema section; in lateral view it gets narrower at its apex; the phallotrema is diamond-shaped; the phallus is micro ornated dorsally and at its apex.

Description. Holotype (Figs. 3, 4, 81B, 89B). Head (Fig. 3A): yellow with black and dark brown marks; eyes red, pubescent; face dorsally brown, medially light yellow, ventrally black forming continuous band to the second genal setae; carina light yellow, prominent, narrow; scape apically light yellow; pedicel basally brownish yellow, apically light yellow; flagellomere 1 light yellow with brown band medially, compressed, mango-shaped; left arista with five dorsal, right arista with six dorsal branches, one ventral branch, terminal fork; frons light yellow and brown; fronto-orbital plate yellow, brown spot at the base of p rc frorb s; fronto-orbital setae black, a rc frorb s lateral of pc frorb s; distance between pc frorb s and a rc frorb s = 0.03 mm, between pc frorb s and p rc frorb s = 0.07 mm, and between a rc frorb s and p rc frorb s = 0.06 mm; frontal vitta light brown; frontal triangle yellow, large; ocellar triangle black, prominent; postocellar setae black, crossing at the tip; genae light yellow with black mark under the eye near vibrissa, brownish near the base of the third and fourth genal setae; palps dark brown to black, large; labellum dark brown. Thorax (Figs. 3B, C): yellow with brown marks; scutum yellow with two sub-medial brown marks anteriorly parallel reaching the anterior dorsocentral setae, longitudinal yellow band external to the longitudinal brown marks, fine gray line medially, dark brown posteriorly, cross-shaped mark in the center of scutum partially formed by partially fused spots; supra-alar region brown; base of the notopleural and dorsocentral setae with brown spots; postpronotum light yellow; external margin of postpronotum brown; four irregular rows of acrostichal setulae which become scarce posterior to the anterior dorsocentral setae and absent posterior to posterior dorsocentral setae, anterior dorsocentral setae smaller than posterior dorsocentral setae; scutellum dark brown, gradually lighter towards lateral and posterior margins, dark spots at the base of scutellar setae; basal scutellar setae convergent, almost straight, slightly curved inwards; apical scutellar setae convergent, slightly curved inwards, crossing; pleura light yellow with brown marks; proepisternum, anepimeron and anepisternum light yellow with dorsal transversal bands forming a continuous dark brown band; katepisternum light yellow, dorsal half dark brown; meron yellow; legs tan, mid and hind femora with brown marks medially. Wings (Fig. 3F): faint darker patch present bellow costal lappet; R₄₊₅ and M₁ parallel; halter light yellow; index: C = 1.34, ac = 3.61, hb = 1.00, 4c = 1.76, 4v = 2.68, 5x = 3.00, M = 1.05, prox. x = 0.62. Length = 1.89 mm, width = 0.89 mm. Abdomen (Figs. 3D, E): tergites yellow with black marks; T1 yellow, laterally black; T2 black, interrupted medially and sub-laterally in yellow; T3 black with two yellow spots, interrupted medially and sub-laterally in yellow, the yellow spots are anterior and sub-lateral to the large black areas; T4 yellow, caudal black band interrupted sub-laterally in yellow, the band enlarges medially similar to a triangle and reaches the anterior margin laterally ; T5 yellow, one medial large droplet-shaped black spot, laterally brown; sternites light yellow; intersegmental membranes light. Terminalia (Figs. 4, 89B): epandrium with approximately equal width and length, with microtrichia, with eight upper and two lateral setae; ventral lobe small, glabrous, with one long and one shorter apical setae. Cerci not fused to epandrium, with microtrichia, and with large setae, hypoproctal plate present, ventral cecal lobes present with two lateral and at least one apical seta each. Subepandrial sclerite wide. Surstylus connected to the epandrium, with prensisetae arranged in a dorsal line, at least five long outer setae. Hypandrium slightly longer than wide, squarish, smaller than epandrium. Pregonites narrow, fused laterally to the hypandrium, with a seta near its center, not fused medially. Postgonites short thick and straight, containing approximately three setulae near the fusion with pregonite. Phallapodeme is about the same length as the phallus, slightly curved ventrally. Body length: 1.94mm.

Paratype remarks: female (Figs. 5, 6, 85A): scutum is darker posterior to the cross shape; scutellum dark is dark brown and laterally yellow from its base up to the apical scutellar setae; apical scutellar setae divergent. Abdomen: T5 is like T4; T6 is yellow with a black caudal medial triangular spot and laterally black; T7 is yellow. S7 with microtrichia and with 8 setulae. Wing index: C = 1.60, ac = 3.71, hb = 0.84, 4c = 1.70, 4v = 2.81, 5x = 2.73, M = 1.11, prox. x = 0.65. Length = 1.91 mm, width = 0.94 mm. Terminalia (Fig. 6): T8 with microtrichia in the dorsal region; epiproct and hypoproct with microtrichia, with many long and some smaller setae; oviscapt vale sclerotinized, long, squarish at the tip in lateral view; four large peg-like ovisensilla on the posterior margin, horizontal row of five peg-like ovisensilla on the apical ventral margin, around 11 tiny pegs on the ventral margin. Spermathecal capsule sclerotized, dome-shaped, roundish, one sub-basal ring groove, and a depression apically; introvert 3/4 the total length of the capsule. Body length: 2.09 mm.

Figure 5
Paratype of Paramycodrosophila blauthae n. sp.: A, head (anterolateral view); B, thorax (dorsal view); C, head and thorax (lateral view); D, abdomen (lateral view); E, abdomen (dorsal view); F, wing.

Etymology. Named after Dr. Monica Laner Blauth, drosophilist and geneticist, whose contribution was instrumental to this work..

Paramycodrosophila rafaeli n. sp.

urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:EF43CC76-984D-408A-A3C8-85C9022EBF0D (Figs. 7, 8, 81C, 89C)

Material examined: Holotype male, labelled as follows: “Brasil, Roraima, Caracarai, PARNA [=National Park] Viruá, 1º27'16”N; 60º59'3”W,1-15.v.2016, Malaise Grande, J.A. Rafael, R. Boldrini, Rede BIA [=Thematic network “Biodiversity of Insects in the Amazon”]”; “Paramycodrosophila rafaeli n. sp. Frech-Telles, Valente-Gaiesky, Gottschalk, ♂ Holotype” [INPA]. Holotype condition: Several setae and setulae missing.

Diagnosis. Flies mostly yellow with brown marks; scutum yellow and brown with a brown cross-shaped mark in the center of scutum; legs tan, fore femora with basal half slightly darker, mid and hind femora with slightly darker rings medially; pleura yellow with longitudinal brown marks; wings hyaline with a large, apically roundish, black costal lappet; abdomen with tergites yellow with dark brown marks. Phallus tubular and projected ventrally, in ventral view the phallus is 2x wider near the phallotrema section; phallotrema section with an apical bulbous membranous structure, in lateral view the bulbous membranous structure is thick; the lateral margins of phallotrema are more sclerotinized surrounded by more membranous region.

Description. Holotype. Head (Fig. 7A): yellow with black and dark brown marks; eyes grey, pubescent; face brownish; carina light yellow with light yellow band, large, prominent; scape covered; pedicel basally brownish, apically light yellow; flagellomere 1 brown, basal margin yellow, compressed, mango-shaped; left arista with five dorsal, right arista with six dorsal branches, one ventral branch, terminal fork; frons light yellow with brown marks; fronto-orbital plate yellow, brown spot at the base of p rc frorb s; fronto-orbital setae black, a rc frorb s lateral and slightly anterior of pc frorb s; distance between pc frorb s and a rc frorb s = 0.02 mm, between pc frorb s and p rc frorb s = 0.07 mm, and between a rc frorb s and p rc frorb s = 0.06 mm; frontal vitta light brown, with near the eye and ptilinal suture; frontal triangle brown, large; frontal vitta light brown, with near the eye and ptilinal suture; postocellar setae black, crossing at the tip; genae light yellow with black mark near vibrissa, brownish near ventral margin; palps light brow, large; labrum brown; labellum dark brown. Thorax (Figs. 7B,C): yellow with brown marks; scutum yellow with two faint anteriorly parallel longitudinal brown marks sub-medially reaching the anterior dorsocentral setae, posterior half of cross-shaped mark formed by partially fuse spots at the base of setulae, longitudinal fine gray line medially, base of the notopleural and dorsocentral setae with brown spots; postpronotum light yellow; acrostichal setulae missing; dorsocentral setae missing; postpronotum light yellow almost white; scutellum dark brown, light brown margins, dark spots at the base of scutellar setae; scutellar setae missing; pleura yellow with brown marks; proepisternum, and anepisternum yellow with dorsal marks forming a continuous dark brown band; anepimeron yellow with transversal brown band medially; katepisternum yellow, dorsal half brown; meron brown. Wings (Fig. 7F): faint darker patch present bellow costal lappet; R₄₊₅ and M₁ parallel; halter yellow; index: C = 1.30, ac = 3.60, hb = 1.14, 4c = 1.86, 4v = 2.76, 5x = 3.11, M = 0.97, prox. x = 0.45 Length = 1.45 mm, width = 0.66 mm. Abdomen (Figs. 7D, E): T1 yellow; T2 brown, interrupted sub-laterally in yellow, anterior yellow spot sub-laterally in the brown area; T3 brown, interrupted sub-laterally in yellow, anterior yellow spot sub-laterally in the brown area; T4 yellow, caudal brown band interrupted sub-laterally in yellow, laterally the band reaches toward the anterior margin, the brown band enlarges medially; T5 yellow, five caudal brown marks, the medial mark is large and triangle shaped pointing anteriorly; T6 yellow, laterally anterior light brown; sternites light yellow; intersegmental membranes light. Terminalia (Figs. 8, 89C): Epandrium with approximately equal width and length, with microtrichia, with nine (four at the right and five at the left side) upper and one lateral setae; ventral lobe narrow, glabrous, with two long apical setae. Cerci not fused to epandrium, glabrous, and with large setae, hypoproctal plate present, ventral cecal lobes present with two basal setae and at least two smaller apical setae. Subepandrial sclerite wide, sclerotinized. Surstylus connected to the epandrium, with prensisetae arranged in a line, about four longer inner setae and four shorter outer setae. Hypandrium, longer than wider, shorter than epandrium. Pregonites large, fused to the hypandrium, with a seta near the fusion with the postgonite, not fused medially. Postgonites elongated, club-like and straight in lateral view, containing approximately three setulae near the fusion with pregonite. Phallotrema is droplet-shaped. Phallapodeme is shorter than phallus, almost straight. Body length: 1.85mm.

Etymology. Named after Dr. José Albertino Rafael, entomologist and one of collectors of the holotype.

Paramycodrosophila boldrinii n. sp.

urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:62E1B832-3CB5-4FCF-8A31-68BF86249266

(Figs. 9, 10, 81D, 89D)

Figure 9
Holotype of Paramycodrosophila boldrinii n. sp.: A, head (anterolateral view); B, thorax (dorsal view); C, head and thorax (lateral view); D, abdomen (lateral view); E, abdomen (dorsal view); F, wing.

Material examined: Holotype male, labelled as follows: “Brasil, Roraima, Caracaraí, PARNA [=National Park] Viruá, 1°29'23”N; 61°0'12”W, 1-15/iv/2016, JA Rafael; R Boldrini, armadilha [=Trap] Malaise”; “Paramycodrosophila boldrinii n. sp. Frech-Telles, Valente-Gaiesky, Gottschalk, ♂ Holotype” [INPA]. Holotype condition: Wrinkled.

Diagnosis. Flies yellow with several brown areas forming a mottled pattern; scutum yellow with brown marks; pleura with continual light yellow band above katepisternum; legs with femora with darker medial mark; tibiae slightly darker basally; wings hyaline with apically pointy large black costal lappet; abdomen with yellow and black tergites. Phallus tubular and projected ventrally, in ventral view the phallus is 2x wider near the phallotrema section with the apical squarish bulbous membranous structure, in lateral view the bulbous membranous structure is narrow and curved dorsally; the lateral margins of phallotrema are more sclerotinized surrounded by more membranous region resembling a flap; the phallus is micro-ornated ventrally with small spikes posterior to the phallotrema.

Description. Holotype. Head (Figs. 9A, C): yellow with darker marks; eyes greyish red, pubescent; face brown; carina yellow, large, prominent; scape covered; pedicel brown, apical half lighter; flagellomere 1 brown, basal margin yellow, compressed, mango-shaped; arista with four dorsal and one ventral branches, and terminal fork; frons yellow and brown; orbital plate greyish, slightly darker at p rc frorb s; fronto-orbital setae black; distance between pc frorb s and a rc frorb s = 0.02 mm, between pc frorb s and p rc frorb s = 0.07 mm, and between a rc frorb s and p rc frorb s = 0.06 mm; frontal vitta yellow, brown posterior to p rc frorb s; frontal triangle yellow; ocellar triangle dark brown almost black, prominent; postocellar setae black, not crossing; genae yellow, dark brown at the ventral margin, faint brown at the ventral margin of the eye; clypeus, palps, labrum and labellum brown. Thorax (Figs. 9B, C): yellow and brown with darker marks; scutum light brown with several lighter brown marks, two longitudinal brown bands anteriorly parallel sub-medially converging and fusing medially at the height of the supra-alar region, after fusing the bands diverges posteriorly resembling a triangle shape, the triangle shape is fainter medially; fine gray line between the parallel brown marks; postpronotum light yellow; six irregular rows of acrostichal setulae which become scarce posterior to the anterior dorsocentral setae; anterior dorsocentral setae smaller than posterior; transverse suture with a brown mark that advances posteriorly; scutellum dark brown with lighter margins from its base until the base of the apical scutellar setae, slightly darker at base of setae; basal scutellar setae parallel, curved inwards; apical scutellar setae convergent, curved inwards, almost meeting at the tip; proepisternum brown, transversal lighter band medially; anepisternum yellow, brown apically and at the posterior margin; anepimeron in shades of brown; katepisternum with dorsal half brown; meron brownish; legs tan. Wings (Fig. 9F): faint darker patch present bellow costal lappet; R₄₊₅ and M₁ parallel; halter yellow, basally darker; index: C = 1.45, ac = 2.94, hb = 0.83, 4c = 1.57, 4v = 2.33, 5x = 2.60, M = 0.87, prox. x = 0.57. Length = 1.42 mm, width = 0.66 mm. Abdomen (Figs. 9D, E): T1 brownish yellow; T2 dark brown, interrupted sub-laterally in yellow, faint yellow spot at the anterior margin medially; T3 dark brown sub-laterally interrupted in yellow; T4 yellow, sub-laterally yellow, laterally dark brown, dark brown caudal band, the lateral of the band reaches the anterior margin, band enlarged medially; T5 yellow, triangle shaped medial mark from the posterior margin to the anterior margin, the mark points anteriorly; T6 dark brown, fainter medially; sternites brown; intersegmental membranes light. Terminalia (Figs. 10, 89D): epandrium with approximately equal width and length, with microtrichia, with 10 upper and one lateral setae; ventral lobe narrow, glabrous, with one basal and two long apical setae. Cerci not fused to epandrium, glabrous, and with large setae, hypoproctal plate present, ventral cecal lobes present with four setae each. Subepandrial sclerite wide, connecting the surstyli, sclerotinized. Surstylus connected to the epandrium, with prensisetae arranged in a line, about four longer inner setae and four shorter outer setae. Hypandrium, longer than wider, slightly shorter than epandrium. Pregonites large, fused to the hypandrium, with a seta near the fusion with the postgonite, not fused medially. Postgonites elongated and straight in lateral view, containing approximately three setulae near the fusion with pregonite. Phallotrema is roundish. Phallapodeme is shorter than phallus and almost straight. Body length: 1.38 mm.

Etymology. Named after Dr. Rafael Boldrini, entomologist and one of collectors of the holotype.

Paramycodrosophila roraimensis n. sp.

urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:5B368563-377E-4B62-A0C4-1CD75CEC1AC6 (Figs. 11, 12, 81E, 89E)

Material examined: Holotype male, labelled as follows: “Brasil, Roraima, Caracaraí, PARNA [=National Park] Viruá, 1°27'16”N; 60°59'3”W, 1-15/v/2016, Malaise [Trap] Pequena, JA Rafael; R Boldrini - Rede BIA [=Thematic network “Biodiversity of Insects in the Amazon”]”; “Paramycodrosophila roraimensis n. sp. Frech-Telles, Valente-Gaiesky, Gottschalk, ♂ Holotype” [INPA]. Holotype condition: Aristae and several setae missing.

Diagnosis. Flies yellow with several brown areas forming a mottled pattern; yellow scutum with a semicircular brown shape adjacent to the posterior margin; pleura yellow with transversal brown marks; legs yellow with fore coxae yellow with posterior half darker; wings hyaline with large, apically pointy, black costal lappet; abdomen with yellow, black and brown tergites. T5 yellow laterally brown, medial triangle shaped dark brown spot pointing anteriorly, sub-lateral small dark brown spot at the posterior margin. Phallus tubular and projected ventrally, in ventral view the phallus gets gradually wider from the base to the apex; the apex of the phallus has one medial pointy projection and two wide, round lateral projections; anterior to the phallotrema there are two pointy projection pointing ventrally.

Description. Holotype. Head (Fig. 11A): yellow with black and dark brown marks; eyes greyish, pubescent; face yellow; carina yellow, narrow, prominent; scape brownish yellow; pedicel basally brownish yellow, apically light yellow; flagellomere 1 brown, basal margin yellow, apically darker, compressed, mango-shaped; aristae missing; frons yellow with brown marks; fronto-orbital plate yellow, brown spot at the base of p rc frorb s advancing posteriorly; fronto-orbital setae black, a rc frorb s lateral and slightly posterior of pc frorb s; distance between pc frorb s and a rc frorb s = 0.02 mm, between pc frorb s and p rc frorb s = 0.07 mm, and between a rc frorb s and p rc frorb s = 0.06 mm; frontal vitta brown posterior of a rc frorb s; frontal triangle yellow, large; ocellar triangle black, prominent; postocellar setae black, crossing; genae yellow with brown mark under the eye near vibrissa, ventral margin dark brown progressively lighter posteriorly; clypeus light brown; palps dark brown, large; labrum light yellow with brown marks; labellum dark brown. Thorax (Figs. 11B, C): yellow with brown marks; scutum light brown with several lighter brown marks, two longitudinal brown bands anteriorly parallel sub-medially converging sharply and fusing medially at the center of scutum; posterior to the fusion, the bands are replaced by brown spots at the base of mid acrostichal rows; brown mark at the posterior margin of scutum reaching the height of posterior dorsocentral forming a semicircle shape; fine gray line between the parallel brown marks; postpronotum light yellow; six irregular rows of acrostichal setulae which become scarcer after the anterior dorsocentral; dorsocentral setae missing; transverse suture with a brown mark extending toward the supra alar region; scutellum brown with lighter margins from its base until the base of the apical scutellar setae, slightly darker at base of setae; scutellar setae missing; pleura light yellow with brown marks; proepisternum brown, ventral half lighter; anepisternum yellow, brown apically; anepimeron yellow with brown marks; katepisternum yellow, brown band near the dorsal and posterior margin; meron light yellow. Wings (Fig. 11F): faint darker patch present bellow costal lappet; R₄₊₅ and M₁ parallel; halter yellow; index: C = 1.53, ac = 1.53, hb = 0.73, 4c = 1.50, 4v = 2.30, 5x = 3.00, M = 0.80, prox. x = 0.53. Length = 1.37 mm, width = 0.61 mm. Abdomen (Figs. 11D, E): tergites yellow with dark brown to black marks; T1 yellow, laterally black; T2 dark brown, sub-laterally in yellow, medial faint yellow mark; T3 dark brown to black sub-laterally interrupted in yellow, with two faint yellow spots at the anterior margin sub-laterally of the brown area; T4 dark brown sub-laterally yellow, elongated yellow mark at the anterior margin, the yellow mark enlarges and becomes round laterally; T6 yellow; sternites yellow; intersegmental membranes light. Terminalia (Figs. 12, 89E): epandrium slightly longer than it is wide, with microtrichia, with 10 upper setae; ventral lobe short, glabrous, with one sub-apical and two long apical setae. Cerci not fused to epandrium, with microtrichia, with large setae, hypoproctal plate present, ventral cecal lobes large with many long setae. Subepandrial sclerite wide, squarish. Surstylus connected to the epandrium, with prensisetae arranged in a line, about five longer inner setae and shorter outer setae. Hypandrium roundish, longer than wide, smaller than epandrium. Pregonites large and corrugated, fused to the hypandrium laterally, not fused medially. Postgonites thick, short and straight in lateral view, containing setulae near the fusion with pregonite. Phallotrema is wide. Phallapodeme is longer than phallus and slightly curved ventrally. Body length: 1.53 mm.

Etymology. Named in reference to the state of Roraima, where the holotype was collected.

Paramycodrosophila amazonensis n. sp.

urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:CC21D948-E53B-45CD-9C5B-BB93E13C8E6D (Figs. 13, 14, 81F, 89F)

Figure 13
Holotype of Paramycodrosophila amazonensis n. sp.: A, head (anterolateral view); B, thorax (dorsal view); C, head and thorax (lateral view); D, abdomen (lateral view); E, abdomen (dorsal view); F, wing.

Material examined: Holotype male, labelled as follows: “Brasil, Amazonas, Careiro Castanho, BR 319 km 181, Sítio São Paulo, Malaise [Trap], JA Rafael”; “Paramycodrosophila amazonensis n. sp. Frech-Telles, Valente-Gaiesky, Gottschalk, ♂ Holotype” [INPA].

