Fig. 1
Maximum likelihood consensus tree for Antispastis Meyrick inferred based on DNA barcode sequences (668 bp of the cytochrome oxidase subunit I gene). Numbers above branches indicate bootstrap support.
Fig. 2
Adult morphology of Antispastis clarkei: A, pinned-dried adult female, dorsal view; B, fore and hind wings, respectively, dorsal (seta points to fused A1+2 on hind wing); C, mouth parts, antero-dorsal (open and closed arrows indicate proboscis and maxillary palpus, respectively; asterisk marks labial palpus); D, vesica in detail, ventral (area marked with rectangle in E); E, male genitalia, ventral; F, corpus bursae, ventral; G, signum in detail (area marked with rectangle in F); H, female genitalia, ventral (open arrow points to missing distal portion of ductus bursae and corpus bursae, broken off during preparation). Scale bars = 1 mm (A, B); 50, 50, 100, 200, 100, 200 µm, from C to H, respectively.
Fig. 3
Larval and pupal morphology of Antispastis clarkei under light microscopy: A, last larval instar, under dorsal and ventral views; B, pupa, dorsal, ventral and lateral, respectively. Scale bars = 0.5 mm.
Fig. 4
Scanning electron micrographs of Antispastis clarkei egg (A-C) and first larval instar (D-N): A, general view of egg, latero-dorsal; B, micropylar region on anterior pole, lateral; C, aeropyle, dorsal; D, general view of first instar, lateral; E, F, head, dorsal and anterior, respectively; G, detail of mandible, antenna and maxilla, antero-lateral (asterisk indicates corrugated nature of the mandibular base in association with the antennal antocoria); H, labium, antero-lateral (arrow indicates spinneret); I, stemmata, lateral; J, mesothoracic leg, postero-