Diagnosis. Flies yellow with several brown marks forming a mottled pattern; head yellow and brown, pr frorb s anterior and lateral to a rc frorb s; scutum yellow with a brown area resembling three connected triangles; legs yellow; wings hyaline with a large, black, apically roundish costal lappet; abdomen with yellow and brown tergites, T5 yellow with a brown caudal band, the band reaches medially toward the anterior margin forming a large triangular shape, laterally yellow. Posterior hypandrial process present. Phallus tubular and projected ventrally, in ventral view the phallus gets wider near the phallotrema section; the phallus is micro-ornated with long scale-like structures.

Description. Holotype. Head (Figs. 13A, C): yellow with darker marks; eyes red, pubescent; face yellow, ventral third light brown; carina narrow, prominent; scape apically light; pedicel brown, apical half lighter; flagellomere 1 brown, compressed, mango-shaped; arista with five dorsal and one ventral branches, and terminal fork; frons yellow and brown; fronto-orbital plate yellow, slightly darker posterior to p rc frorb s; fronto-orbital setae black; distance between pc frorb s and a rc frorb s = 0.02 mm, between pc frorb s and p rc frorb s = 0.07 mm, and between a rc frorb s and p rc frorb s = 0.06 mm; frontal vitta yellow; frontal triangle yellow, large; ocellar triangle black, prominent; postocellar setae black, crossed; genae yellow, brown at the ventral margin; palps brown, large; clypeus, labrum and labellum brown. Thorax (Figs. 13B, C): yellow with brown marks; scutum yellow with brown marks; two longitudinal brown triangle shaped marks reaching and fusing medially, posterior to the fusing point the brown area increases gradually in size forming another triangle shaped mark; transverse suture with a brown mark extended towards supra-alar area; fine longitudinal gray line medially in the yellow area; postpronotum light yellow; external margin of postpronotal lobe brown; six irregular rows of acrostichal setulae, absent after the posterior dorsocentral setae; anterior dorsocentral setae smaller than posterior dorsocentral setae; scutellum brown, yellow laterally near the basal margin; basal scutellar setae divergent curved inwards; apical scutellar setae missing. Pleura brown with a transversal medial light yellow band above katepisternum; proepisternum brown; anepisternum brown with large faint yellow spot medially at the posterior margin, ventral margin light yellow; anepimeron yellow with brown marks; katepisternum dark brown; meron mostly brown. Wings (Fig. 13F): faint darker patch present bellow costal lappet; R₄₊₅ and M₁ parallel; halter brown, knob yellow; index: C = 1.56, ac = 3.44, hb = 1.06, 4c = 1.62, 4v = 2.62, 5x = 2.38, M = 0.91, prox. x = 0.59. Length = 1.67 mm, width = 0.80 mm. Abdomen (Figs. 13D, E): T1 yellow, laterally darker; T2 brown sub-laterally interrupted in yellow, anterior half faint yellow; T3 brown sub-laterally interrupted in yellow, anterior yellow spot sub-laterally of the brown area; T4 brown, sub-laterally yellow, long yellow transversal mark at the anterior margin, the yellow mark enlarges laterally; T6 yellow; sternites light yellow; intersegmental membranes light. Terminalia (Figs. 14, 89F): epandrium with approximately equal width and length, with microtrichia, with 13 (seven on the right side and six on the left side) upper and lateral setae; ventral lobe broad, glabrous, with at least four setae. Cerci connected to epandrium by the hypoproctal plate, with microtrichia, with large setae, hypoproctal plate present, ventral cecal lobes short with around four setae. Subepandrial sclerite wide, squarish, with a more sclerotinized band, connected to the surstylus. Surstylus with four prensisetae arranged in a line, about five longer inner setae arranged in a line and two lonely inner setae; two outer setae. Hypandrium squarish anteriorly with curved lateral margins, wider than long, smaller than epandrium, with a large and broad posterior hypandrial process. Pregonites small, fused to the hypandrium laterally, not fused medially. Postgonites thick and straight in lateral view, containing at least three setulae near the fusion with pregonite. Phallotrema is wide. Phallapodeme is slightly smaller than phallus and slightly curved ventrally. Body length: 2.08mm.

Etymology. Named in reference to the state of Amazonas, where the holotype was collected.

Paramycodrosophila moratoi n. sp.

urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:5534CB63-AAF6-4C9E-9D52-D4BD5B0919FC (Figs. 15-18, 82A, 85B, 89G)

Figure 18
Paratype of Paramycodrosophila moratoi n. sp.: A, posterior end of abdomen (ventral view); B, posterior end of abdomen (lateral view); C, oviscapt (ventral view); D, oviscapt (lateral view); E, spermatheca (lateral view); F, choria (left, dorsal view; right, lateral view). Scale bars: 0.1 mm. Abbreviations: flt, filament; mcp, micropyle.

Figure 82
Males. Habitus of: A, Holotype of Paramycodrosophila moratoi n. sp.; B, Holotype of P. mineira n. sp.; C, Holotype of P. leonensis n. sp.; D, Holotype of P. marinhoi n. sp.; E, Holotype of P. viscondedemauaensis n. sp.; F, Holotype of P. pedraseladensis n. sp. Scale bars: 1 mm.

Material examined: Holotype male, labelled as follows: “Brasil, Acre, SEN [=Senador] Guionard, FE [=State Forest] Catuaba, 10°4'28”S; 67°37'00”W, 22/ii-7/iii/2017, Malaise, EF Morato; JA Rafael, Rede BIA [=Thematic network “Biodiversity of Insects in the Amazon”]”; “Paramycodrosophila moratoi n. sp. Frech-Telles, Valente-Gaiesky, Gottschalk, ♂ Holotype” [INPA].

Paratype: female labelled as follows: “Brasil, Acre, SEN [=Senador] Guionard, FE [=State Forest] Catuaba, 10°4'28”S; 67°37'00”W, 22/ii-7/iii/2017, Malaise, EF Morato; JA Rafael, Rede BIA [=Thematic network “Biodiversity of Insects in the Amazon”]”; “Paramycodrosophila moratoi n. sp. Frech-Telles, Valente-Gaiesky, Gottschalk, ♀ Paratype” [INPA].

Diagnosis. Flies yellow with several brown marks forming a mottled pattern; head yellow and brown; scutum yellow with a large “X” shaped brown mark; pleura yellow with longitudinal brown bands; legs yellow; fore femora brown, apical third light; mid and hind femora with darker marks from near the base to the center; legs tan with fore femora slightly darker; hind femora with a darker posterior mark; wings hyaline with an apically roundish, large, black costal lappet; abdomen with yellow and black tergites. Phallus tubular and projected ventrally, in ventral view the phallus is droplet-shaped at the phallotrema section; the apex of the phallus is micro-ornated with small scale-like structures; the phallus is micro-ornated with long scale-like structures; in lateral view the lateral margins of phallotrema seem concave.

Description. Holotype (Figs. 15, 16, 82A, 89G). Head (Fig. 15A): yellow with dark brown marks; eyes reddish, pubescent; face light brown, ventral margin light yellow, brown spot under the carina; carina light yellow, slightly darker dorsally, narrow, prominent; scape brown; pedicel basally brownish yellow, apically light yellow; flagellomere 1 light yellow with brown band medially, compressed, mango-shaped; left arista with five dorsal, arista with six dorsal and one ventral branches, terminal fork; frons light yellow and brown; fronto-orbital plate yellow, brown spot from the base of p rc frorb s to the base of medial vertical setae; fronto-orbital setae missing; a rc frorb s lateral and slightly anterior of pc frorb s; distance between pc frorb s and a rc frorb s = 0.02 mm, between pc frorb s and p rc frorb s = 0.09 mm, and between a rc frorb s and p rc frorb s = 0.09 mm; frontal vitta yellow, brown posterior to a rc frorb s; frontal triangle yellow, large; ocellar triangle black, prominent; postocellar setae black, not crossing; genae light yellow with light brown mark under the eye near the vibrissa, black mark at the vibrissae and anterior genal setae, brownish near the base of the third and fourth genal setae; palps dark brown to black, large; labellum dark brown. Thorax (Figs. 15B, C): yellow with brown marks; scutum yellow with two longitudinal brown marks anteriorly parallel sub-medially reaching the anterior dorsocentral setae, cross-shaped mark in the center of scutum, dark brown posteriorly, laterally brown, four irregular rows of acrostichal setulae which become absent after the anterior dorsocentral setae, fine gray line between the parallel brown marks, base of the notopleural and dorsocentral setae with brown spots; dorsocentral setae missing or displaced; postpronotum light yellow; scutellum brown, yellow laterally near the anterior margin; scutellar setae parallel and curved inward apically; pleura yellow with brown marks; proepisternum, anepimeron and anepisternum brown with yellowish white marks forming a continuous band above the katepisternum; katepisternum light yellow, dorsal half dark brown. Wings (Fig. 15F): faint darker patch present bellow costal lappet; R₄₊₅ and M₁ parallel; halter light yellow, brown at the base; index: C = 1.23, ac = 3.53, hb = 0.87, 4c = 1.77, 4v = 2.50, 5x = 2.90, M = 0.97, prox. x = 0.50. Length = 1.42 mm, width = 0.65 mm. Abdomen (Figs. 15D, E): T1 yellow; T2 black, interrupted sub-laterally in yellow, anterior faint yellow mark medially; T3 black, sub-laterally yellow, with anterior small faint yellow spots sub-laterally of the brown area; T4 black, sub-laterally yellow, long yellow transversal mark at the anterior margin, the yellow mark enlarges laterally; T5 yellow, caudal black band enlarged medially, laterally brown, sub-laterally yellow; T6 yellow; sternites light yellow; intersegmental membranes light. Terminalia (Figs. 16, 89G): epandrium with a dark spot medially, approximately equal width and length, with microtrichia, with six upper and two lateral setae; ventral lobe short, glabrous, with two long and one shorter apical setae. Cerci not fused to the epandrium, with microtrichia, with large setae, hypoproctal plate present, ventral cecal lobes short with setae. Subepandrial sclerite sclerotinized. Surstylus with a row prensisetae dorsally, about four longer inner setae arranged in a line and two small outer setae. Hypandrium roundish, longer than wider, smaller than epandrium. Pregonites large, fused to the hypandrium, not fused medially, with a seta near the fusion to the postgonite. Postgonites thick and wider near pregonite, containing at least three setulae near the fusion with pregonite. Phallotrema is droplet-shaped. Phallapodeme is smaller than phallus and slightly curved ventrally. Body length: 1.62mm.

Paratype remarks: female (Figs. 17, 18, 85B): T6 yellow with a small brown caudal spot medially and laterally brown; T7 yellow and laterally brown. S7 with microtrichia and with 10 setulae. Wing index: C = 1.25, ac = 4.00, hb = 1.10, 4c = 1.93, 4v = 2.72, 5x = 2.55, M = 0.97, prox. x = 0.55. Length = 1.50 mm, width = 0.69 mm. Terminalia: T8 dark dorsally, with microtrichia in the dorsal region and six ventral setulae; epiproct and hypoproct with microtrichia, with many long and some smaller setae; oviscapt vale sclerotinized, long, squarish at the tip in lateral view; four large peg-like ovisensilla on the posterior margin, horizontal row of four peg-like ovisensilla on the apical ventral margin, around five tiny pegs on the ventral margin; Spermathecal capsule sclerotized, dome-shaped, with a sub-basal grove; introvert 3/5 the total length of the capsule. Eggs: chorion ornated dorsally with four filaments and the micropyle; the two apical filaments are about 2/3 of the length of the sub apical; the bigger filaments are 1/2 the length of the main body of the chorion. Body length: 1.69 mm.

Figure 17
Paratype of Paramycodrosophila moratoi n. sp.: A, head (anterolateral view); B, thorax (dorsal view); C, thorax (lateral view); D, abdomen (lateral view); E, abdomen (dorsal view); F, wing.

Etymology. Named after Dr. Elder Ferreira Morato, ecologist and one of collectors of the holotype.

Paramycodrosophila mineira n. sp.

urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:8B0FA833-DBB6-44E3-9C7F-34105B089AE8 (Figs. 19, 20, 82B, 89H)

Material examined: Holotype male, labelled as follows: “BRA [= Brazil] – MG [State of Minas Gerais] – Bocaina de Minas (22°19’46.3”S, 44°32’31.5”W) Data: 25.xii.2018-09.i.2019 Col.: Telles MHF OBS.: Armadilha Malaise”; “Paramycodrosophila mineira n. sp. Frech-Telles, Valente-Gaiesky, Gottschalk, ♂ Holotype” [MZUSP]. Holotype Condition: Wrinkled, and with faded coloration.

Diagnosis. Flies yellow with brown and black marks forming a mottled pattern; head yellow and brown; scutum yellow with the longitudinal brown band medially; scutellum mostly yellow with apical scutellar setae highly convergent; pleura yellow with longitudinal brown bands; wings hyaline with darkish, apically pointy costal lappet; abdomen with yellow and black tergites. Phallus tubular, broad and projected ventrally; in ventral view the phallus is diamond-shaped; the apically and sub apically the phallus is micro-ornated with small lumps dorsally; in lateral view the lateral margins of phallotrema seem concave.

Description. Holotype. Head (Figs. 19A, C): yellow with brown marks; eyes greyish, pubescent; face brown; carina light yellow, narrow, prominent; parafacialia yellow; scape covered; pedicel yellow, apically light brown; flagellomere 1 brown, yellow apically, compressed, mango-shaped; arista with five dorsal and one ventral branches, terminal fork; frons brown and yellow; fronto-orbital plate yellow; fronto-orbital setae black, right a rc frorb s lateral and slightly anterior to pc frorb s, left a rc frorb s lateral and slightly posterior to pc frorb s; distance between pc frorb s and a rc frorb s = 0.03 mm, between pc frorb s and p rc frorb s = 0.08 mm, and between a rc frorb s and p rc frorb s = 0.07 mm; frontal vitta brown, yellow near ptilinal suture; frontal triangle brown, large; ocellar triangle black, prominent; postocellar setae black, meeting at the tip; genae light yellow with light brown mark under the eye near vibrissa, brown at the ventral margin; clypeus, palps, labrum and labellum brown, palps large. Thorax (Figs. 19B, C): yellow with brown marks; scutum yellow, brown between dorsocentral rows, transversal suture brown, brown band form near the tip of transversal suture advancing posteriorly, postpronotum light yellow, external margin of postpronotum brown; six regular rows of acrostichal setulae which are absent after the posterior dorsocentral setae; anterior dorsocentral setae smaller than posterior dorsocentral setae; scutellum yellow, brownish medially near de basal margin; apical scutellar setae crossing; pleura light yellow with brown marks; proepisternum and anepisternum yellow, dorsally brown forming a continual band; anepimeron with transversal brown band medially; katepisternum dorsal half brown; meron brownish. Wings (Fig. 19F): faint darker patch present bellow costal lappet; R₄₊₅ and M₁ parallel; R₂₊₃ slightly curved to costal at its tip, halter light yellow, basally darker; index: C = 1.56, ac = 3.37, hb = 1.00, 4c = 1.64, 4v = 2.74, 5x = 3.07, M = 1.10, prox. x = 0.54. Length = 1.94 mm, width = 0.90 mm. Abdomen (Figs. 19D, E): T1 yellow, laterally black; T2 black, interrupted sub-laterally in yellow, anterior faint yellow mark medially ; T3 black, interrupted sub-laterally in yellow, faint yellow spot sub-laterally of the black area; T4 black interrupted sub-laterally in yellow, large round yellow shape sub-medially at the anterior margin; T5 yellow with a caudal black band, the band reaches toward the anterior margin reaching it, laterally yellow; T6 yellow; sternites brownish; intersegmental membranes light. Terminalia (Figs. 20, 89H): epandrium is approximately equal width and length, with microtrichia, with eight upper and two lateral setae; ventral lobe short, narrow, glabrous, with two long apical setae and one shorter basal seta. Cerci not fused to the epandrium, with microtrichia, with large setae, hypoproctal plate present, ventral cecal lobes broad with setae. Surstylus broad with a row prensisetae dorsally, about five longer inner setae arranged in a line and three small outer setae. Hypandrium squarish, longer than wide, smaller than epandrium. Pregonites corrugated, large, fused to the hypandrium, not fused medially, with a seta near the fusion to the postgonite. Postgonites short, thick and wider near pregonite, containing at least three setulae near the fusion with pregonite. Phallotrema is large. Phallapodeme is smaller than phallus and slightly curved ventrally. Body length: 1.69mm.

Etymology. Named in reference to the state of Minas Gerais, where the holotype was collected.

Paramycodrosophila leonensis n. sp.

urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:1E5EDEDB-BDE1-4E18-A1AD-DA708ACDD826 (Figs. 21, 22, 82C, 89I)

Material examined: Holotype male, labelled as follows: “BRASIL, RS [=State of Rio Grande do Sul], Capão do Leão, Horto Botânico Ir. [=irmão] Teodoro Luis S 31º 48’ 58” W 52º 25’ 55” Armadilha [=Trap] Malaise 30x-23xi2018 Marinho e equipe [=and collaborators] col.”; “Paramycodrosophila leonensis n. sp. Frech-Telles, Valente-Gaiesky, Gottschalk, ♂ Holotype” [MZUSP]. Holotype condition: Abdomen and head wrinkled.

Diagnosis. Flies yellow with brown and black marks forming a mottled pattern; head yellow and brown; scutum yellow and brown; pleura yellow with longitudinal brown bands; legs yellow; wings hyaline with a darkish apically pointy costal lappet; abdomen with yellow, dark brown and black, T1 light, other tergites dark brown to black. Phallus tubular, broad and projected ventrally; in ventral view the phallus is wider and round at the phallotrema section; the apex of the phallus is projected ventrally.

Description. Holotype. Head (Figs. 21A, C): yellow with brown marks; eyes greyish, pubescent; face brown; carina light yellow, narrow, prominent; scape yellow; pedicel yellow, apically lighter; flagellomere 1 brown, yellow apically, compressed, slightly mango-shaped; arista with five dorsal and one ventral branches, and terminal fork; frons brown and yellow; fronto-orbital plate yellow, brown spot at p rc frorb s; fronto-orbital setae black, a rc frorb s lateral to pc frorb s; distance between pc frorb s and a rc frorb s = 0.03 mm, between pc frorb s and p rc frorb s = 0.08 mm, and between a rc frorb s and p rc frorb s = 0.07 mm; second half of frontal vitta brown; frontal triangle brown, large; ocellar triangle black, prominent; postocellar setae black, crossing; genae light yellow with light brown mark under the eye near the vibrissa, brown at the ventral margin; palps, labrum and labellum brown. Thorax (Figs. 21B, C): yellow with brown marks; scutum mostly in shades of brown, one posteriorly round medial longitudinal yellow mark reaching half of scutum, slightly darker at the external margin of the yellow mark, fine longitudinal lighter band on the externally of dorsocentral row, darker mark near the transversal suture, mid acrostichal setulae with dark spots at its base outside the yellow mark; postpronotum lighter; six regular rows of acrostichal setulae, setulae absent after the anterior dorsocentral setae except for the mid pair of acrostichal; anterior dorsocentral setae smaller than posterior dorsocentral setae; scutellum light brown, slightly darker apically and at the basal setae; basal scutellar setae parallel; apical scutellar setae convergent, crossing; pleura light yellow with brown marks; proepisternum and anepisternum light yellow, dorsally brown forming a continual band with anepimeron and advancing posteriorly; katepisternum dorsal half brown; meron yellow. Wings (Fig. 21F): faint darker patch present bellow costal lappet and above R₂₊₃; R₄₊₅ and M₁ parallel; R₂₊₃ slightly curved to costal at its tip, halter light yellow, basally yellow; index: C = 1.78, ac = 3.00, hb = 0.72, 4c = 1.34, 4v = 2.21, 5x = 2.60, M = 0.83, prox. x = 0.51. Length = 2.04 mm, width = 1.00 mm. Terminalia (Figs. 22, 89I): epandrium is approximately equal width and length, with microtrichia, with eight upper and two lateral setae; ventral lobe short, glabrous, with two long apical setae and one short basal seta. Cerci not fused to the epandrium, with microtrichia, with large setae, hypoproctal plate present, ventral cecal lobes broad with setae. Surstylus with a row prensisetae dorsally, about five longer inner setae arranged and two smaller outer setae. Hypandrium, longer than wide, smaller than epandrium. Pregonites fused to the hypandrium, not fused medially, with a seta near the fusion to the postgonite. Postgonites short, very thick and wider near pregonite, containing at least three setulae near the fusion with pregonite. Phallotrema is large and round. Phallapodeme is smaller than phallus and sinuous. Body length: 1.59mm.

Etymology. Named in reference to the city of Capão do Leão, where the holotype was collected.

Paramycodrosophila marinhoi n. sp.

urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:A095E337-B0F1-4206-9F2A-CB0DDB035FC1 (Figs. 23-30, 82D, 85C-E, 90A)

Figure 23
Holotype of Paramycodrosophila marinhoi n. sp.: A, head (anterolateral view); B, thorax (dorsal view); C, head and thorax (lateral view); D, abdomen (lateral view); E, abdomen (dorsal view); F, wing.

Figure 30
Paramycodrosophila marinhoi n. sp. (HBTL02): A, posterior end of abdomen (ventral view); B, posterior end of abdomen (lateral view); C, oviscapt (ventral view); D, oviscapt (lateral view); E, spermatheca (lateral view); F, choria (left, lateral view; right, dorsal view). Scale bars: 0.1 mm.

Figure 90
Males. Posterolateral view of terminalia of: A, Holotype of Paramycodrosophila marinhoi n. sp.; B, Holotype of P. viscondedemauaensis n. sp.; C, Holotype of P. pedraseladensis n. sp.; D, Holotype of P. vicenziae n. sp.; E, Holotype of P. pallidifacies n. sp.; F, Holotype of P. acreensis n. sp. Scale bars: 0.1 mm.

Material examined: Holotype male, labelled as follows: “BRASIL, RS [=State of Rio Grande do Sul], Capão do Leão, Horto Botânico Ir. [=irmão] Teodoro Luis (Ponto 2) S 31º 48’ 58” W 52º 25’ 55” Armadilha [=Trap] Van Someren (Rim de Boi [=Ox kidney]) 19-26ix2018 Marinho e equipe [=and collaborators] col.”; “Paramycodrosophila marinhoi n. sp. Frech-Telles, Valente-Gaiesky, Gottschalk, ♂ Holotype” [MZUSP]. Holotype condition: Right arista and several setae missing; colors probably not well preserved.

Paratype: female labelled as follows: “BRASIL, RS [=State of Rio Grande do Sul], Capão do Leão, Horto Botânico Ir. [=irmão] Teodoro Luis (Ponto 2) S 31º 48’ 58” W 52º 25’ 55” Armadilha [=Trap] Van Someren (Rim de Boi [= Ox kidney]) 19-26ix2018 Marinho e equipe [=and collaborators] col.”; “Paramycodrosophila marinhoi n. sp. Frech-Telles, Valente-Gaiesky, Gottschalk, ♀ Paratype” [MZUSP]. Paratype condition: The left wing detached instead of the right wing; several setae missing; colors probably not well preserved.

Specimen: C2.1, female labelled as follows: “Brasil, RS [=State of Rio Grande do Sul], Rio Grande, ESEC [=Ecological Station] Taim, Mata da Sede - R3 Ponto 63 S32.53598 W52.53073 07-17.xii.2011 - Malaise Krüger RF col.”, “C2.1” [MZUSP]. HBTL02, female labelled as follows: “BRASIL, RS [=State of Rio Grande do Sul], Capão do Leão, Horto Botânico Ir. [=irmão] Teodoro Luis S 31º 48’ 58” W 52º 25’ 55” Armadilha [=Trap] Malaise 38vi-11vii2018 Marinho e equipe [=and collaborators] col.”, “HBTL02” [MZUSP].

Diagnosis. Flies with several darker marks forming a mottled pattern; scutum with darker spots on the base of the mid acrostichal row of setulae posterior to the middle of scutum; pleura with longitudinal dark bands; legs tan with femora with a large dark ring medially; wings infuscated with darkish, apically pointy costal lappet. Abdomen with yellow and brown tergites. Phallus tubular, broad and projected ventrally; in ventral view the phallus is wider and round at the phallotrema section; in lateral view the lateral margins of phallotrema seem concave.

Description. Holotype (Figs. 23, 24, 82D, 90A). Head (Figs. 23A, C): greyish yellow, grey and brown; eyes greyish, pubescent; face brown; carina light, narrow, prominent; scape brown; pedicel brown, apically lighter; flagellomere 1 brown, basally yellow, sub-apically lighter, apically darker, compressed, mango-shaped; arista with six dorsal and one ventral branches, and terminal fork; frons brown and grey; fronto-orbital plate grey, brown at the base of p rc frorb s and posteriorly; fronto-orbital setae missing, a rc frorb s anterior to pc frorb s; distance between pc frorb s and a rc frorb s = 0.04 mm, between pc frorb s and p rc frorb s = 0.08 mm, and between a rc frorb s and p rc frorb s = 0.1 mm; frontal vitta brown, anterior to a rc frorb s yellow; frontal triangle greyish, large; ocellar triangle black, prominent; postocellar setae black, not crossing; genae dark, lighter at the margin of the eye, dark near the vibrissa under the eye; clypeus, palps and labellum brown; labrum lighter. Thorax (Figs. 23B, C): grey with brown marks; scutum grey and brown; two longitudinal sub-medial brown band which converges and fuses medially at the height of the supra alar region, posterior to the fusion the bands are replaced by brown spots at the base of mid acrostichal setulae, the spots are replaced by a brown semi-circular mark at the posterior margin of the scutum, darker mark near the transversal suture; postpronotum lighter; six rows of acrostichal setulae, mid acrostichal rows converges at the height of the fusion of the brown band and diverges posteriorly; dorsocentral setae missing; scutellum brown; scutellar setae missing; pleura grey with brown marks; proepisternum and anepisternum grey, dorsally brown forming a continual band; anepisternum with a transversal brown band forming a continual band with anepimeron and posteriorly; katepisternum dark brown to black. Wings (Fig. 23F): faint darker patch present bellow costal lappet and above R₂₊₃; R₄₊₅ and M₁ parallel; veins r-m and dm-m faint; halter light; index: C = 1.81, ac = 3.40, hb = 0.98, 4c = 1.66, 4v = 2.90, 5x = 3.00, M = 1.17, prox. x = 0.63. Length = 2.19 mm, width = 1.03 mm. Abdomen (Figs. 23D, E): T1 brown, laterally black; T2 brown, interrupted sub-laterally in yellow; T3 brown, interrupted sub-laterally in yellow, faint yellow spot sub-laterally of the black area; T4 yellow with a caudal brown band, the band reaches toward the anterior margin reaching it laterally and almost reaching it medially, sub-laterally yellow, laterally brown; T5 yellow with a caudal band enlarged and reaches toward the anterior margin medially; T6 yellow; mid sternites light, first and last sternite brown; intersegmental membranes light. Terminalia (Figs. 24, 90A): epandrium is approximately equal width and length, with microtrichia, with eight upper and two lateral setae; ventral lobe narrow, glabrous, with two long apical setae and one short sub-apical seta. Cerci not fused to the epandrium, with microtrichia, with large setae, hypoproctal plate present, ventral cecal lobes broad with setae. Surstylus with a row prensisetae dorsally, about five longer inner setae arranged and two outer setae. Hypandrium, longer than wide, smaller than epandrium. Pregonites fused to the hypandrium, not fused medially, with a seta near the fusion to the postgonite. Postgonites thick and long, containing at least three setulae near the fusion with pregonite. Phallotrema is large and round, squarish at its apex. Phallapodeme is larger than phallus and highly curved ventrally. Body length: 2.39mm.

Paratype remarks: female (Figs. 25, 26, 85C): T6 is as T5 but the brown band is fainter and T7 is yellow. S7 with microtrichia and eight setulae. Wing index: C = 1.79, ac = 3.17, hb = 0.81, 4c = 1.52, 4v = 2.69, 5x = 2.94, M = 1.04, prox. x = 0.56. Length = 2.41 mm, width = 1.11 mm. Body length: 2.80 mm. Terminalia. T8 with microtrichia; epiproct and hypoproct with microtrichia, with many long and some smaller setae; oviscapt valve sclerotinized, long, squarish at the tip in lateral view; four peg-like ovisensilla on the posterior margin, horizontal row of six peg-like ovisensilla on the apical ventral margin, around seven tiny pegs on the outer ventral margin. Spermathecal capsule highly sclerotized, dome-shaped, bare, with a wrinkled ring near the basal opening; introvert 1/2 of the total length of the capsule, with a depression apically. Eggs: chorion ornated dorsally with four filaments and the micropyle; the two apical filaments are about 1/2 of the length of the sub apical; the bigger filaments are 1/3 the length of the main body of the chorion.

Figure 25
Paratype of Paramycodrosophila marinhoi n. sp.: A, head (anterolateral view); B, thorax (dorsal view); C, thorax (lateral view); D, abdomen (lateral view); E, abdomen (dorsal view); F, wing.

Figure 26
Paratype of Paramycodrosophila marinhoi n. sp.: A, posterior end of abdomen (ventral view); B, posterior end of abdomen (lateral view); C, oviscapt (ventral view); D, oviscapt (lateral view); E, seventh sternite (ventral view); F, spermatheca (lateral view). Scale bars: 0.1 mm.

Other specimen’s remarks: females: C2.1 (Figs. 27, 28, 85D): wing indexes: C = 1.82, ac = 3.09, hb = 0.87, 4c = 1.51, 4v = 2.74, 5x = 3.13, M = 1.06, prox. x = 0.53. Length = 2.35 mm, width = 1.13 mm; HBTL02 (Figs. 29, 30, 85E): C = 1.96, ac = 3.05, hb = 0.76, 4c = 1.46, 4v = 2.74, 5x = 2.88, M = 1.07, prox. x = 0.54. Length = 2.29 mm, width = 1.09 mm. Body length: C2.1: 2.67 mm; HBTL02: 2.30 mm. Abdomen: S7 with 10 setulae. Terminalia: C2.1 (Fig. 28): T8 with microtrichia in the dorsal region; epiproct and hypoproct with microtrichia, with many long and some smaller setae; oviscapt vale sclerotinized, long, squarish at the tip in lateral view; four large peg-like ovisensilla on peduncles on the posterior margin, horizontal row of five peg-like ovisensilla on the apical ventral margin, around eight tiny pegs on the ventral margin; Spermathecal capsule highly sclerotized, dome-shaped, squarish in lateral view, with wrinkled rings on the basal half of the capsule; introvert 3/4 the total length of the capsule. Eggs: chorion ornated dorsally with four filaments and the micropyle; the two apical filaments are about 3/4 of the length of the sub apical; the bigger filaments are 1/2 the length of the main body of the chorion. HBTL02 (Fig. 30): T8 with microtrichia in the dorsal region and six setulae ventrally; epiproct and hypoproct with microtrichia, with many long and some smaller setae; oviscapt vale sclerotinized, long, squarish at the tip in lateral view; four large peg-like ovisensilla on peduncles on the posterior margin, horizontal row of five peg-like ovisensilla on the apical ventral margin, tiny pegs on the ventral margin; Spermathecal capsule highly sclerotized, dome-shaped, with wrinkled rings on the basal half of the capsule; introvert around 1/2 the total length of the capsule, with a depression apically. Eggs: chorion ornated dorsally with four filaments and the micropyle; the two apical filaments are about 2/3 of the length of the sub-apical; the bigger filaments are 1/2 the length of the main body of the chorion.

Figure 27
Paramycodrosophila marinhoi n. sp. (C2.1): A, head (anterolateral view); B, thorax (dorsal view); C, head and thorax (lateral view); D, abdomen (lateral view); E, abdomen (dorsal view); F, wing.

Figure 28
Paramycodrosophila marinhoi n. sp. (C2.1): A, posterior end of abdomen (ventral view); B, posterior end of abdomen (lateral view); C, oviscapt (ventral view); D, oviscapt (lateral view); E, spermatheca (lateral view); F, choria (left, dorsal view; right, lateral view). Scale bars: 0.1 mm.

Figure 29
Paramycodrosophila marinhoi n. sp. (HBTL02): A, head (anterolateral view); B, thorax (dorsal view); C, head and thorax (lateral view); D, abdomen (lateral view); E, abdomen (dorsal view); F, wing.

Etymology. Named after Dr. Marco Antonio Tonus Marinho, dipterologist and one of collectors of the holotype.

Paramycodrosophila viscondedemauaensis n. sp.

urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:7261F30E-013A-4A26-9E2F-AAD02560D17D (Figs. 31-34, 82E, 85F, 90B)

Figure 34
Paratype of Paramycodrosophila viscondedemauaensis n. sp.: A, posterior end of abdomen (ventral view); B, posterior end of abdomen (lateral view); C, oviscapt (ventral view); D, oviscapt (lateral view); E, seventh sternite (ventral view); F, spermatheca (lateral view). Scale bars: 0.1 mm.

Material examined: Holotype male, labelled as follows: “BRA [=Brazil] – RJ [=State of Rio de Janeiro] – PES [=State Park] da Pedra Selada (22°20’0.45”S, 44°32’16.34”W) Data:20.i.2021-04.ii.2021 Col.: Telles MHF OBS.: Armadilha [=Trap] Malaise”; “Paramycodrosophila viscondedemauaensis n. sp. Frech-Telles, Valente-Gaiesky, Gottschalk, ♂ Holotype” [MZUSP]. Holotype condition: Head missing.

Paratype: female, labelled as follows: “BRA [=Brazil] – RJ [=State of Rio de Janeiro] – PES [=State Park] da Pedra Selada (22°19’58.42”S, 44°32’13.21”W) Data: 22.xii.2020-05.i.2021 Col.: Telles MHF; Vicenzi N OBS.: Armadilha [=Trap] Malaise” [MZUSP]. Paratype condition: Wrinkled, especially the head and abdomen.

Diagnosis. Flies yellow with several brown marks forming a mottled pattern; flagellomere 1 brown, basal half yellow, compressed, mango-shaped, with one distinct sub-apical pointy protrusion; scutum yellow, with several brown spots at the base of setulae and marks; legs yellow, femora with basal half brown and mid tibiae with dark ring medially wings infuscated with a large, black and apically round costal lappet; abdomen yellow with brown marks on the tergites. Phallus tubular and projected ventrally, the posterior half of the phallotrema margins are much wider, making it resemble a fan; the “fan” is micro-ornated with round structures; in lateral view the fan is projected dorsally; the anterior margin of phallotrema has two smaller inner spikes and two lager outer spikes; the spikes are projected anteriorly.

Description. Holotype (Figs. 31, 32, 82E, 90B). Head (Fig. 31A): yellow with black and dark brown marks; eyes red, pubescent; face yellow with dorsal half black, ventral margin brown; carina large, narrow, prominent; scape brown; pedicel brown, apical half lighter; arista with six dorsal and one ventral branches, and terminal fork; fronto-orbital plate yellow, slightly darker at the base of setae; frons yellow with brown marks, reflecting silvery luster in some areas; fronto-orbital setae black; a rc frorb s anterior to pc frorb s; distance between pc frorb s and a rc frorb s = 0.03 mm, between pc frorb s and p rc frorb s = 0.07 mm, and between a rc frorb s and p rc frorb s = 0.08 mm; frontal vitta brown, yellow anterior to a rc frorb s; frontal triangle light yellow with brown marks from the lateral margins of ocellar triangle towards its external margins, large; ocellar triangle black, prominent; postocellar setae black, crossed near tip; genae yellow, black at the ventral margin and under the eye near the vibrissa; palps brown, very large; labellum brown. Thorax (Figs. 31B, C): yellow with brown marks; scutum yellow several brown marks, two longitudinal brown bands anteriorly parallel sub-medially abruptly converging medially at the height of the transverse suture, the band is replaced by brown spots at the base of the setulae; setulae are absent posterior to the height of the anterior dorsoventral setae thus the spots are replaced by two parallel longitudinal bands; transverse suture with a brown mark extended towards supra-alar area; fine gray line between the parallel brown marks; base of the setae with brown spots except in the postpronotum; postpronotum light yellow almost white; external margin of postpronotal lobe brown; four irregular rows of acrostichal setulae, absent posterior to the anterior dorsocentral setae; anterior dorsocentral setae smaller than posterior dorsocentral setae; scutellum yellow, dark spots at the base of the setae; basal scutellar setae divergent curved inwards; apical scutellar setae highly convergent, curved inwards; pleura dark brown with a transversal medial light yellow band interrupted in light brown at the anepisternum; proepisternum black with ventral half light yellow; anepisternum brown with large yellow spot medially at the posterior margin, ventral half light brown, anterior margin light yellow; anepimeron yellow brown marks; katepisternum dark brown; meron brown; legs yellow, coxae brown. Wings (Fig. 31F): faint darker patch present bellow costal lappet; R₄₊₅ and M₁ parallel; halter light yellow; index: C = 2.25, ac = 2.95, hb = 0.59, 4c = 1.22, 4v = 2.39, 5x = 2.06, M = 0.80, prox. x = 0.65. Length = 2.21 mm, width = 1.02 mm. Abdomen (Figs. 31D, E): T1 yellow, laterally and sub-laterally brown; T2 brown sub-laterally interrupted in yellow, faint yellow mark at anterior margin medially; T3 brown sub-laterally interrupted in yellow, yellow spot sub-laterally of the brown area; T4 brown interrupted sub-laterally in yellow, large round yellow marks sub-medially at the anterior margin, yellow round marks almost reaches the posterior margin; T5 brown interrupted sub-laterally in faint yellow, large round yellow marks sub-medially at the anterior margin, yellow round marks reaches the posterior margin, the medial brown area is triangle shaped pointing anteriorly; T6 yellow, laterally brown, faint brown triangle shaped medially; sternites brown; intersegmental membranes light. Terminalia (Figs. 32, 90B): epandrium with approximately equal width and length, with microtrichia, with 11 (five on the right and six on the left) upper and one lateral setae; ventral lobe wide, glabrous, with two long apical setae. Cerci not fused to epandrium, with microtrichia, and with large setae, hypoproctal plate present. Surstylus connected to the epandrium, with large prensisetae arranged in many lines. Hypandrium longer than wide, squarish, about the same length as epandrium. Pregonites fused laterally to the hypandrium, with a seta near the fusion with postgonite. Postgonites slim and straight. Phallotrema is oval-shaped. Phallapodeme is slightly larger than the phallus, slightly curved ventrally. Body length: 2.08mm.

Paratype remarks: female (Figs. 33, 34, 85F): Fly with darker coloration; arista with four dorsal branches, some appear to be missing. S7 with microtrichia and 8 setulae. Wing index: C = 2.03, ac = 3.41, hb = 0.66, 4c = 1.32, 4v = 2.41, 5x = 2.00, M = 0.77, prox. x = 0.52. Length = 2.05 mm, width = 0.92 mm; T7 appears to be yellow. Terminalia: T8 with microtrichia in the dorsal region; epiproct and hypoproct with microtrichia, with many long and some smaller setae; oviscapt vale, sclerotinized, long, roundish at the tip in lateral view; around 10 darker peg-like ovisensilla on the posteroventral margin, with six tiny pegs at the ventral margin; Spermathecal capsule sclerotized, dome-shaped, bare, roundish, with a sub-basal grove; introvert 3/4 of the total length of the capsule, with a small depression apically. Body length: 1.92 mm.

Figure 33
Paratype of Paramycodrosophila viscondedemauaensis n. sp.: A, head (anterolateral view); B, thorax (dorsal view); C, thorax (lateral view); D, abdomen (lateral view); E, abdomen (dorsal view); F, wing.

Etymology. Named in reference to Visconde de Mauá, where the types were collected.

Paramycodrosophila pedraseladensis n. sp.

urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:A7B9DA92-9470-4BD4-A52C-7AD563464815 (Figs. 35-38, 82F, 86A, 90C)

Figure 38
Paratype of Paramycodrosophila pedraseladensis n. sp.: A, posterior end of abdomen (ventral view); B, posterior end of abdomen (lateral view); C, oviscapt (ventral view); D, oviscapt (lateral view). Scale bars: 0.1 mm.

Figure 86
Females. Habitus of: A, Paratype of Paramycodrosophila pedraseladensis n. sp.; B, Sc008, Paratype of P. puri n. sp.; C, Sc122, Paratype of P. puri n. sp.; D, P. sp.1; E, P. sp.2; F, P. sp.3. Scale bars: 1 mm.

Material examined: Holotype male, labelled as follows: “BRA [=Brazil] – RJ [=State of Rio de Janeiro] – PES [=State Park] da Pedra Selada (22°20’0.45”S, 44°32’16.34”W) Data:20.i.2021-04.ii.2021 Col.: Telles MHF OBS.: Armadilha [=Trap] Malaise”; “Paramycodrosophila pedraseladensis n. sp. Frech-Telles, Valente-Gaiesky, Gottschalk, ♂ Holotype” [MZUSP].

Paratype: female labelled as follows: “BRA [=Brazil] – MG [=State of Minas Gerais] – Bocaina de Minas (22°19’46.69”S, 44°32’31.3”W) Data: 20.i.2021-25.i.2021 Col.: Telles MHF OBS.: Armadilha [=Trap] Malaise”, “Paramycodrosophila pedraseladensis n. sp. Frech-Telles, Valente-Gaiesky, Gottschalk, ♀ paratype” [MZUSP].

Diagnosis. Flies yellow and dark brown; head with a pale-yellow face and frons pale yellow with brown marks; scutum yellow and brown anterior to anterior to dorsocentral setae; scutellum yellow; legs yellow with fore femora with basal half brown and mid femora with basal half slightly darker; wings hyaline with an apically pointy, large, black costal lappet; abdomen with yellow and brown tergites. Phallus tubular and slightly projected ventrally, in ventral view the apex of the phallus gets pointy; the phallus is micro-ornated laterally and dorsally near the phallotrema.

Description. Holotype (Figs. 35, 36, 82F, 90C). Head (Figs. 35A, C): pale with brown marks; eyes red, pubescent; face with a large prominent carina; scape light brown; pedicel light brown, apically lighter; flagellomere 1 light yellow with some slightly darker areas anteriorly and a dark spot posteriorly, compressed, elongated; arista with six dorsal and one ventral branches, and terminal fork; frons same color as face and brown; fronto-orbital plate same color as face, dark brown at the base of and p rc frorb s and posteriorly; fronto-orbital setae black; pc frorb s anterior of a rc frorb s; distance between pc frorb s and a rc frorb s = 0.03 mm, between pc frorb s and p rc frorb s = 0.08 mm, and between a rc frorb s and p rc frorb s = 0.09 mm; frontal vitta light brown, same color as face on the anterior first fifth; frontal triangle light brown, darker near the ocellar margin, large; ocellar triangle black, prominent; postocellar setae black, crossing near the tip; genae light yellow, anterior half dark brown; palps brown, large, curved upwards; labrum brown with lighter marks; labellum brown. Thorax (Figs. 35B, C): yellow with brown marks; scutum yellow, light brown anterior to the height of anterior dorsocentral setae, dark brown between the dorsocentral rows, yellow posterior to the height of anterior dorsocentral setae; postpronotum light yellow almost white; six irregular rows of acrostichal setulae, acrostichal setulae become scarce posterior of the height of the anterior dorsocentral setae except for the mid acrostichal row; anterior dorsocentral setae about 2/3 the length of posterior; scutellum yellow, slightly darker at the base of basal setae; basal scutellar setae curved inwards; apical scutellar setae, left displaced, right missing, curved inwards; pleura yellow with brown marks, one transversal continuous light yellow band above the margin; proepisternum dark brown, ventral 2/3 lighter; anepisternum brown, ventral margin yellow, some faint lighter marks throughout; anepimeron yellow with brown transversal brown band; katepisternum dark brown progressively lighter towards ventral margin, yellow at dorsal margin; meron yellow and brown; legs yellow; coxae brown with yellow marks. Wings (Fig. 35F): slightly darker above R₄₊₅; R₄₊₅ and M₁ parallel; halter light yellow; index: C = 1.70, ac = 3.36, hb = 0.91, 4c = 1.40, 4v = 2.32, 5x = 2.50, M = 0.85, prox. x = 0.55. Length = 2.40 mm, width = 1.11 mm. Abdomen (Figs. 35D, E): smooth transition between colors; T1 yellow laterally brown; T2 dark brown sub-laterally interrupted in yellow, medially with a triangle shape yellow mark pointing posteriorly; T3 dark brown sub-laterally interrupted in yellow, yellow spot at the anterior margin sub-laterally of the central brown area; T4 dark brown sub-laterally interrupted in yellow, large round yellow marks at the anterior margin sub-medially of the central brown area; T5 yellow with brown longitudinal medial band, sub-lateral brown caudal spot; T6 yellow; sternites light; intersegmental membranes light. Terminalia (Figs. 36, 90C): epandrium with approximately equal width and length, with microtrichia, with 10 upper and one lateral setae; ventral lobes short and wide, glabrous, with two long sub-apical and two very long and thick apical setae. Cerci not fused to epandrium, with microtrichia, and with large setae, hypoproctal plate present, ventral cecal lobe present. Subepandrial sclerite wide and sclerotinized. Surstylus connected to the epandrium, with thick prensisetae arranged in a line; and around four outer setae. Hypandrium longer than wide, longer than epandrium. Pregonites fused laterally to the hypandrium. Postgonites thick and straight. Phallotrema is oval-shaped. Phallapodeme is slightly shorter than the phallus, slightly curved ventrally. Body length: 2.38mm.

Paratype remarks: female (Figs. 37, 38, 86A): distance between pc frorb s and p rc frorb s = 0.10 mm, and between a rc frorb s and p rc frorb s = 0.11 mm; arista with five dorsal branches; face with small medial darker spot near ventral margin; apical scutellar setae are convergent and crossing; wing index: C = 1.71, ac = 4.00, hb = 1.02, 4c = 1.56, 4v = 2.67, 5x = 2.35, M = 0.87, prox. x = 0.52. Length = 2.63 mm, width = 1.19 mm. Abdomen: T5 with larger and triangular shaped medial mark; T6 yellow with five marks at posterior margin, two laterally, two sub-laterally and one narrow longitudinal mark medially; T7 yellow. S7 with a row of four setulae at each side. Terminalia: T8 with microtrichia in the dorsal region; epiproct and hypoproct with microtrichia, with many long and some smaller setae; oviscapt valve, sclerotinized, long, squarish at the tip in lateral view; five peg-like ovisensilla on the posterior margin, horizontal row of four peg-like ovisensilla on the apical ventral margin, around six tiny pegs on the outer ventral margin. Body length: 2.80 mm.

Figure 37
Paratype of Paramycodrosophila pedraseladensis n. sp.: A, head (anterolateral view); B, thorax (dorsal view); C, head and thorax (lateral view); D, abdomen (lateral view); E, abdomen (dorsal view); F, wing.

Etymology. Named in reference to Pedra Selada State Park, where the holotype was collected.

Paramycodrosophila vicenziae n. sp.

urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:66A8C093-E546-4894-8593-4AE7510D6166 (Figs. 39, 40, 83A, 90D)

Figure 83
Males. Habitus of: A, Holotype of Paramycodrosophila vicenziae n. sp.; B, Holotype of P. pallidifacies n. sp.; C, Holotype of P. acreensis n. sp. Scale bars: 1 mm.

Material examined: Holotype male, labelled as follows: “BRA [=Brazil] – MG [=State of Minas Gerais] – Bocaina de Minas (22°19’46.69”S, 44°32’31.3”W) Data: 21.xi.2020-05.xii.2020 Col.: Telles MHF; Vicenzi N OBS.: Armadilha [=Trap] Malaise”; “Paramycodrosophila vicenziae n. sp. Frech-Telles, Valente-Gaiesky, Gottschalk, ♂ Holotype” [MZUSP]. Holotype condition: Right wing was detached instead of the left wing.

Diagnosis. Flies dark with several lighter areas forming a mottled pattern; head with pale slightly reddish face, frons mostly in dark colors, antennae mostly same color as face; long dark brown curved upwards palps, scutum mostly dark brown with yellow and greyish areas fused resembling a uppercase “M” anteriorly; legs with femora and tibiae yellow with two dark brown rings each, femora with one basal and one sub-apical and tibiae with one sub-basal and one sub-apical; wings infuscated with large black apically pointy costal lappet; abdomen with tergites yellow and brown. Posterior hypandrial process present. Phallus tubular and thick, projected ventrally, with a narrow more sclerotinized dorsal band, the band has two sub-apical projections as the lateral margins of phallotrema, phallus with two jaggy latero-ventral transversal brands projected ventrally; the phallus has micro-ornamentations on its anterior half which is more sclerotinized.

Description. Holotype. Head (Figs. 39A, C): pale with black and brown marks; eyes red, pubescent; Face with a narrow prominent carina; scape same color as face; pedicel same color as face, apically lighter; flagellomere 1 light yellow with some slightly darker areas, compressed; arista with six dorsal and one ventral branches, and terminal fork; frons same color as face and brown; fronto-orbital plate same color as face, dark brown to black at the base of and p rc frorb s and posteriorly, at the base of pc frorb s and a rc frorb s slightly darker; fronto-orbital setae black; pc frorb s lateral and slightly anterior of a rc frorb s; distance between pc frorb s and a rc frorb s = 0.03 mm, between pc frorb s and p rc frorb s = 0.09 mm, and between a rc frorb s and p rc frorb s = 0.08 mm; frontal vitta same color as the face, brown posterior of the height of the pc frorb s; frontal triangle same color as face, brown posterior to the height of the middle of the ocellar triangle, large; ocellar triangle black, prominent; postocellar setae black, almost meeting at the tip; genae light yellow, dark at the ventral half; clypeus dark brown; labrum brown with lighter marks; labellum brown. Thorax (Figs. 39B, C): dark brown almost black and yellow with greyish marks; scutum dark brown almost black with several marks; v1 greyish, fine, larger at the anterior first fifth; v2 and v3 dark brown almost black; v4 greyish; v5 dark brown almost black; v6 yellow with a large dark brown mark in the supra alar region; v5 converges with v3 near the dorsocentral setae; transverse suture dark brown almost black; six regular rows of acrostichal setulae, acrostichal setulae become scarce posterior of the height of the anterior dorsocentral setae; postpronotum light yellow; anterior dorsocentral setae smaller than posterior; scutellum dark brown almost black, lighter medially between the apical and basal scutellar setae, lighter at the vertex of the anterior and lateral scutellar margins, base of the setae darker; basal scutellar setae curved inwards; apical scutellar setae convergent, curved inwards, crossing; pleura yellow with dark brown marks, one transversal continuous light yellow band above the margin of katepisternum; proepisternum dark brown, ventral half lighter, light medial transversal band; anepisternum yellow with dark brown band at dorsal margins, two dark brown spots near the dark brown band partially fused; anepimeron yellow with brown transversal brown band; katepisternum dark brown progressively lighter towards ventral margin; meron brown; legs yellow with dark brown marks; coxae yellow with brown marks; femora yellow with two dark brown rings, one basal and one sub-apical; tibiae yellow with two dark brown rings, one sub-basal and one sub-apical band. Wings (Fig. 39F): faint darker patch present bellow costal lappet; R₄₊₅ and M₁ very slightly convergent; R₂₊₃ slightly curved to costal at its tip; halter brown, knob apically light yellow progressively darker basally; index: C = 1.99, ac = 2.96, hb = 0.63, 4c = 1.19, 4v = 2.05, 5x = 1.86, M = 0.66, prox. x = 0.50. Length = 2.63 mm, width = 1.13 mm. Abdomen (Figs. 39D, E): T1 dark brown almost black; T2 dark brown almost black sub-laterally interrupted in yellow, medially lighter; T3 dark brown almost black sub-laterally interrupted in yellow, yellow spot at the anterior margin sub-laterally of the central brown area; T4 yellow with large dark brown almost black caudal band that reaches the anterior margin medially and laterally with broad slope, sub-laterally yellow, laterally dark brown almost yellow; T5 yellow with brown caudal band that reaches the anterior margin medially and laterally with sharp slope; T6 yellow, faint brown caudal band medially reaching the anterior margin, sub-laterally yellow laterally brown; sternites from first to last increasingly darker; intersegmental membranes light. Terminalia (Figs. 40, 90D): epandrium is approximately equal width and length, with microtrichia, with 12 upper setae and two lateral setae; ventral lobe large, broad, glabrous, with around seven long setae. Cerci highly projected posteroventrally, not fused to the epandrium, glabrous, with very long setae. Subepandrial sclerite squarish, membranous. Surstylus broad with many prensisetae, inner and outer setae. Hypandrium, longer than wide; shorter than epandrium, with a broad and short posterior hypandrial process. Pregonites fused to the hypandrium laterally, not fused medially. Postgonites long and slim. Phallapodeme slim, smaller than phallus, almost straight. Body length: 2.33mm.

Etymology. Named after Natália Vicenzi, biologist and one of the collectors of the holotype.

Paramycodrosophila pallidifacies n. sp.

urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:5B1F1789-FAE6-4815-9642-D347FE8C33A6 (Figs. 41, 42, 83B, 90E)

Material examined: Holotype male, labelled as follows: “Brasil, Bujari, FES [=State Forest] Antimary, 9°20'01”S; 60°19'17”W, 18-31/viii/2017, Malaise [Trap] Grande, EF Morato, JA Rafael, cols - Rede BIA [=Thematic network “Biodiversity of Insects in the Amazon”]”; “Paramycodrosophila pallidifacies n. sp. Frech-Telles, Valente-Gaiesky, Gottschalk, ♂ Holotype” [INPA]. Holotype condition: Several setae missing.

Diagnosis. Flies dark brown and yellow forming a mottled pattern; Head from pale brown to dark brown, antennae mostly pale; scutum mostly dark brown with longitudinal lighter marks; pleura mostly brown with a longitudinal light yellow band above katepisternum; legs with femora and tibiae yellow with two dark brown rings each, femora with one basal and one sub-apical and tibiae with one sub-basal and one sub-apical; wings infuscated with an apically roundish, large, black costal lappet; abdomen with tergites yellow, brown and black. Posterior hypandrial process present. Phallus tubular, projected ventrally, 2x as wide in the phallotrema section, the phallotrema section is ornated with tiny lumps; in ventral view phallotrema section is squarish, in lateral view the phallotrema section is narrow.

Description. Holotype. Head (Fig. 41A): pale with black and brown marks; eyes red, pubescent; face pale brown with a small carina, dark marks near carina; scape covered; pedicel light yellow, apically lighter; flagellomere 1 light yellow, transversal posterior brown mark, compressed, mango-shaped; arista with seven dorsal and one ventral branches, and terminal fork; frons light yellow and brown; fronto-orbital plate greyish light brown, dark brown to black at the base of and p rc frorb s and posteriorly; fronto-orbital setae black; pc frorb s lateral of a rc frorb s; distance between pc frorb s and a rc frorb s = 0.02 mm, between pc frorb s and p rc frorb s = 0.07 mm, and between a rc frorb s and p rc frorb s = 0.06 mm; frontal vitta pale brown; frontal triangle brown, large; ocellar triangle black, very prominent; postocellar setae missing; genae brown, darker at the ventral half; palps dark brown, large, long, curved upwards; labrum brown with lighter marks; labellum brown. Thorax (Figs. 41B, C): dark brown and yellow; v1 brown; v2 light brown, fused anteriorly; v3 brown, fused with v6 in the posterior 4/5 of the scutum; v4 greyish light brown; v5 brown; v6 yellow with a large dark brown mark in the supra alar region; transverse suture brown; six rows of acrostichal setulae, setulae missing or absent on the posterior half; postpronotum light yellow, anteriorly darker; dorsocentral setae missing; scutellum dark brown, lighter between the apical and basal scutellar setae and between apical setae; scutellar setae missing; pleura yellow with dark brown marks, one transversal continuous light yellow band above the dorsal margin of katepisternum; proepisternum dark brown, ventral half lighter, light medial transversal band; anepisternum yellow with dark brown band at dorsal margins, two dark brown spots near the dark brown band partially fused; anepimeron yellow with brown transversal brown band; katepisternum dark brown; meron mostly light brown; legs yellow with dark brown marks; coxae yellow with brown marks. Wings (Fig. 41F): faint darker patch present bellow costal lappet; R₄₊₅ and M₁ very slightly divergent; R₂₊₃ slightly curved to costal at its tip; halter yellow; index: C = 1.46, ac = 2.92, hb = 0.91, 4c = 1.59, 4v = 2.30, 5x = 1.88, M = 0.73, prox. x = 0.50. Length = 2.05 mm, width = 0.94 mm. Abdomen (Figs. 43D, E): T1 dark brown; T2 dark brown almost black sub-laterally interrupted in yellow, medially faint yellow near anterior margin, faint yellow spot sub-laterally of the brown area at the anterior margin; T3 black sub-laterally interrupted in yellow, faint yellow spot sub-laterally of the brown area at the anterior margin; T4 black sub-laterally interrupted in yellow, yellow round mark sub-laterally of the brown area at the anterior margin; T5 black, laterally yellow, yellow elongated round mark sub-medially at the anterior margin; T6 yellow, caudal brown band advancing medially and laterally to the anterior margin; sternites brown; intersegmental membranes not showing. Terminalia (Figs. 42, 90E): epandrium is approximately equal width and length, with microtrichia, with 16 upper setae; ventral lobe large, broad, glabrous, with around three long and two short apical setae, and one basal seta. Cerci not fused to the epandrium, glabrous, with very long setae. Subepandrial sclerite squarish, membranous. Surstylus with many prensisetae, inner and outer setae. Hypandrium almost as wide as it is long, squarish; shorter than epandrium, with a broad and short posterior hypandrial process. Pregonites fused to the hypandrium, not fused medially, with a seta near the fusion with the postgonite. Postgonites slim. Phallotrema is round. Phallapodeme slim, smaller than phallus, curved ventrally. Body length: 2.08mm.

Etymology. Named in reference to the pallid aspect of its face.

Paramycodrosophila acreensis n. sp.

urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:8D9A9A92-9CD9-4847-BEB9-61856F78D8DF (Figs. 43, 44, 83C, 90F)

Material examined: Holotype male, labelled as follows: “Brasil, Acre, Senador Guionard, RE [=Experimental Reserve] Catuaba,10°04'28”S; 67°37'00”W 18-30/iv/2017, Malaise, EF Morato; JA Rafael, Rede BIA [=Thematic network “Biodiversity of Insects in the Amazon”]”; “Paramycodrosophila acreensis n. sp. Frech-Telles, Valente-Gaiesky, Gottschalk, ♂ Holotype” [INPA]. Holotype condition: Wrinkled, left fore tarsus missing.

Diagnosis. Flies yellow with several brown areas forming a mottled pattern; head with pale face and brown frons; ocellar triangle black and exceptionally prominent; scutum mostly brown, yellow areas fuse resembling an uppercase “M”; legs with femora and tibiae yellow with two dark brown rings each, femora with one basal and one sub-apical and tibiae with one sub-basal and one sub-apical; wings infuscated with large, apically roundish, black costal lappet; abdomen with tergites dark brown and yellow. Posterior hypandrial process present. Phallus tubular, projected ventrally, 2x as wide in the phallotrema section, the phallotrema section is ornated with tiny lumps dorsally, squarish apically, with a broad triangular lateral projection; in lateral view phallotrema section is narrow.

Description. Holotype. Head (Fig. 43A): pale with brown marks; eyes dark red, pubescent; face pale brown with a prominent small narrow carina; scape covered; pedicel brown, apically light yellow; flagellomere 1 light brown anterior margin light, compressed, mango-shaped; arista with at least five dorsal and one ventral branches, and terminal fork, some dorsal branches missing; frons light yellow with brown marks; fronto-orbital plate same color as anterior of frontal vitta, dark brown at the base of and p rc frorb s and posteriorly; fronto-orbital setae black; pc frorb s lateral to a rc frorb s; distance between pc frorb s and a rc frorb s = 0.02 mm, between pc frorb s and p rc frorb s = 0.07 mm, and between a rc frorb s and p rc frorb s = 0.06 mm; frontal vitta light brown, pale on the anterior first third; frontal triangle brown, darker near ocellar triangle, large; postocellar setae black, not crossing; genae light yellow, ventral margin black; palps brown, large, slightly curved upwards; labrum brown with lighter marks; labellum brown. Thorax (Figs. 43B, C): brown with yellow with greyish marks; scutum brown with several marks; v1 greyish, progressively larger anterior to the middle point of scutum; v2 and v3 brown; v4 yellow fine; v5 brown; v6 greyish with a large dark brown mark in the supra alar region; v2 converges and fuse medially; v1 and v4 converges and fuse anteriorly”; four regular rows of acrostichal setulae, acrostichal setulae absent posterior of the height of the anterior dorsocentral setae; postpronotum light yellow; dorsocentral setae missing; scutellum brown, apical margin yellow; scutellar setae missing; pleura brown with light yellow band above katepisternum; proepisternum brown; anepisternum brown, lighter near the ventral margin, yellow faint band medially; anepimeron brown with ventral margin lighter; katepisternum dark brown apically, progressively lighter ventrally; meron mostly brown; legs yellow with brown marks; coxae yellow with marks. Wings (Fig. 43F): faint darker patch present bellow costal lappet; R₄₊₅ and M₁ parallel; halter yellow; index: C = 1.72, ac = 2.85, hb = 0.82, 4c = 1.46, 4v = 2.36, 5x = 2.21, M = 0.79, prox. x = 0.54. Length = 1.88 mm, width = 0.85 mm. Abdomen (Figs. 43D, E): T1 dark brown; T2 dark brown sub-laterally interrupted in yellow; T3 dark brown sub-laterally interrupted in yellow; T4 dark brown sub-laterally interrupted in yellow, round yellow mark at the anterior margin sub-laterally of the central brown area; T5 dark brown sub-laterally interrupted in yellow, large round yellow mark at the anterior margin sub-medially of brown area; T6 yellow, light brown caudal band enlarged medially, laterally the band reaches the anterior margin; sternites tan; intersegmental membranes light. Terminalia (Figs. 44, 90F): epandrium is approximately equal width and length, with microtrichia, with 14 upper setae; ventral lobe large, broad, glabrous, with six long apical setae, and one basal seta. Cerci projected posteriorly, not fused to the epandrium, glabrous, with very long setae. Subepandrial sclerite sclerotinized. Surstylus with around nine prensisetae, four inner and three outer setae. Hypandrium longer than wide, squarish; larger than epandrium, with a broad and short posterior hypandrial process. Pregonites fused to the hypandrium, not fused medially, with a seta near the fusion with the postgonite. Postgonites broader in lateral view. Phallapodeme slim, smaller than phallus, straight. Body length: 2.03 mm.

Etymology. Named in reference to the state of Acre, where the holotype was collected.

Paramycodrosophila mantiqueira n. sp.

urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:E98E99AB-B49E-4851-9774-13589A437279 (Figs. 45, 46, 84A, 91A)

Figure 91
Males. Posterolateral view of terminalia of: A, Holotype of Paramycodrosophila mantiqueira n. sp.; B, Holotype of P. maculosa n. sp.; C, Holotype of P. melana n. sp.; D, Holotype of P. puri n. sp. Scale bars: 0.1 mm.

Material examined: Holotype male, labelled as follows: “BRA [=Brazil] – RJ [=State of Rio de Janeiro] – PARNA [=National Park] de Itatiaia (22°26’09.58”S, 44°36’28.1”W) Data: 18.i.2021-29.i.2021 Col.: Telles MHF OBS.: Armadilha [=Trap] Malaise”; “Paramycodrosophila mantiqueira n. sp. Frech-Telles, Valente-Gaiesky, Gottschalk, ♂ Holotype” [MZUSP].

Diagnosis. Flies dark with several lighter areas forming a mottled pattern; very prominent black ocellar triangle; scutum mostly dark brown with lighter areas fused resembling an uppercase “M”; legs with femora and tibiae yellow with two dark brown rings each, femora with one basal and one sub-apical and tibiae with one sub-basal and one sub-apical; wing infuscated with a very large, broad, apically round, black costal lappet; abdomen with yellow and brown tergites. Posterior hypandrial process present. Postgonites “L”-shaped. Phallus tubular, narrow, projected ventrally, with two antero-posterior, rounded, more membranous projections dorsally; in lateral view the phallotrema lateral margins seem concave.

Description. Holotype. Head (Figs. 45A, C): yellow with black and dark brown marks; eyes red, pubescent; face with a narrow prominent carina, light yellow with dorsal half black, dark marks near vibrissae; parafacialia light yellow; scape brown; pedicel brown, apically lighter; flagellomere 1 black, basal third yellow, compressed; arista with seven dorsal and one ventral branches, and terminal fork; frons yellow with brown marks; fronto-orbital plate tan, brown posterior to the p rc frorb s; fronto-orbital setae black; distance between pc frorb s and a rc frorb s = 0.02 mm, between pc frorb s and p rc frorb s = 0.09 mm, and between a rc frorb s and p rc frorb s = 0.07 mm; frontal vitta brown, yellow near the ptilinal suture; frontal triangle yellow darker at the margins of ocellar triangle, large; postocellar setae black, crossing near tip; genae yellow, black at the ventral margin and under the eye near the vibrissa; palps black, large; labrum light yellow; labellum black. Thorax (Figs. 45B, C): yellow with brown marks; scutum yellow with brown marks; v1 greyish, fine; v2 yellow, only apparent in the first anterior quarter; v3 dark brown; v4 yellow, fine, with greyish marks; v5 dark brown; v6 yellow with a large dark brown mark in the supra alar region; v3 converges and fuse medially; external margin of postpronotal lobe dark brown; transverse suture dark brown mark; brown spot anterior to the transversal suture; base of the setae with brown spots except in postpronotum; postpronotum light yellow almost white; six irregular rows of acrostichal setulae, acrostichal setulae absent posterior to the height of anterior dorsocentral setae; mid acrostichal row with thicker and larger setulae posteriorly; second pair of acrostichal row consisting of two to three setulae; anterior dorsocentral setae about 1/2 the length of the posterior dorsocentral setae; scutellum dark brown with lighter lateral margin anterior to the base of apical setae, base of the basal setae with a dark brown mark; basal scutellar setae parallel, curved inwards; apical scutellar setae convergent curved inwards, crossing; pleura yellow with brown marks; proepisternum black with ventral half light; anepisternum yellow with dark brown dorsal and posterior margins, large brown spot at its center fusing partially with marks at the margins; anepimeron yellow with brown transversal band; katepisternum brown with ventral half light yellow; meron light yellow; legs yellow with brown marks; coxae yellow with brown marks. Wings (Fig. 45F): faint darker patch present bellow costal lappet, lighter patch after the costal lappet and along Cu; R₂₊₃ slightly curved to costal at its tip; R₄₊₅ and M₁ parallel; halter light slightly darker basely; index: C = 2.00, ac = 3.10, hb = 0.63, 4c = 1.19, 4v = 2.12, 5x = 1.89, M = 0.69, prox. x = 0.46. Length = 2.22 mm, width = 1.02 mm. Abdomen (Figs. 45D, E): T1 brown; T2 brown sub-laterally interrupted in yellow, anterior faint yellow spot sub-laterally of the large brown area; T3 brown sub-laterally interrupted in yellow, anterior yellow spot sub-laterally of the large brown area; T4 brown sub-laterally interrupted in yellow, large anterior yellow mark sub-laterally of the large brown area reaching the anterior margin; T5 yellow, laterally brown, caudal brown band which enlarges medially towards the anterior margin, sub-laterally yellow; T6 brown, long transversal yellow mark at the anterior margin medially interrupted in brown; sternites progressively darker from first to last; intersegmental membranes light. Terminalia (Figs. 46, 91A): epandrium is approximately equal width and length, with microtrichia, with 16 upper setae at the internal margin; ventral lobe large, glabrous, with at least seven long setae. Cerci not fused to the epandrium, with microtrichia, with very long setae, hypoproctal plate present. Surstylus with a row of around 9 prensisetae, a row of long inner and a row of three shorter outer setae. Hypandrium, longer than wide, squarish; shorter than epandrium with a narrow posterior hypandrial process. Pregonites large fused to the hypandrium, not fused medially, with a seta near the fusion with postgonite. Postgonites slim and long, the ventral section of the postgonite connects with the pregonite near its anterior margin; the posterior sections of postgonites are slightly asymmetrical and slightly ornated with projections apically; the posterior sections of postgonites are longer than the ventral section. Phallotrema is round. Phallapodeme is smaller than phallus and straight. Body length: 2.34mm.

Etymology. Named in reference to the Mantiqueira mountain range, where the holotype was collected.

Paramycodrosophila maculosa n. sp.

urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:EA14DC46-778E-484E-89F8-359A772C2694 (Figs. 47, 48, 84B, 91B)

Material examined: Holotype 1 male, labelled as follows: “BRA [=Brazil] - RJ [=State of Rio de Janeiro] – PARNA [=National Park] de Itatiaia (22°25’35.57”S, 44°37’14.6”W) Data: 06.xii.2020-21.xii.2020 Col.: Telles MHF; Vicenzi N OBS.: Armadilha [=Trap] Malaise”; “Paramycodrosophila maculosa n. sp. Frech-Telles, Valente-Gaiesky, Gottschalk, ♂ Holotype” [MZUSP]. Holotype condition: There is a structure protruding from a mal-formed ptilinal suture.

Diagnosis. Flies dark brown and yellow; scutum mostly brown with lighter areas that, fused, resembles an uppercase “M”; mid acrostichal rows of setulae convergent with thicker setulae posteriorly; legs with femora and tibiae yellow with two dark brown rings each, femora with one basal and one sub-apical and tibiae with one sub-basal and one sub-apical; wings infuscated with a large black round costal lappet; abdomen with tergites yellow with brown marks; T6 yellow, laterally brown, faint caudal light brown enlarged medially and interrupted in yellow laterally. Posterior hypandrial process present. Postgonites “L”-shaped. Phallus tubular, projected ventrally, with two antero-posterior, round, more membranous projections dorsally.

Description. Holotype. Head (Fig. 47A): yellow with black and dark brown marks; eyes red, pubescent; face light yellow with dark brown marks near carina and genae; carina light yellow, large, prominent, narrow; scape yellow; pedicel light brown, apically lighter; flagellomere 1 black, basally yellow, compressed; arista with five dorsal and one ventral branches, and terminal fork; frons light yellow and brown; fronto-orbital plate brown, yellow band at the margin of the eye from the height of p rc frorb s towards the front; fronto-orbital setae black; distance between pc frorb s and a rc frorb s = 0.03 mm, between pc frorb s and p rc frorb s = 0.12 mm, and between a rc frorb s and p rc frorb s = 0.10 mm; frontal vitta brown, yellow anterior to fronto-orbital plate; frontal triangle light yellow with brown marks from the margins of ocellar triangle towards its external margins, large; ocellar triangle black, very prominent; postocellar setae black, crossing at the tip; genae yellow, black at the ventral margin and under the eye near the vibrissa; palps black, large; labrum light yellow; labellum black. Thorax (Figs. 47B, C): brown with darker marks; scutum brown with several dark brown marks, two parallel sub-medial longitudinal dark brown bands converging and fusing medially in height of anterior dorsocentral setae, greyish area between brown bands; fine yellow band external to the parallel brown bands external margin of postpronotal lobe dark brown; transverse suture with a dark brown mark extended towards supra-alar area; yellow areas posterior to the alar suture; base of the setae with dark brown spots except in postpronotum; postpronotum light yellow; four regular rows of acrostichal setulae, one additional acrostichal row on the left side consisting of three setulae, no acrostichal setulae posterior to anterior dorsocentral setae; anterior dorsocentral setae about 2/3 the length of the posterior dorsocentral setae; scutellum dark brown with lighter spots anterior to apical scutellar setae; basal scutellar setae parallel, curved inwards; apical scutellar setae slightly convergent, curved inwards, crossing; pleura yellow with brown marks; proepisternum with dorsal half black; anepisternum yellow with dark brown dorsal and posterior margins, large brown spot at its center fusing partially with marks at its margins; anepimeron yellow with large brown transversal band; katepisternum dark brown with ventral half slightly lighter; meron brown; legs yellow with dark brown marks; coxae yellow with brown marks. Wings (Fig. 47F): faint darker patch present bellow costal lappet; R₄₊₅ and M₁ slightly convergent; halter light yellow; index: C = 2.04, ac = 3.35, hb = 0.58, 4c = 1.08, 4v = 1.81, 5x = 1.75, M = 0.56, prox. x = 0.45. Length = 2.41 mm, width = 1.06 mm. Abdomen (Figs. 47D, E): tergites yellow with brown marks; T1 brown, darker laterally; T2 brown, sub-laterally interrupted in yellow, faint long transversal yellow mark at anterior margin, yellow mark medially interrupted; T3 brown sub-laterally interrupted in yellow, yellow spot sub-laterally of the brown area; T4 brown interrupted sub-laterally in yellow, long transversal yellow band at the anterior margin, laterally the yellow band enlarges towards the posterior margin; T5 yellow, laterally brown, caudal brown band which enlarges medially towards the anterior margin, lateral of the brown band reaches toward the anterior margin almost reaching it; sternites tan; intersegmental membranes light. Terminalia (Figs. 48, 91B): epandrium is approximately equal width and length, with microtrichia, with 13 upper setae (11 at the inner margin [six at the right side and five at the left side] and two between the inner and outer margin dorsally); ventral lobe large, glabrous, with many long setae (around 11). Cerci projected posteriorly, squarish in lateral view; not fused to the epandrium, with microtrichia, with very long setae, hypoproctal plate present, ventral cecal lobes small. Subepandrial sclerite sclerotinized. Surstylus with rows of many prensisetae and many inner and outer setae. Hypandrium, longer than wide; larger than epandrium with a large posterior hypandrial process. Pregonites fused to the hypandrium, not fused medially, with a seta near its internal margin. Postgonites slim and long, the ventral section of the postgonite connects with the pregonite near its anterior margin; the posterior sections of postgonites are asymmetrical and sinuous, narrower on its apex; the right side is more sinuous in ventral view; the posterior section of postgonite is longer than the ventral section. Phallotrema is slightly smaller than the rest of the tube of the phallus, it has a lateral indentation. Phallapodeme is smaller than phallus and very slightly curved ventrally. Body length: 2.54mm.

Etymology. Named in reference to mottled aspect of the fly.

Paramycodrosophila melana n. sp.

urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:29632C7F-3B6C-4276-92E7-BB9207F315DB (Figs. 49, 50, 84C, 91C)

Material examined: Holotype male, labelled as follows: “BRA [=Brazil] – RJ [=State of Rio de Janeiro] – PARNA [=National Park] de Itatiaia (22°26’09.58”S, 44°36’28.1”W) Data: 18.i.2021-29.i.2021 Col.: Telles MHF OBS.: Armadilha [=Trap] Malaise”; “Paramycodrosophila melana n. sp. Frech-Telles, Valente-Gaiesky, Gottschalk, ♂ Holotype” [MZUSP].

Diagnosis. Flies dark with several lighter areas forming a mottled pattern; head with a very prominent ocellar triangle; scutum mostly dark brown with greyish areas fused resembling an uppercase “M”; apical scutellar setae highly divergent, legs with femora and tibiae yellow with two dark brown rings each, femora with one basal and one sub-apical and tibiae with one sub-basal and one sub-apical; wings infuscated with a black apically pointy costal lappet; abdomen with tergites mostly dark brown with some faint lighter marks. Posterior hypandrial process present. Postgonites “L”-shaped. Phallus tubular, it gets gradually wider from the base to just before the phallotrema, projected ventrally, with two antero-posterior, rounded, more membranous projections dorsally, the projections are micro-ornated with tiny structures; in lateral view the phallotrema lateral margins seem concave; phallotrema is smaller than the rest of the tube of the phallus.

Description. Holotype. Head (Figs. 49A, C): yellow with black and brown marks; eyes red, pubescent; face brown with a large prominent lighter carina; scape brown; pedicel yellow anteriorly brown; flagellomere 1 brown with yellow internal margin, basal margin yellow, large, compressed; arista with five dorsal and one ventral branch, and terminal fork, lighter anterior to the fourth dorsal branch; frons yellow and brown; fronto-orbital plate brown, lighter spot between a rc frorb s and p rc frorb s; fronto-orbital setae black; right pc frorb s lateral and slightly anterior of a rc frorb s, left pc frorb s lateral to a rc frorb s; distance between pc frorb s and a rc frorb s = 0.02 mm, between pc frorb s and p rc frorb s = 0.10 mm, and between a rc frorb s and p rc frorb s = 0.10 mm; frontal vitta yellow, brown posterior of the height of the pc frorb s; frontal triangle brown, yellow near the anterior margin, large, reflecting a silvery luster; ocellar triangle black; postocellar setae black, crossing; genae light yellow, darker at the ventral margin, dark spot under the eye near the vibrissa; palps black, large; labellum dark brown to black. Thorax (Figs. 49B, C): dark brown with yellow with greyish marks; scutum dark brown with several marks; v1 greyish, fine, larger at the anterior first fifth; v2 and v3 dark brown; v4 greyish, fine; v5 dark brown; v6 greyish with a large dark brown mark in the supra alar region; v1 and v4 converges and fuse anteriorly forming a shape resembling the letter “M”; v2 converges and fuse medially; transverse suture brown; four irregular rows of acrostichal setulae, acrostichal setulae absent posterior of the height of the anterior dorsocentral setae, mid acrostichal row with larger and thicker setulae posteriorly; postpronotum light yellow; anterior dorsocentral setae convergent and smaller than posterior dorsocentral setae; scutellum brown, lighter at the lateral margin not reaching the apical scutellar setae, base of basal scutellar setae with brown spot; basal scutellar setae parallel, slightly curved outwards; apical scutellar setae curved inwards; pleura yellow with dark brown marks; proepisternum dark brown, ventral half a little lighter; anepisternum dark brown lighter near the ventral margin; katepisternum dark brown; anepimeron tan with brown transversal brown band; legs yellow with dark brown marks; coxae yellow with brown marks. Wings (Fig. 49F): R₄₊₅ and M₁ very slightly convergent; R₂₊₃ slightly curved to costal at its tip; halter light; index: C = 1.67, ac = 3.25, hb = 0.65, 4c = 1.30, 4v = 2.08, 5x = 2.17, M = 0.65, prox. x = 0.40. Length = 1.66 mm, width = 0.71 mm. Abdomen (Figs. 49D, E): T1 brown; T2 dark brown, sub-laterally faint yellow, medially lighter; T3 dark brown sub-laterally yellow, faint yellow spot at the anterior margin sub-laterally of the central brown area; T4 dark brown, anterior faint yellow mark sub-laterally, faint yellow spot in the same position as in T3; T5 brown; T6 brown; sternites brown; intersegmental membranes light. Terminalia (Figs. 50, 91C): epandrium is approximately equal width and length, with microtrichia, with nine upper setae (seven at the inner margin [three at the right side and four at the left side] and two further from the inner margin dorsally); ventral lobe large, glabrous, with four long setae and two short setae. Cerci projected posteriorly; not fused to the epandrium, with microtrichia, with very long setae, hypoproctal plate present, ventral cecal lobes small. Subepandrial sclerite wide. Surstylus with a row of many prensisetae, a row of long inner and a row of shorter outer setae. Hypandrium, longer than wide; larger than epandrium with a large and narrow posterior hypandrial process. Pregonites fused to the hypandrium, not fused medially, with a seta near the fusion with postgonite. Postgonites slim and long, the ventral section of the postgonite connects with the pregonite near its anterior margin; the posterior sections of postgonites are symmetrical and ornated with projections medially; the posterior section of postgonite is slightly longer than the ventral section. Phallapodeme is about the same size of the phallus and very slightly curved ventrally. Body length: 1.69 mm.

Etymology. Named in reference to the darker coloration of the fly.

Paramycodrosophila puri n. sp.

urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:D0F28CEB-3239-4A90-9E7D-0A29A2EB955A (Figs. 51-56, 84D, 86B, C, 91D)

Figure 56
Paratype of Paramycodrosophila puri n. sp. (Sc122): A, posterior end of abdomen (ventral view); B, posterior end of abdomen (lateral view); C, oviscapt (ventral view); D, oviscapt (lateral view); E, spermatheca (lateral view); F, choria (left, dorsal view; right, lateral view). Scale bars: 0.1 mm.

Material examined: Holotype male, labelled as follows: “BRA [=Brazil] – RJ [=State of Rio de Janeiro] – PES [=State Park] da Pedra Selada (22°19’55.41”S, 44°32’14.25”W) Data:19.i.2021-28.i.2021 Col.: Telles MHF OBS.: Armadilha [=Trap] Malaise”; “Paramycodrosophila puri n. sp. Frech-Telles, Valente-Gaiesky, Gottschalk, ♂ Holotype” [MZUSP].

Paratypes: Sc008, female labelled as follows: “BRA [=Brazil] – RJ [=State of Rio de Janeiro] – PES [=State Park] da Pedra Selada (22°19’58.42”S, 44°32’13.21”W) Data: 05.xii.2020-22.xii.2020 Col.: Telles MHF; Vicenzi N OBS.: Armadilha [=Trap] Malaise”, “Sc008”, “Paramycodrosophila puri n. sp. Frech-Telles, Valente-Gaiesky, Gottschalk, ♀ Paratype” [MZUSP]; Sc122, female labelled as follows: “BRA [=Brazil] - MG [=State of Minas Gerais] – Bocaina de Minas (22°19’46.69”S, 44°32’31.3”W) Data: 20.i.2021-25.i.2021 Col.: Telles MHF OBS.: Armadilha [=Trap] Malaise”, “Sc122”, “Paramycodrosophila puri n. sp. Frech-Telles, Valente-Gaiesky, Gottschalk, ♀ Paratype” [MZUSP].

Diagnosis. Flies dark with several lighter areas forming a mottled pattern; very prominent black ocellar triangle; scutum mostly dark brown with lighter areas fused resembling an uppercase “M”; mid acrostichal row with larger and thicker setulae posteriorly specially the last four pairs of setulae which are densely grouped forming a distinguishable thicket of setulae; legs with femora and tibiae yellow with two dark brown rings each, femora with one basal and one sub-apical and tibiae with one sub-basal and one sub-apical; femora yellow with two dark brown rings, one basal and one sub-apical; tibiae yellow with two dark brown rings, one sub-basal band and one sub-apical; wing infuscated with a very large, broad, apically round, black costal lappet abdomen with dark brown with some yellow areas. Posterior hypandrial process present. Postgonites “L”-shaped. Phallus tubular, narrow, projected ventrally, with two antero-posterior small, rounded, more membranous, projections dorsally; the lateral margins of phallotrema have two indentations.

Description. Holotype (Figs. 51, 52, 84D, 91D). Head (Fig. 51A): yellow with black and brown marks; eyes red, pubescent; face brown; carina brown with the anterior tip lighter, narrow, prominent; scape brown; pedicel yellow anteriorly brown; flagellomere 1 brown with yellow internal margin, yellow apically and basally, large, compressed; arista with six dorsal and one ventral branch, and terminal fork; frons yellow and brown; fronto-orbital plate brown, margin of the eye anterior to p rc frorb s yellow; fronto-orbital setae black; distance between pc frorb s and a rc frorb s = 0.02 mm, between pc frorb s and p rc frorb s = 0.09 mm, and between a rc frorb s and p rc frorb s = 0.07 mm; frontal vitta yellow, brown posterior of the height of the pc frorb s; frontal triangle brown, yellow anterior to ocellar triangle, large; postocellar setae black, crossing; genae light yellow, darker at the ventral margin, dark spot under the eye near the vibrissa; palps black, large; labrum brown; labellum dark brown. Thorax (Figs. 51B, C): brown with yellow with greyish marks; scutum brown with several marks; v1 greyish, progressively larger anterior to the middle point of scutum; v2 and v3 brown; v4 greyish; v5 brown; v6 greyish with a large dark brown mark in the supra alar region; v2 converges and fuse medially; v1 and v4 converges and fuse anteriorly forming a shape resembling the letter “M”; four irregular rows of acrostichal setulae, acrostichal setulae absent posterior of the height of the anterior dorsocentral setae; postpronotum light yellow; anterior dorsocentral setae slightly convergent and smaller than posterior dorsocentral setae; scutellum brown with lighter spot anterior to the apical setae; basal and apical scutellar setae parallel and curved inwards; pleura brown with yellow marks; proepisternum brown, ventral half lighter; anepisternum brown slightly lighter near the ventral margin; anepimeron brown with dorsal margin lighter; katepisternum dark brown; meron brown; legs yellow with dark brown marks; coxa yellow with brown marks. Wings (Fig. 51F): faint darker patch present bellow costal lappet, lighter patch after the costal lappet and along Cu; R₄₊₅ and M₁ very slightly convergent; R₂₊₃ very slightly curved to costal at its tip; halter light; index: C = 1.72, ac = 3.13, hb = 0.72, 4c = 1.39, 4v = 2.33, 5x = 2.08, M = 0.75, prox. x = 0.50. Length = 1.66 mm, width = 0.75 mm. Abdomen (Figs. 51D, E): T1 light brown; T2 brown, posterior half darker, sub-laterally yellow; T3 brown, sub-laterally yellow, faint yellow spot at the anterior margin sub-laterally of the central brown area; T4 brown, anterior yellow marks covering one fifth of the anterior area of the sternite on each side sub-laterally to the brown area; T5 light brown with anterior sub-dorsal yellow marks covering one fourth of the anterior area of the sternite on each side; T6 light brown; sternites brown; intersegmental membranes light. Terminalia (Figs. 52, 91D): epandrium is approximately equal width and length, with microtrichia, with eight upper setae; ventral lobe large, glabrous, with many long setae. Cerci projected posteroventrally, not fused to the epandrium, with microtrichia, with very long setae, hypoproctal plate present. Subepandrial sclerite squarish, membranous. Surstylus with many prensisetae, inner and outer setae. Hypandrium, longer than wide, squarish; shorter than epandrium, with a large posterior hypandrial process. Pregonites large fused to the hypandrium, not fused medially, with a seta near the fusion with postgonite. Postgonites long, the ventral section of the postgonite is slim and connects with the pregonite near its anterior margin; the posterior sections of postgonites are broad and symmetrical, ornated with projections apically, its apex is broader; the posterior section of postgonite is longer than the ventral section. Phallapodeme is smaller than phallus and sinuous. Body length: 1.61 mm.

Paratypes remarks: females: Sc008 (Figs. 53, 54, 86B); Sc122 (Figs. 55, 56, 86C): Flies slightly darker; Abdomen with T7 light yellow with anterior and lateral margins black; S7 with microtrichia and 10 setulae. Sc122: arista with seven dorsal branches and apical scutellar setae convergent. Wing indexes: Sc008: C = 1.82, ac = 3.17, hb = 0.62, 4c = 1.21, 4v = 2.11, 5x = 2.00, M = 0.72, prox. x = 0.40. Length = 1.98 mm, width = 0.94 mm; SC122: C = 1.86, ac = 3.05, hb = 0.63, 4c = 1.35, 4v = 2.40, 5x = 2.47, M = 0.86, prox. x = 0.44. Length = 1.96 mm, width = 0.93 mm. Body length: Sc008: 2.53 mm; Sc122: 2.01 mm. Terminalia: Sc008: T8 with microtrichia in the dorsal region, with around 14 setulae ventrally; epiproct and hypoproct with microtrichia, with many long and some smaller setae; oviscapt vale, sclerotinized, long, acute at the tip in lateral view; around seven darker peg-like ovisensilla on the posteroventral margin and around three tiny pegs on the ventral margin; Spermathecal capsule highly sclerotized, dome-shaped, bare, with a wrinkled ring near the basal opening; introvert 2/3 of the total length of the capsule, with a small depression apically. Eggs: chorion ornated, with four filaments and the micropyle; the two apical filaments are about 2/3 of the length of the sub-apical; the bigger filaments are 1/4 the length of the main body of the chorion. Sc122: T8 with microtrichia in the dorsal region, with around 10 setulae ventrally; epiproct and hypoproct with microtrichia, with many long and some smaller setae; oviscapt vale, sclerotinized, long, acute at the tip in lateral view; around seven darker peg-like ovisensilla on the posteroventral margin and around four tiny pegs on the ventral margin. Spermathecal capsule highly sclerotized, dome-shaped, with a basal wrinkled ring; introvert 2/3 of the total length of the capsule, with a small depression apically. Eggs: chorion ornated, with four filaments and the micropyle; the two apical filaments are almost the length of the sub-apical; the bigger filaments are 1/4 the length of the main body of the chorion.

Figure 53
Paratype of Paramycodrosophila puri n. sp. (Sc008): A, head (anterolateral view); B, thorax (dorsal view); C, head and thorax (lateral view); D, abdomen (lateral view); E, abdomen (dorsal view); F, wing.

Figure 54
Paratype of Paramycodrosophila puri n. sp. (Sc008): A, posterior end of abdomen (ventral view); B, posterior end of abdomen (lateral view); C, oviscapt (ventral view); D, oviscapt (lateral view); E, anterior end of chorion (lateral view); F, spermathecae (lateral view). Scale bars: 0.1 mm.

Figure 55
Paratype of Paramycodrosophila puri n. sp. (Sc122): A, head (anterolateral view); B, thorax (dorsal view); C, head and thorax (lateral view); D, abdomen (lateral view); E, abdomen (dorsal view); F, wing.

Etymology. Named in reference to the Puri indigenous group, who inhabited the region in which the types were collected.

The following descriptions are of female specimens that could not be delimited as a new species nor placed in a described species.

Paramycodrosophila sp.1

(Figs. 57, 58, 86D)

Figure 57
Paramycodrosophila sp.1.: A, head (anterolateral view); B, thorax (dorsal view); C, head and thorax (lateral view); D, abdomen (lateral view); E, abdomen (dorsal view); F, wing.

Figure 58
Paramycodrosophila sp.1.: A, posterior end of abdomen (ventral view); B, posterior end of abdomen (lateral view); C, oviscapt and seventh sternite (ventral view); D, oviscapt and seventh sternite (lateral view); E, spermatheca (lateral view); F, spermatheca (lateroposterior view). Scale bars: 0.1 mm.

Material examined: female labelled as follows: “BRA [=Brazil] – RJ [=State of Rio de Janeiro] – PES [=State Park] da Pedra Selada (22°19’59.8”S, 44°32’15.38”W) Data: 20.i.2021-04.ii.2021 Col.: Telles MHF OBS.: Armadilha [=Trap] Malaise”, “Sc005” [MZUSP]. Specimen condition: Abdomen wrinkled.

Description. Head (Figs. 57A, C): yellow with black and dark brown; eyes red, pubescent; face dorsally brown, medially light yellow, ventrally light brown; carina light yellow, prominent, narrow; scape brownish; pedicel basally brownish, apically light yellow; flagellomere 1 dark brown, lighter basally and apically, compressed; arista with six dorsal branches, one ventral branch and terminal fork; frons light yellow and brown; fronto-orbital plate yellow, brown spot at the base of p rc frorb s; fronto-orbital setae black, a rc frorb s lateral and anterior of pc frorb s; distance between pc frorb s and a rc frorb s = 0.03 mm, between pc frorb s and p rc frorb s = 0.06 mm, and between a rc frorb s and p rc frorb s = 0.06 mm; frontal vitta brown, lighter near ptilinal suture; frontal triangle yellow, large; ocellar triangle brown, prominent; postocellar setae black, crossing; genae light yellow with black mark under the eye near vibrissa, black at the margin near vibrissae, brown at the margin near ventral margin; palps brown, large; labellum dark brown. Thorax (Figs. 57B, C): yellow with brown marks; scutum yellow with two broad sub-medial brown marks which converges and fuse medially; transversal suture with brown marks which advances towards supra alar region; brown spots at the base of dorsocentral setae; postpronotum light yellow; external margin of postpronotum brown; four irregular rows of acrostichal setulae; acrostichal setulae absent posterior to the posterior dorsocentral setae; anterior dorsocentral setae divergent smaller and thinner than converging posterior dorsocentral setae; scutellum brown, lighter near lateral margin, darker at the posterior margin; basal scutellar setae convergent, almost straight slightly curved inwards; apical scutellar setae convergent, curved inwards, crossing; pleura brown with a broad longitudinal yellow band above katepisternum. Legs tan, femora slightly lighter. Wings (Fig. 57F): hyaline with a black large club-like costal lappet hyaline, faint darker patch present bellow costal lappet; R₄₊₅ and M₁ parallel; halter light yellow; index: C = 1.36, ac = 3.63, hb = 1.26, 4c = 2.03, 4v = 3.06, 5x = 2.79, M = 1.15, prox. x = 0.65. Length = 1.92 mm, width = 0.89 mm. Abdomen (Figs. 57D, E): tergites yellow and brown; sternites tan, S7 with microtrichia and with nine setulae (five on the left side, four on the right side); intersegmental membranes light. Terminalia (Fig. 58): T8 with microtrichia in the dorsal region; epiproct and hypoproct with microtrichia, with many long and some smaller setae; oviscapt vale sclerotinized, long, squarish in lateral view; four peg-like ovisensilla on the posterior margin, horizontal row of around peg-like ovisensilla ventral margin, the ovisensilla are densely grouped on the posterior region and it gets smaller anteriorly. Spermathecal capsule sclerotized, dome-shaped, roundish, with a sub-basal wrinkled ring; introvert 1/2 the total length of the capsule. Body length: 1.81mm.

Paramycodrosophila sp.2

(Figs. 59, 60, 86E)

Figure 59
Paramycodrosophila sp.2.: A, head (anterolateral view); B, thorax (dorsal view); C, head and thorax (lateral view); D, abdomen (lateral view); E, abdomen (dorsal view); F, wing.

Figure 60
Paramycodrosophila sp.2.: A, posterior end of abdomen (ventral view); B, posterior end of abdomen (lateral view); C, oviscapt (ventral view); D, oviscapt (lateral view); E, seventh sternite (ventral view); F, spermatheca (lateral view). Scale bars: 0.1 mm.

Material examined: female labelled as follows: “BRA [=Brazil] – RJ [=State of Rio de Janeiro] – PES [=State Park] da Pedra Selada (22°19’58.42”S, 44°32’13.21”W) Data: 22.xii.2020-05.i.2021 Col.: Telles MHF; Vicenzi N OBS.: Armadilha [=Trap] Malaise”, “Sc035” [MZUSP]. Specimen condition: Wrinkled.

Description. Head (Figs. 59A, C): yellow with black and dark brown marks; eyes reddish grey, pubescent; face yellow with the dorsal third brown and one large black spot near the ventral margin; carina light yellow, prominent, narrow; scape covered; pedicel basally brownish, apically light yellow; flagellomere 1 dark brown, lighter basally and apically, compressed, mango shaped; right arista with seven dorsal branches, left arista with five dorsal branches, one ventral branch and terminal fork; frons light yellow and brown; fronto-orbital plate yellow, brown spot at the base of p rc frorb s advancing posteriorly; fronto-orbital setae black, a rc frorb s anterior of pc frorb s; distance between pc frorb s and a rc frorb s = 0.04 mm, between pc frorb s and p rc frorb s = 0.09 mm, and between a rc frorb s and p rc frorb s = 0.10 mm; frontal vitta brown, lighter near ptilinal suture; frontal triangle yellow, large; ocellar triangle black, prominent; postocellar setae black, not crossing; genae light yellow with black mark under the eye reaching the base of vibrissae, ventral and posterior margins from black to grey posteriorly, brown at the margin near ventral margin; clypeus black; palps brown, basally lighter, large; labellum dark brown. Thorax (Figs. 59B, C): yellow with dark brown marks; scutum with two dark sub-medial bands converging and fusing medially at the height of transversal suture forming a large cross shape; transversal suture with dark brown marks which advances towards supra alar region; dark brown spots at the base of dorsocentral setae; postpronotum light yellow; external margin of postpronotum brown; medial yellow area slightly darker than other yellow areas of scutum; fine longitudinal greyish band medially; faint darker spots at the base of setulae posterior to the fusing of brown bands; six irregular rows of acrostichal setulae; acrostichal setulae absent posterior to the posterior dorsocentral setae; anterior dorsocentral setae smaller than posterior dorsocentral setae; scutellum dark brown, yellow spot apically; yellow laterally at the anterior margin; scutellar setae convergent; pleura brown with a longitudinal yellow band above katepisternum. Legs tan, femora slightly lighter. Wings (Fig. 59F): slightly infuscated with a large black apically roundish costal lappet; faint darker patch present bellow costal lappet; R₄₊₅ and M₁ parallel; R₂₊₃ slightly curved to costal at its tip; halter light yellow; index: C = 1.93, ac = 2.96, hb = 0.64, 4c = 1.22, 4v = 2.09, 5x = 2.15, M = 0.74, prox. x = 0.47. Length = 2.44 mm, width = 1.16 mm. Abdomen (Figs. 59D, E): T1 yellow; T2 dark brown sub-laterally interrupted in yellow, anterior faint yellow spot sub-laterally of the large dark brown area, yellow medially near anterior margin; T3 dark brown sub-laterally interrupted in yellow, anterior yellow spot sub-laterally of the large brown area; T4 yellow, dark brown caudal band, the band advances towards the anterior margin medially and laterally, laterally yellow; T5 yellow with a dark brown triangle shaped mark medially, caudal dark brown marks sub-laterally; T6 yellow with dark brown triangle shaped mark medially; T7 yellow; sternites yellow, S7 with microtrichia and with eight setulae (five on the left side, three on the right side); intersegmental membranes light. Terminalia (Fig. 60): T8 with microtrichia in the dorsal region, and four setae on the ventral region; epiproct and hypoproct with microtrichia, with many long and some smaller setae; oviscapt vale sclerotinized, long, squarish in lateral view; horizontal row of many (21-22) peg-like ovisensilla ventral margin, the ovisensilla are densely grouped on the posterior region. Spermathecal capsule sclerotized, dome-shaped, roundish, with a sub-basal ring groove; introvert 3/5 the total length of the capsule. Body length: 2.34mm.

Paramycodrosophila sp.3

(Figs. 61, 62, 86F)

Figure 61
Paramycodrosophila sp.3.: A, head (anterolateral view); B, thorax (dorsal view); C, thorax (lateral view); D, abdomen (lateral view); E, abdomen (dorsal view); F, wing.

Figure 62
Paramycodrosophila sp.3.: A, posterior end of abdomen (ventral view); B, posterior end of abdomen (lateral view); C, oviscapt (ventral view); D, oviscapt (lateral view); E, seventh sternite (ventral view); F, spermatheca (lateral view). Scale bars: 0.1 mm.

Material examined: female labelled as follows: “BRA [=Brazil] – RJ [=State of Rio de Janeiro] – PARNA [=National Park] de Itatiaia (22°25’54.39”S, 44°37’18.24”W) Data: 21.xii.2020-04.i.2021 Col.: Telles MHF; Vicenzi N OBS.: Armadilha [=Trap] Malaise”, “Sc038” [MZUSP]. Specimen condition: Wrinkled.

Description. Head (Fig. 61A): yellow with black and dark brown marks; eyes reddish, pubescent; face yellow, dorsally brown, ventrally dark brown; carina light yellow, prominent, narrow; scape yellow; pedicel brownish apically light yellow; flagellomere 1 dark brown, lighter basally, compressed; arista with five dorsal branches, one ventral branch and terminal fork; frons yellow and brown; fronto-orbital plate yellow, brown spot at the base of p rc frorb s; fronto-orbital setae black, a rc frorb s anterior of pc frorb s; distance between pc frorb s and a rc frorb s = 0.02 mm, between pc frorb s and p rc frorb s = 0.07 mm, and between a rc frorb s and p rc frorb s = 0.07 mm; frontal vitta brown, lighter near ptilinal suture; frontal triangle yellow, large; ocellar triangle black, prominent; postocellar setae black, crossing; genae light yellow, black at the margins and under the eye near the base of vibrissae; palps black, large; labellum brown. Thorax (Figs. 61B, C): yellow with brown marks; scutum with two longitudinal sub-medial brown bands anteriorly parallel converging medially near the transverse suture and, in height of dorsocentral setae, the bands fuse and are replaced by brown spots partially fused forming a triangle shape; fine gray line between the parallel brown marks; base of the dorsocentral setae with brown spots; postpronotum light yellow; external margin of postpronotal lobe brown; transverse suture with a brown mark extended towards supra-alar area; six irregular rows of acrostichal setulae which become scarce posterior to the anterior dorsocentral setae; anterior dorsocentral setae smaller than posterior dorsocentral setae; scutellum dark brown, with yellow margins from its base until the base of the apical scutellar setae, dark spots at the base of the basal scutellar setae; basal and apical scutellar setae parallel, curved inwards; pleura mostly brown with longitudinal yellow band above katepisternum. Legs tan, darker rings from near the base to the middle of the femora. Wings (Fig. 61F): hyaline with a black apically pointy costal lappet; faint darker patch present bellow costal lappet; R₄₊₅ and M₁ parallel; halter light yellow; index: C = 1.50, ac = 3.04, hb = 0.83, 4c = 1.58, 4v = 2.46, 5x = 2.47, M = 0.88, prox. x = 0.48. Length = 2.23 mm, width = 1.01 mm. Abdomen (Figs. 61D, E): T1 yellow; T2 mostly brown; T3 brown sub-laterally interrupted in yellow, anterior yellow spot sub-laterally of the large brown area; T4 yellow, dark brown caudal band, the band advances towards the anterior margin medially and laterally, sub-laterally yellow, laterally brown; T5 yellow with a dark brown triangle shaped mark medially, dark brown marks sub-laterally, laterally brown; T6 yellow with dark brown triangle shaped mark medially, laterally brown; T7 yellow, lateral margin slightly brown; sternites tan; S7 with microtrichia and with 15 setulae; intersegmental membranes light. Terminalia (Fig. 62): T8 dark dorsally, with microtrichia in the dorsal region and one setulae at the height of anal pore; epiproct and hypoproct with microtrichia, with many long and some smaller setae; oviscapt valves asymmetrical, right valve shorter than left valve; oviscapt vale sclerotinized, long, squarish at the tip in lateral view; five large peg-like ovisensilla on the posterior margin, horizontal row of five peg-like ovisensilla on the apical ventral margin, around 8 tiny pegs on the ventral margin; Spermathecal capsule highly sclerotized, dome-shaped, wrinkled rings on the basal half; introvert reaching the total length of the capsule. Body length: 1.83mm.

Paramycodrosophila sp.4

(Figs. 63, 64, 87A)

Figure 63
Paramycodrosophila sp.4.: A, head (anterolateral view); B, thorax (dorsal view); C, thorax (lateral view); D, abdomen (lateral view); E, abdomen (dorsal view); F, wing.

Figure 64
Paramycodrosophila sp.4.: A, posterior end of abdomen (ventral view); B, posterior end of abdomen (lateral view); C, oviscapt (ventral view); D, oviscapt (lateral view); E, seventh sternite (ventral view); F, spermatheca (lateral view). Scale bars: 0.1 mm.

Figure 87
Females. Habitus of: A, Paramycodrosophila sp.4; B, P. sp.5; C, P. sp.6; D, P. sp.7; E, P. sp.8; F, P. sp.9. Scale bars: 1 mm.

Material examined: female labelled as follows: “BRA [=Brazil] – MG [=State of Minas Gerais] – Bocaina de Minas (22°19’46.3”S, 44°32’31.5”W) Data: 30.xii.2019-14.i.2020 Col.: Telles MHF OBS.: Armadilha [=Trap] Malaise”, “BM04” [MZUSP].

Description. Head (Fig. 63A): yellow with black and dark brown marks; eyes reddish, pubescent; face yellow, dorsally brown, ventrally dark brown; carina light yellow, prominent, narrow; scape yellow; pedicel brownish apically light yellow; flagellomere 1 dark brown, lighter basally, compressed; arista with five dorsal branches, one ventral branch and terminal fork; frons yellow and brown; fronto-orbital plate yellow, brown spot at the base of p rc frorb s; fronto-orbital setae black, a rc frorb s anterior of pc frorb s; distance between pc frorb s and a rc frorb s = 0.02 mm, between pc frorb s and p rc frorb s = 0.07 mm, and between a rc frorb s and p rc frorb s = 0.07 mm; frontal vitta brown, lighter near ptilinal suture; frontal triangle yellow, large; ocellar triangle black, prominent; postocellar setae black, crossing; genae light yellow, black at the margins and under the eye near the base of vibrissae; palps black, large; labellum brown. Thorax (Figs. 63B, C): yellow with brown marks; scutum with two longitudinal sub-medial brown bands anteriorly parallel converging medially near the transverse suture and, in height of dorsocentral setae, the bands fuse and are replaced by brown spots partially fused forming a triangle shape; fine gray line between the parallel brown marks; base of the dorsocentral setae with brown spots; postpronotum light yellow; external margin of postpronotal lobe brown; transverse suture with a brown mark extended towards supra-alar area; six irregular rows of acrostichal setulae which become scarce posterior to the anterior dorsocentral setae; anterior dorsocentral setae smaller than posterior dorsocentral setae; scutellum dark brown, with yellow margins from its base until the base of the apical scutellar setae, dark spots at the base of the basal scutellar setae; basal and apical scutellar setae parallel, curved inwards; pleura mostly brown with longitudinal yellow band above katepisternum. Legs tan, darker rings from near the base to the middle of the femora. Wings (Fig. 63F): wings hyaline with a black apically pointy costal lappet; faint darker patch present bellow costal lappet; R₄₊₅ and M₁ parallel; halter light yellow; index: C = 1.56, ac = 3.40, hb = 0.76, 4c = 1.51, 4v = 2.42, 5x = 2.56, M = 0.91, prox. x = 0.53. Length = 2.09 mm, width = 0.99 mm. Abdomen (Figs. 63D, E): T1 yellow; T2 mostly brown; T3 brown sub-laterally interrupted in yellow, anterior yellow spot sub-laterally of the large brown area; T4 yellow, dark brown caudal band, the band advances towards the anterior margin medially and laterally, sub-laterally yellow, laterally brown; T5 yellow with a dark brown triangle shaped mark medially, dark brown marks sub-laterally, laterally brown; T6 yellow with dark brown triangle shaped mark medially, laterally brown; T7 yellow, lateral margin slightly brown; sternites tan, S7 with microtrichia and with 15 setulae; intersegmental membranes light. Terminalia (Fig. 64): T8 with microtrichia in the dorsal region; epiproct and hypoproct with microtrichia, with many long and some smaller setae; oviscapt vale sclerotinized, long, squarish at the tip in lateral view; four large peg-like ovisensilla on the posterior margin, horizontal row of around 12 peg-like ovisensilla on the apical ventral margin, many tiny pegs on the ventral margin; Spermathecal capsule highly sclerotized, dome-shaped, with wrinkled rings on the basal 1/3 of the capsule; introvert 1/2 the total length of the capsule, large depression apically. Body Length: 2.29 mm.

Paramycodrosophila sp.5

(Figs. 65, 66, 87B)

Figure 65
Paramycodrosophila sp.5.: A, head (anterolateral view); B, thorax (dorsal view); C, head and thorax (lateral view); D, abdomen (lateral view); E, abdomen (dorsal view); F, wing.

Figure 66
Paramycodrosophila sp.5.: A, posterior end of abdomen (ventral view); B, posterior end of abdomen (lateral view); C, oviscapt (ventral view); D, oviscapt (lateral view); E, spermathecae (left, lateral view; right, anterior view); F, choria (left, dorsal view; right, lateral view). Scale bars: 0.1 mm.

Material examined: female labelled as follows: “Brasil, Amazonas, Novo Airão, Rodovia AM 352- km 68, igarapé Mato Grosso, 14-28/ix/2016, 2°48'58”S; 60°55'18”W, Arm. [armadilha, =Trap] Malaise, Próximo a um igarapé [close to a creek], JA Rafael; RR. Xavier Filho”, “AM08” [INPA]. Specimen condition: Both wings detached and placed between coverslips.

Description. Head (Figs. 65A, C): yellow with black and dark brown marks; eyes reddish, pubescent; face brownish, ventrally darker; carina brownish, prominent, narrow; scape brownish; pedicel brownish, apically light yellow; flagellomere 1 brown, lighter basally, compressed, mango shaped; arista with four dorsal branches, one ventral branch and terminal fork; frons yellow and brown; fronto-orbital plate yellow, brown spot at the base of p rc frorb s; fronto-orbital setae black, a rc frorb s anterior of pc frorb s; distance between pc frorb s and a rc frorb s = 0.03 mm, between pc frorb s and p rc frorb s = 0.08 mm, and between a rc frorb s and p rc frorb s = 0.08 mm; frontal vitta brown, lighter near ptilinal suture; frontal triangle brownish, large; ocellar triangle black, prominent; postocellar setae black, not crossing; genae light yellow, black at the margins and under the eye near the base of vibrissae; palps brown, large; labellum brown. Thorax (Figs. 65B, C): yellow with brown marks; scutum yellow with two longitudinal faint brown bands anteriorly parallel along the sub-dorsal vitta converging and fusing medially in the height of transversal suture, posterior to the fusion, the bands are replaced by faint spots at the base of mid acrostichal setulae, postpronotum light yellow almost white; six irregular rows of acrostichal setulae which become scarce after the anterior dorsocentral setae; anterior dorsocentral; transversal suture with a brown mark; scutellum yellow; apical scutellar setae divergent, curved inwards; pleura mostly brown with continual light yellow band above katepisternum. Legs yellow, femora with slightly darker ring near the base. Wings (Fig. 65F): hyaline with a black and apically pointy costal lappet; faint darker patch present bellow costal lappet; R₄₊₅ and M₁ parallel; halter light yellow; index: C = 1.76, ac = 2.83, hb = 0.93, 4c = 1.76, 4v = 3.03, 5x = 2.67, M = 1.10, prox. x = 0.66. Length = 1.62 mm, width = 0.76 mm. Abdomen (Figs. 65D, E): tergites yellow and brown; T1 brownish, laterally black; T2 black, laterally interrupted in yellow, faint yellow mark medially near the anterior margin; T3 black, sub-laterally interrupted in yellow, anterior yellow spot sub-laterally of the large black area; T4 yellow, black caudal band, the band advances towards the anterior margin medially and laterally, sub-laterally yellow, laterally black, sub-laterally yellow, laterally brown; T5 yellow with a dark brown triangle shaped mark medially, black marks sub-laterally and laterally; T6 yellow with black triangle shaped mark medially, laterally black; T7 yellow; sternites tan S7 with microtrichia and with 12 setulae; intersegmental membranes light. Terminalia (Fig. 66): T8 with microtrichia in the dorsal region; epiproct and hypoproct with microtrichia, with many long and some smaller setae; oviscapt vale sclerotinized, long, with a curved posterior margin in lateral view; five peg-like ovisensilla with different sizes on the posterior margin, horizontal row of five peg-like ovisensilla on the apical ventral margin, tiny pegs on the ventral margin; the most ventral ovisensilla is longer making the oviscapt very pointy. Spermathecal capsule sclerotized, dome-shaped, roundish; introvert 1/3 the total length of the capsule; wrinkled rings on the basal 1/5, with a small depression apically. Eggs: chorion ornated dorsally, with four filaments and the micropyle; the two apical filaments about the length of the sub-apical; the bigger filaments are 1/2 the length of the main body of the chorion. Body length: 1.95mm.

Paramycodrosophila sp.6

(Figs. 67, 68, 87C)

Figure 67
Paramycodrosophila sp.6.: A, head (anterolateral view); B, thorax (dorsal view); C, head and thorax (lateral view); D, abdomen (lateral view); E, abdomen (dorsal view); F, wing.

Figure 68
Paramycodrosophila sp.6.: A, posterior end of abdomen (ventral view); B, posterior end of abdomen (lateral view); C, oviscapt (ventral view); D, oviscapt (lateral view); E, seventh sternite (ventral view); F, spermatheca (lateral view). Scale bars: 0.1 mm.

Material examined: female labelled as follows: “Brasil, Acre, Sen. [Senador] Guionard, 14-31/i/2017, Malaise [Trap], JA Rafael”, “AM09” [INPA]. Specimen condition: Right arista, fronto-orbital setae, postocellar setae, scutum setae, several setulae and scutellum setae missing.

Description. Head (Figs. 67A, C): yellow with black and dark brown marks; eyes red, pubescent; face with a large, narrow prominent carina, yellow with transversal black band at the ventral margin; scape light brown; pedicel basally brown, apically light yellow; flagellomere 1 brownish, basally yellow, apically darker, compressed, mango-shaped; left arista with five dorsal and one ventral branches, and terminal fork; frons light yellow and brown; fronto-orbital plate yellow, dark brown spot at p rc frorb s; a rc frorb s lateral of pc frorb s; distance between pc frorb s and a rc frorb s = 0.02 mm, between pc frorb s and p rc frorb s = 0.07 mm, and between a rc frorb s and p rc frorb s = 0.06 mm; frontal vitta brown, lighter near ptilinal suture; frontal triangle yellow, large; ocellar triangle black, prominent; genae light yellow with a black ventral band along the ventral margin, the band reaches the eye near vibrissae; clypeus black; palps dark brown to black, large; labellum black. Thorax (Figs. 67B, C): yellow with brown marks; scutum yellow with two longitudinal sub-medial brown bands anteriorly parallel converging medially near the transverse suture and, in height of dorsocentral setae, the bands fuse and are replaced by brown spots partially fused forming a triangle shape; base of the dorsocentral setae with brown spots; postpronotum light yellow; external margin of postpronotal lobe brown; transverse suture with a brown mark extended towards supra-alar area; six irregular rows of acrostichal setulae which become scarce posterior to the anterior dorsocentral setae; scutellum dark brown, with yellow margins from its base until the base of the apical scutellar setae, dark spots at the base of the basal scutellar setae; pleura mostly brown with longitudinal yellow band above katepisternum. Legs tan, darker rings from near the base to the middle of the femora. Wings (Fig. 67F): hyaline with a apically pointy, large, black costal lappet; faint darker patch present bellow costal lappet; R₄₊₅ and M₁ Parallel; halter light yellow; index: C = 1.38, ac = 3.11, hb = 1.24, 4c = 1.93, 4v = 2.97, 5x = 2.73, M = 1.03, prox. x = 0.62. Length = 1.61 mm, width = 0.77 mm. Abdomen (Figs. 67D, E): tergites yellow with brown and black marks; T1 brownish, laterally brown; T2 brown, sub-laterally interrupted in yellow, medial faint yellow mark at the anterior margin; T3 brown, sub-laterally yellow; T4 yellow with a caudal black band interrupted sub-laterally in yellow, the black band is enlarged medially advancing towards the anterior margin, the band advances to the anterior margin laterally reaching it; T5 yellow, one large triangle shaped mark medially, one sub-lateral caudal black mark, laterally black; T6 yellow with triangle shaped black mark medially, laterally black; T7 yellow; S7 with microtrichia and 12 setulae.; intersegmental membranes light. Terminalia (Fig. 68): T8 with microtrichia in the dorsal region; epiproct and hypoproct with microtrichia, with many long and some smaller setae; oviscapt vale sclerotinized, long, squarish at the tip in lateral view; four large peg-like ovisensilla on the posterior margin, horizontal row of six peg-like ovisensilla on the apical ventral margin, around 10 tiny pegs on the ventral margin; Spermathecal capsule highly sclerotized, dome-shaped, with wrinkled rings on the basal half of the capsule, wider medially; introvert 5/6 of the total length of the capsule, with a large depression apically. Body length: 1.94 mm.

Paramycodrosophila sp.7

(Figs. 69, 70, 87D)

Figure 69
Paramycodrosophila sp.7.: A, head (anterolateral view); B, thorax (dorsal view); C, head and thorax (lateral view); D, abdomen (lateral view); E, abdomen (dorsal view); F, wing.

Figure 70
Paramycodrosophila sp.7.: A, posterior end of abdomen (ventral view); B, posterior end of abdomen (lateral view); C, oviscapt (ventral view); D, oviscapt (lateral view); E, spermatheca (lateral view); F, chorion (dorsal view). Scale bars: 0.1 mm.

Material examined: female labelled as follows: “Brasil – RJ [State of Rio de Janeiro] - Rio de Janeiro - Cond. [=Condominium] Porto Frade Green (-22.974585S, -44.456788W) - 08-10.ii.2016 – Col [=Collector] A.B Carvalho - Sampled over Auricularia sp.”, “C5” [MZUSP].

Description. Holotype. Head (Figs. 69A, C): yellow with black and dark brown marks; eyes red, pubescent; face dorsally brown, medially light yellow, ventrally black forming continuous band to the second genal setae; carina light yellow, prominent, narrow; scape apically light yellow; pedicel basally brownish yellow, apically light yellow; flagellomere 1 light yellow with brown band medially, compressed, mango-shaped; left arista with five dorsal, right arista with six dorsal branches, one ventral branch, terminal fork; frons light yellow and brown; fronto-orbital plate yellow, brown spot at the base of p rc frorb s; fronto-orbital setae black, a rc frorb s lateral of pc frorb s; distance between pc frorb s and a rc frorb s = 0.03 mm, between pc frorb s and p rc frorb s = 0.07 mm, and between a rc frorb s and p rc frorb s = 0.06 mm; frontal vitta light brown; frontal triangle yellow, large; ocellar triangle black, prominent; postocellar setae black, crossing at the tip; genae light yellow with black mark under the eye near vibrissa, brownish near the base of the third and fourth genal setae; palps dark brown to black, large; labellum dark brown. Thorax (Figs. 69B, C): yellow with brown marks; scutum yellow with two sub-medial brown marks anteriorly parallel reaching the anterior dorsocentral setae, longitudinal yellow band external to the longitudinal brown marks, fine gray line medially, dark brown posteriorly, cross-shaped mark in the center of scutum partially formed by partially fused spots; supra-alar region brown; base of the notopleural and dorsocentral setae with brown spots; postpronotum light yellow; external margin of postpronotum brown; four irregular rows of acrostichal setulae which become scarce posterior to the anterior dorsocentral setae and absent posterior to posterior dorsocentral setae, anterior dorsocentral setae smaller than posterior dorsocentral setae; scutellum dark brown, gradually lighter towards lateral and posterior margins, dark spots at the base of scutellar setae; basal scutellar setae convergent, almost straight, slightly curved inwards; apical scutellar setae convergent, slightly curved inwards, crossing; pleura light yellow with brown marks; proepisternum, anepimeron and anepisternum light yellow with dorsal transversal bands forming a continuous dark brown band; katepisternum light yellow, dorsal half dark brown; meron yellow; legs tan, mid and hind femora with brown marks medially. Wings (Fig. 69F): hyaline with a large black apically roundish costal lappet; faint darker patch present bellow costal lappet; R₄₊₅ and M₁ parallel; halter light yellow; index: C = 1.47, ac = 3.55, hb = 0.87, 4c = 1.73, 4v = 2.73, 5x = 2.47, M = 0.93, prox. x = 0.64. Length = 1.63 mm, width = 0.80 mm. Abdomen (Figs. 69D, E): tergites yellow with black marks; T1 yellow, laterally black; T2 black, interrupted medially and sub-laterally in yellow; T3 black with two yellow spots, interrupted medially and sub-laterally in yellow, the yellow spots are anterior and sub-lateral to the large black areas; T4 yellow, caudal black band interrupted sub-laterally in yellow, the band enlarges medially similar to a triangle and reaches the anterior margin laterally ; T5 is like T4; T6 yellow with a black caudal medial triangular spot and laterally black; T7 yellow; sternites light yellow, S7 with microtrichia and with eight setulae ; intersegmental membranes light. Terminalia (Fig. 70): T8 with microtrichia in the dorsal region; epiproct and hypoproct with microtrichia, with many long and some smaller setae; oviscapt valves asymmetrical, left valve shorter than right valve; oviscapt vale sclerotinized, long, squarish at the tip in lateral view; three large peg-like ovisensilla on the posterior margin, horizontal row of five peg-like ovisensilla on the apical ventral margin, around 13 tiny pegs on the ventral margin. Spermathecal capsule sclerotized, dome-shaped, roundish; introvert reaching the total length of the capsule. Eggs: chorion ornated, with four filaments and the micropyle; the two apical filaments are about 2/3 of the length of the sub apical. Body length: 1.87 mm.

Paramycodrosophila sp.8

(Figs. 71, 72, 87E)

Figure 71
Paramycodrosophila sp.8.: A, head (anterolateral view); B, thorax (dorsal view); C, thorax (lateral view); D, abdomen (lateral view); E, abdomen (dorsal view); F, wing.

Figure 72
Paramycodrosophila sp.8.: A, posterior end of abdomen (ventral view); B, posterior end of abdomen (lateral view); C, oviscapt (ventral view); D, oviscapt (lateral view); E, seventh sternite (ventral view); F, spermatheca (lateral view). Scale bars: 0.1 mm.

Material examined: female labelled as follows: “Brasil, Roraima, Caracarai, PARNA [=National Park] Viruá, 1º27'16”N; 60º59'3”W,1-15.v.2016, Malaise Grande, J.A. Rafael, R. Boldrini, Rede BIA”, “AM11” [INPA]. Specimen condition: Fronto-orbital setae missing.

Description. Head (Fig. 71A): yellow with dark brown marks; eyes reddish, pubescent; face light brown, ventral margin light yellow, brown spot under the carina; carina light yellow, slightly darker dorsally, narrow, prominent; scape brown; pedicel basally brownish yellow, apically light yellow; flagellomere 1 light yellow with brown band medially, compressed, mango-shaped; left arista with five dorsal, arista with six dorsal and one ventral branches, terminal fork; frons light yellow and brown; fronto-orbital plate yellow, brown spot from the base of p rc frorb s to the base of medial vertical setae; a rc frorb s lateral and slightly anterior of pc frorb s; distance between pc frorb s and a rc frorb s = 0.02 mm, between pc frorb s and p rc frorb s = 0.09 mm, and between a rc frorb s and p rc frorb s = 0.09 mm; frontal vitta yellow, brown posterior to a rc frorb s; frontal triangle yellow, large; ocellar triangle black, prominent; postocellar setae black, not crossing; genae light yellow with light brown mark under the eye near the vibrissa, black mark at the vibrissae and anterior genal setae, brownish near the base of the third and fourth genal setae; palps dark brown to black, large; labellum dark brown. Thorax (Figs. 71B, C): yellow with brown marks; scutum yellow with two longitudinal brown marks anteriorly parallel sub-medially reaching the anterior dorsocentral setae, cross-shaped mark in the center of scutum, dark brown posteriorly, laterally brown, four irregular rows of acrostichal setulae which become absent after the anterior dorsocentral setae, fine gray line between the parallel brown marks, base of the notopleural and dorsocentral setae with brown spots; dorsocentral setae missing or displaced; postpronotum light yellow; scutellum brown, yellow laterally near the anterior margin; scutellar setae parallel and curved inward apically; pleura yellow with brown marks; proepisternum, anepimeron and anepisternum brown with yellowish white marks forming a continuous band above the katepisternum; katepisternum light yellow, dorsal half dark brown. Legs yellow; fore femora brown, apical third light; mid and hind femora with darker marks from near the base to the center; legs tan with fore femora slightly darker; hind femora with a darker posterior mark. Wings (Fig. 71F): hyaline with an apically roundish, large, black costal lappet; faint darker patch present bellow costal lappet; R₄₊₅ and M₁ parallel; halter light yellow, brown at the base; wing index: C = 1.27, ac = 4.08, hb = 0.93, 4c = 1.81, 4v = 2.59, 5x = 3.22, M = 1.07, prox. x = 0.52. Length = 1.33 mm, width = 0.63 mm. Abdomen (Figs. 71D, E): T1 yellow; T2 black, interrupted sub-laterally in yellow, anterior faint yellow mark medially; T3 black, sub-laterally yellow, with anterior small faint yellow spots sub-laterally of the brown area; T4 black, sub-laterally yellow, long yellow transversal mark at the anterior margin, the yellow mark enlarges laterally; T5 yellow, caudal black band enlarged medially, laterally brown, sub-laterally yellow; T6 yellow; sternites light yellow; S7 sternite with microtrichia and with eight setulae; intersegmental membranes light. Terminalia (Fig. 72): T8 with microtrichia in the dorsal region; epiproct and hypoproct with microtrichia, with many long and some smaller setae; oviscapt vale sclerotinized, long, squarish at the tip in lateral view; 4 large peg-like ovisensilla on the posterior margin, horizontal row of 6 peg-like ovisensilla on the apical ventral margin, around 10 tiny pegs on the ventral margin. Spermathecal capsule sclerotized, dome-shaped, squarish apically, wrinkled rings on the basal 1/4, a large depression apically; introvert 3/4 the total length of the capsule. Body length: 1.59 mm.

Paramycodrosophila sp.9

(Figs. 73, 74, 87F)

Figure 73
Paramycodrosophila sp.9.: A, head (anterolateral view); B, thorax (dorsal view); C, head and thorax (lateral view); D, abdomen (lateral view); E, abdomen (dorsal view); F, wing.

Figure 74
Paramycodrosophila sp.9.: A, posterior end of abdomen (ventral view); B, posterior end of abdomen (lateral view); C, oviscapt (ventral view); D, oviscapt (lateral view); E, seventh sternite (ventral view); F, spermatheca (lateral view). Scale bars: 0.1 mm.

Material examined: female labelled as follows: “BRA [=Brazil] - RJ [=State of Rio de Janeiro] – PARNA [=National Park] de Itatiaia (22°26’09.94”S, 44°36’41.95”W) Data: 21.xii.2020-04.i.2021 Col.: Telles MHF; Vicenzi N OBS.: Armadilha [=Trap] Malaise”, “Sc003” [MZUSP].

Description. Head (Figs. 73A, C): yellow with black and brown marks; eyes greyish red, pubescent; face yellow with ventral brown band; carina yellow, narrow, prominent; scape brownish; pedicel basally brownish yellow, apically light yellow; flagellomere 1 yellow, compressed, mango-shaped; left arista with five dorsal, right arista with four dorsal branches, one ventral branch, terminal fork; frons yellow, brown and black; fronto-orbital plate yellow, brown spot at the base of p rc frorb s advancing posteriorly; fronto-orbital setae black, a rc frorb s lateral to pc frorb s; distance between pc frorb s and a rc frorb s = 0.02 mm, between pc frorb s and p rc frorb s = 0.08 mm, and between a rc frorb s and p rc frorb s = 0.07 mm; frontal vitta brown, yellow near ptilinal suture; frontal triangle lighter brown and black, large; ocellar triangle black, prominent; postocellar setae black convergent; genae yellow with dark mark under the eye near vibrissa, ventral margin black; clypeus dark brown; palps dark brown, large; labellum dark brown. Thorax (Figs. 73B,C): yellow and brown; scutum yellow with two anterior sub medial parallel bands sharply converging medialy at the height of the transversal suture, the bands are replaced by faint spots posterior to the fusion at the base of mid acrostichal rows; postpronotum light yellow almost white; six irregular rows of acrostichal setulae which become scarce after the anterior dorsocentral setae; anterior dorsocentral setae smaller than posterior; transversal suture with a brown mark. Scutellum yellow; basal scutellar setae converging apical scutellar setae convergent; scutellar setae curved inwards; pleura brown with continual light yellow band above katepisternum; proepisternum brown, ventral half light yellow; anepisternum in shades of brown, yellow near the ventral margin; anepimeron in shades of brown, yellow near the ventral margin; katepisternum yellow with dorsal brown band; meron yellow. Legs yellow, fore and hind femora with slightly darker ring near the base. Wings (Fig. 73F): hyaline with a black apically pointy large costal lappet; faint darker patch present bellow costal lappet; R₄₊₅ and M₁ slightly parallel; halter yellow; index: C = 1.38, ac = 3.55, hb = 1.00, 4c = 1.86, 4v = 2.88, 5x = 2.69, M = 1.02, prox. x = 0.55. Length = 2.19 mm, width = 0.98 mm. Abdomen (Figs. 73D, E): tergites yellow with black marks; T1 yellow, laterally black; T2 dark brown, interrupted sub-laterally in yellow; T3 dark brown sub-laterally interrupted in yellow, with two yellow spots sub-laterally of the brown area; T4 dark brown sub-laterally yellow, two round elongated marks sub-dorsally at the anterior margin; T5 yellow with five posterior marks, two laterally, two sub-laterally, one large triangle shaped medially; T6 yellow with a spot medially; T7 yellow; sternites progressively darker posteriorly, S8 with microtrichia and with 10 setulae.; intersegmental membranes light. Terminalia (Fig. 74): T8 with microtrichia in the dorsal region; epiproct and hypoproct with microtrichia, with many long and some smaller setae; oviscapt vale sclerotinized, long, squarish at the tip in lateral view; 4 large peg-like ovisensilla on the posterior margin, horizontal row of 9 peg-like ovisensilla on the apical ventral margin, around six tiny pegs on the ventral margin; Spermathecal capsule highly sclerotized, dome-shaped, longer than it is wide, with wrinkled rings on the basal half of the capsule; introvert 1/2 the total length of the capsule, with a small depression apically. Body length: 2.53mm.

Paramycodrosophila sp.10

(Figs. 75, 76, 88A)

Figure 75
Paramycodrosophila sp.10.: A, head (anterolateral view); B, thorax (dorsal view); C, head and thorax (lateral view); D, abdomen (lateral view); E, abdomen (dorsal view); F, wing.

Figure 76
Paramycodrosophila sp.10.: A, posterior end of abdomen (ventral view); B, posterior end of abdomen (lateral view); C, oviscapt (ventral view); D, oviscapt (lateral view); E, spermathecae (lateral view); F, choria (left, dorsal view; right, dorsolateral view). Scale bars: 0.1 mm.

Figure 88
Females. Habitus of: A, Paramycodrosophila sp.10; B, P. sp.11; C, P. sp.12. Scale bars: 1 mm.

Material examined: female labelled as follows: “Brasil, Roraima, Caracaraí, PARNA [=National Park] Viruá, 1°29'23”N; 61°0'12”W, 1-15/iv/2016, JA Rafael; R Boldrini, armadilha Malaise”, “AM18” [INPA]. Specimen condition: Several setae missing; right wing detached instead of the left wing.

Description. Head (Fig. 75A): yellow with black and dark brown marks; eyes greyish, pubescent; face yellow, ventral brown spot; carina yellow, narrow, prominent; scape brownish yellow; pedicel basally brownish yellow, apically light yellow; flagellomere 1 brown, basal margin yellow, compressed, mango-shaped; left arista with five dorsal, right arista with four dorsal branches, one ventral branch, terminal fork; fronto-orbital plate yellow, brown spot at the base of p rc frorb s advancing posteriorly; fronto-orbital setae black, a rc frorb s anterior of pc frorb s; distance between pc frorb s and a rc frorb s = 0.02 mm, between pc frorb s and p rc frorb s = 0.07 mm, and between a rc frorb s and p rc frorb s = 0.07 mm; frons yellow, brown and black; frontal triangle light brown, large; frontal vitta brown, yellow near ptilinal suture; ocellar triangle black, prominent; postocellar setae black, not crossing; genae yellow with brown mark under the eye near vibrissa, ventral margin brown; clypeus dark brown; palps dark brown, large; labellum dark brown. Thorax (Figs. 75B, C): yellow and brown with darker marks; scutum light brown with several lighter brown marks, two longitudinal brown bands anteriorly parallel along the sub-dorsal vittae converging and fusing medially near the anterior dorsocentral setae, after fusing the bands diverges posteriorly resembling a triangle shape; fine gray line between the parallel brown marks; postpronotum light yellow almost white; six irregular rows of acrostichal setulae which become scarce after the anterior dorsocentral setae and absent after posterior dorsocentral setae; two pairs of posterior dorsocentral setae; transverse suture with a brown mark; scutellum dark brown with lighter margins from its base until the base of the apical scutellar setae, slightly darker at base of setae apical; scutellar setae divergent, curved inwards; pleura brown with continual light yellow band above katepisternum; proepisternum brown, ventral half light yellow; anepisternum brown apically, light brown medially and light yellow ventrally; katepisternum brown; anepimeron in shades of brown; legs tan, fore femora with slightly darker medial mark; mid and hind femur lighter basally, darker medially. Wings (Fig. 75F): hyaline, costal lappet large, black, apically pointy; faint darker patch present bellow costal lappet; R₄₊₅ and M₁ slightly divergent; halter yellow; index: C = 1.48, ac = 2.80, hb = 0.71, 4c = 1.47, 4v = 2.26, 5x = 2.31, M = 0.79, prox. x = 0.47. Length = 1.69 mm, width = 0.78 mm. Abdomen (Figs. 75D, E): tergites yellow with black marks; T1 yellow, laterally black; T2 dark brown, interrupted medially and sub-laterally in yellow; T3 dark brown sub-laterally interrupted in yellow, with 2 faint yellow spots sub-laterally of the brown area; T4 dark brown sub-laterally yellow, two round elongated marks sub-dorsally at the anterior margin, the yellow marks almost meet medially; T5 same as T4 but the yellow marks are pointier almost reaching the posterior margin; T6 yellow, laterally brown, medial triangle shaped brown mark pointing anteriorly; T7 yellow; sternites progressively darker posteriorly, S7 with microtrichia and with 14 setulae; intersegmental membranes light. Terminalia (Fig. 76): T8 with microtrichia in the dorsal region; epiproct and hypoproct with microtrichia, with many long and some smaller setae; oviscapt vale sclerotinized, long, squarish at the tip in lateral view; four large peg-like ovisensilla on peduncles on the posterior margin, horizontal row of six peg-like ovisensilla on the apical ventral margin, around nine tiny pegs on the ventral margin. Spermathecal capsule highly sclerotized, dome-shaped, with wrinkled rings on the basal half of the capsule; introvert almost reaching the total length of the capsule, with a depression apically. Eggs: chorion ornated dorsally with four filaments and the micropyle; the two apical filaments are about 2/3 of the length of the sub apical; the bigger filaments are 1/3 the length of the main body of the chorion. Body length: 2.10 mm.

Paramycodrosophila sp.11

(Figs. 77, 78, 88B)

Figure 77
Paramycodrosophila sp.11.: A, head (anterolateral view); B, thorax (dorsal view); C, head and thorax (lateral view); D, abdomen (lateral view); E, abdomen (dorsal view); F, wing.

Figure 78
Paramycodrosophila sp.11.: A, posterior end of abdomen (ventral view); B, posterior end of abdomen (lateral view); C, oviscapt (ventral view); D, oviscapt (lateral view); E, seventh sternite (ventral view); F, spermatheca (lateral view). Scale bars: 0.1 mm.

Material examined: female labelled as follows: “BRA [=Brazil] – RJ [=State of Rio de Janeiro] – PARNA [=National Park] de Itatiaia (22°26’03.45”S, 44°36’52.06”W) Data: 04.i.2021-18.i.2021 Col.: Telles MHF OBS.: Armadilha [=Trap] Malaise”, “Sc004” [MZUSP].

Description. Head (Figs. 77A, C): yellow with black and dark brown marks; eyes red, pubescent; face with a narrow prominent carina, light yellow with dorsal half black, dark marks near vibrissa; parafacialia light yellow; scape brown; pedicel brown, apically lighter; flagellomere 1 black, basal third yellow, compressed; arista with six dorsal and one ventral branches, and terminal fork; frons yellow with brown marks; fronto-orbital plate tan, brown posterior to the p rc frorb s; fronto-orbital setae black; distance between pc frorb s and a rc frorb s = 0.02 mm, between pc frorb s and p rc frorb s = 0.09 mm, and between a rc frorb s and p rc frorb s = 0.07 mm; frontal vitta brown, yellow near the ptilinal suture; frontal triangle yellow darker at the margins of ocellar triangle, large; ocellar triangle black; very prominent; postocellar setae black, crossing near tip; genae yellow, black at the ventral margin and under the eye near the vibrissa; palps black, large; labrum light yellow; labellum black. Thorax (Figs. 77B, C): yellow with brown marks; scutum yellow with brown marks; v1 greyish, fine; v2 yellow, only apparent in the first anterior quarter; v3 dark brown; v4 yellow, fine, with greyish marks; v5 dark brown; v6 yellow with a large dark brown mark in the supra alar region; v3 converges and fuse medially; external margin of postpronotal lobe dark brown; transverse suture dark brown mark; brown spot anterior to the transversal suture; base of the setae with brown spots except in postpronotum; postpronotum light yellow almost white; six irregular rows of acrostichal setulae, acrostichal setulae absent posterior to the height of anterior dorsocentral setae; mid acrostichal row with thicker and larger setulae posteriorly; second pair of acrostichal row consisting of two to three setulae; anterior dorsocentral setae about 1/2 the length of the posterior dorsocentral setae; scutellum dark brown with lighter lateral margin anterior to the base of apical setae, base of the basal setae with a dark brown mark; basal scutellar setae parallel, curved inwards; apical scutellar setae convergent curved inwards, crossing; pleura yellow with brown marks; proepisternum black with ventral half light; anepisternum yellow with dark brown dorsal and posterior margins, large brown spot at its center fusing partially with marks at the margins; katepisternum brown with ventral half light yellow; anepimeron yellow with brown transversal band; meron light yellow .Legs with femora yellow with two dark brown rings, one basal and one sub-apical; tibiae yellow with two dark brown rings, one sub-basal and one sub-apical. Wings (Fig. 77F): infuscated with costal lappet very large and broad, black, apically round; faint darker patch present bellow costal lappet, lighter patch after the costal lappet and along CuA+CuP; R₂₊₃ slightly curved to costal at its tip; R₄₊₅ and M₁ parallel; halter light slightly darker basely; index: C = 2.21, ac = 2.76, hb = 0.50, 4c = 1.07, 4v = 2.06, 5x = 1.70, M = 0.63, prox. x = 0.48. Length = 2.33 mm, width = 1.06 mm. Abdomen (Figs. 77D, E): tergites yellow with brown marks; T1 brown; T2 brown sub-laterally interrupted in yellow, anterior faint yellow spot sub-laterally of the large brown area; T3 brown sub-laterally interrupted in yellow, anterior yellow spot sub-laterally of the large brown area; T4 brown sub-laterally interrupted in yellow, large anterior yellow mark sub-laterally of the large brown area reaching the anterior margin; T5 same as T4 but the yellow spots are much larger and using anteriorly; T6 brown, long transversal yellow mark at the anterior margin medially interrupted in brown; T7 yellow, laterally brown, medially brown; sternites progressively darker from first to last, S7 with microtrichia and with eight setulae; intersegmental membranes light. Terminalia (Fig. 78): T8 with microtrichia in the dorsal region, with around two setulae ventrally, one dark spot ventrally; epiproct and hypoproct with microtrichia, with many long and some smaller setae; oviscapt vale, sclerotinized, long, acute at the tip in lateral view; nine large darker peg-like ovisensilla apical margins (three smaller on the posterior margin and six larger on the ventral margin), tiny pegs on the ventral margin; Spermathecal capsule highly sclerotized, dome-shaped, bare, with a wrinkled rings on the basal half of the capsule; introvert 3/4 of the total length of the capsule, with a small depression apically. Eggs: chorion ornated dorsally with four filaments and the micropyle; the two apical filaments are about 2/3 of the length of the sub apical; the bigger filaments are 1/2 the length of the main body of the chorion. Body length: 2.47mm.

Paramycodrosophila sp.12

(Figs. 79, 80, 88C)

Figure 79
Paramycodrosophila sp.12.: A, head (anterolateral view); B, thorax (dorsal view); C, head and thorax (lateral view); D, abdomen (lateral view); E, abdomen (dorsal view); F, wing.

Figure 80
Paramycodrosophila sp.12.: A, posterior end of abdomen (ventral view); B, posterior end of abdomen (lateral view); C, oviscapt (ventral view); D, oviscapt (lateral view); E, seventh sternite (ventral view); F, spermatheca (lateral view). Scale bars: 0.1 mm.

Material examined: female labelled as follows: “Brasil, Acre, Senador Guionard, FE [=Experimental Farm] Catuaba,10°04'28”S; 67°37'00”W 18-30/iv/2017, Malaise [Trap], EF Morato; JA Rafael, Rede BIA [=Thematic network “Biodiversity of Insects in the Amazon”]”, “AM12” [INPA]. Specimen condition: Left arista partially destroyed, fore legs missing except for coxae, dorsocentral setae missing, scutellar setae missing.

Description. Head (Figs. 79A, C): yellow with black and dark brown marks; eyes red, pubescent; face with a large, prominent carina, brownish; scape light brown; pedicel brown, light yellow at apical margin; flagellomere 1 light yellow with a brown ring medially, apically brownish, compressed, mango-shaped; right arista with eight dorsal branches, two ventral branches and terminal fork; frons yellow and brown; fronto-orbital plate yellow, dark brown spots at the base of front-orbital setae; a rc frorb s slightly anterior and close to pc frorb s; distance between pc frorb s and a rc frorb s = 0.02 mm, between pc frorb s and p rc frorb s = 0.07 mm, and between a rc frorb s and p rc frorb s = 0.07 mm; frontal vitta brown, yellow near ptilinal suture; frontal triangle brownish, large; ocellar triangle dark brown, prominent; genae yellow, anterior half black; palps black; labellum brown. Thorax (Figs. 79B, C): yellow with brown marks; scutum yellow with one squarish shaped brown mark between dorsocentral rows and between the height of transversal suture and the height of the middle point of dorsocentral setae, two sub-medial longitudinal brown bands on the second fifth of scutum, the brown bands fuse with the square shaped marks on its vertex, transversal brown band on the presutural region fused with the longitudinal brown marks, supra-alar region mostly brown, the brown area of the supra alar region is fused with the square shaped mark at the base of the anterior dorsocentral setae; posterior to the square shaped mark, the scutum in light brown between the dorsocentral rows; base of dorsocentral setae with brown spots; scutellum light brown with yellow lateral and posterior margins; black spots at the base of scutellar setae; pleura with one longitudinal fine brown dorsal band, one medial broad longitudinal light band, and one longitudinal broad brown ventral band, anepimeron brownish, laterotergite brown ventrally. Legs with fore coxa brown; mid and hind legs yellow with dark broad ring on the femora medially and a darker ring on tibiae near its base. Wings (Fig. 79F): hyaline with a very large and broad black apically round costal lappet; faint darker patch present bellow costal lappet; R₄₊₅ and M₁ Parallel; halter light yellow with brownish mark; index: C = 1.15, ac = 3.40, hb = 0.98, 4c = 1.55, 4v = 1.93, 5x = 1.41, M = 0.55, prox. x = 0.45. Length = 1.83 mm, width = 0.78 mm. Abdomen (Figs. 79D, E): T1 brownish yellow, laterally brown, medially darker; T2 and T3 brown, sub-laterally interrupted in yellow, yellow spot laterally of the large brown area; T4 brown, yellow longitudinal mark sub-laterally from the anterior margin almost reaching the posterior margin, two large sub-medial yellow areas resembling two semicircles adjacent to the anterior margin; T5 same as T4 but the yellow semicircle areas are larger thus assuming a more squarish form; T6 same as T5 but the yellow area reaches the posterior margin laterally and fuses with the sublateral yellow area; T7 yellow, laterally brown; sternites with a mottled aspect; S7 with microtrichia and 10 setulae; intersegmental membranes light. Terminalia (Fig. 80): T8 bare; oviscapt vale sclerotinized, with two round lobes apically in lateral view; two peg-like ovisensilla on the most dorsal lobe, two tiny ovisensilla between the two peg-like ovisensilla; seven peg-like ovisensilla on the most ventral lobe, the one outer ovisensillum in the height of the third peg-like ovisensillum; around seven tiny pegs on the ventral margin of oviscapt valve; epiproct and hypoproct with microtrichia, with many long, epiproct with smaller setae; spermathecal capsule highly sclerotized, dome-shaped, roundish; introvert 2/3 of the total length of the capsule, with a small depression apically. Eggs: chorion ornated dorsally, with four filaments and the micropyle; the 2 apical filaments are almost the length of the sub-apical; the bigger filaments are 1/4 the length of the main body of the chorion. Body length: 2.08 mm.

Distribution

The known geographic distribution of Paramycodrosophila in the Neotropical Region can be seen in Fig. 92. The locations of the specimen can be accessed in journals (Duda, 1925; Wheeler, 1968; Vaz et al., 2014; Riccardi et al., 2022) and in the label information in the taxonomy section of the results. Some of the markers does not have an association with a specimen described in this work nor in the literature.

Figure 92
Distribution map of Paramycodrosophila in the Neotropical region A, Neotropical region; B, Pedra Selada State Park and Visconde de Mauá village; and C, Itatiaia National Park. Each maker represents a locality or a collection site. Yellow circles represent new records. Stars represent records in the literature. More than one species may be assigned to a marker.

Discussion

The description of 19 new species of Paramycodrosophila increases the known richness from 16 to 35 in the genus and the number of Neotropical species from 2 to 21 (adding to P. costaricana and P. nephelea as P centralis and P. anomala have no confirmed occurrence for the Neotropics) and are the first descriptions from South America. There are still specimens here described that are not designated as a new species but certainly are, which is the case of P. sp.12, as they cannot yet be well delimited for the lack of males. This shows that the diversity of Paramycodrosophila is to increase further. In other cases, females described in this work were not designated to a species for the lack of elements to associate them with a male. Posteriorly, the use of molecular data may be a tool to circumvent the lack of males and the description based solely on females may be possible; and could safely link females with their male counterpart.

The distribution map shows large areas without records for the genus and some others with dense occurrence records, this is, some regions of the Amazon Forest and the Brazilian Atlantic coast. This pattern is most likely a result of sampling bias. Furthermore, no entomological material was obtained from other regions to be sorted in this work.

The specimens were predominantly collected with Malaise trap, which shows the importance of this technique for the collection of this genus. The exceptions were two specimens collected in a Van Someren trap baited with ox kidney which is probably an accidental collection as there is nothing in the literature indicating the attractiveness of this kind of bait to that of specimens of the Zygothrica Genus group. One of the analyzed specimens was collected flying over Auricularia sp., the active collection of Paramycodrosophila flying over mushrooms is known in the literature (Wheeler and Takada, 1964; McEvey and Bock, 1982). Unexpectedly, active collections of mushrooms for emergence and of specimens flying over mushrooms did not produce any Paramycodrosophila in the regions indicated in Figs. 92B, C, where many collections with Malaise trap occurred. This further indicate the importance of the use of Malaise traps (Brown, 2005) to investigate the hidden diversity of the Neotropical region. The Neotropical region has, now, more described species of Paramycodrosophila than all the other regions combined (Meijere, 1911; Malloch, 1934; Wheeler, 1954; Wheeler and Takada, 1964; Wheeler, 1968; Okada, 1973; Bock, 1982; McEvey and Bock, 1982; Wynn and Toda, 1990; Tsacas and Chassagnard, 1991) and is, probably, far from having all its diversity for the genus uncovered as the samplings were not vast.

In the Neotropical Region there are possibly some taxonomic groups yet to be circumscribed such as one that accommodates most of the species described in this work (P. itatiaiensis n. sp.; P. blauthae n. sp.; P. rafaeli n. sp.; P. boldrinii n. sp.; P. roraimensis n. sp.; P. amazonensis n. sp.; P. moratoi n. sp.; P. mineira n. sp.; P. leonensis n. sp. and P. marinhoi n. sp.) as well as P. costaricana and P. centralis, as they share some external resemblance as well as having (except for P. centralis which does not have terminalia description) two apical long setae on each of their ventral lobes; this characteristic can also be observed in some Australasian species such as P. neopictula and P. parapictula (Wheeler and Takada, 1964). Of these, P. itatiaiensis n. sp.; P. rafaeli n. sp.; and P. boldrinii n. sp. seem to be more close-related as their phallus presents the same overall shape with minor differences. But, of course, the proper analysis of all cited species is indispensable for a proper conclusion. In this same regard, the P. costaricana record in São Paulo (Vaz et al., 2014) should be taken with a grain of salt, as it could be a misidentification of some close related species since the diversity of the genus is much greater than it was thought.

Furthermore, the oviscapt valve seem to be quite conserved in the species here described, with the exception of the females of P. puri n. sp., P. sp.11, P. sp.12 and P. viscondedemauaensis n. sp., all specimens showed the same overall disposition and shape of ovisensilla, also common in Hirtodrosophila (Bock, 1982; Grimaldi, 1990, 2018; Frech-Telles et al., 2023). The oviscapt of P. sp.12 is quite unique, it is the only one so far with not peg-like ovisensilla also present.

Paramycodrosophila mantiqueira n. sp., P. maculosa n. sp., P. melana n. sp. and P. puri n. sp. seem to constitute a natural group mainly for the unique shape and length of postgonites which is interpreted here as putative synapomorphy; of course, without proper phylogenetic analyses, the hypothesis that the character is plesiomorphic for the genus cannot be discarded. There are no descriptions of the terminalia of P. nephelea and the analyses of the types was not possible, but based on the description of the external morphology as well as illustrations of its prominent ocellar triangle and chaetotaxy of the thorax, one can place the species within the group or at least close related to it. The specimen P. sp.11 also seems related to these species based on its external characters and to the similarity of its ovipositor with the ovipositor of P. puri n. sp. and may be assigned later to one of the other species here described.

The external overall resemblance and some unusual traits also can point to the close relationship between P. vicenziae n. sp., P. pallidifacies n. sp., and P. acreensis n. sp. These species all have a similar posterior hypandrial process, ventral lobe, wing and coloration patterning. These three species show some resemblance with P. mantiqueira n. sp., P. maculosa n. sp., P. melana n. sp., P. puri n. sp. and P. sp. 11. in its external morphology and terminalia morphology, like: the chaetotaxy of the epandrium and the presence of posterior hypandrial process. But these characteristics are not so uncommon, P. pictula, for example, has a similar chaetotaxy in the epandrium (Wheeler and Takada, 1964); and P. amazonensis n. sp., P. nakamurai, and an undescribed species (Wheeler and Takada, 1964) have the posterior hypandrial process.

The main concern is if Paramycodrosophila is monophyletic, especially after Zhang et al. (2021) and Gautério et al. (2020) showed that monophyletic groups is not the rule of thumb in the Zygothrica genus group. Wheeler (1954, 1968) shows suspicion of the suitability of P. anomala and P. nephelea in Paramycodrosophila. Unfortunately, the sedimentation of Paramycodrosophila as a natural group will only be possible with phylogenetic analyses with a broad sampling of the Zygothrica genus group.

Acknowledgments

We thank the biologist Natália Vicenzi for the assistance in the samplings; Dr. José Albertino Rafael, Dr. Marco Antonio Tonus Marinho and Dr. Rodrigo Ferreira Krüger for providing specimens; Rosemary de Almeida Frech for the logistical support during sampling; Dr. Monica Laner Blauth for contributions during specimens’ preparation; the staff of Itatiaia National Park and Pedra Selada State Park for their cooperation during sampling; the anonymous reviewer whose insightful feedback improved this manuscript; and CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - for financial support. This study was financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior – Brasil (CAPES) – Finance Code 88887.474014/2020-00.

• urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:9B74F533-C4F5-45A8-A614-C0786439F7A6

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Edited by

Associate Editor: Marcia Couri

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  15 July 2024
• Date of issue
  2024

History

• Received
  13 Dec 2023
• Accepted
  17 May 2024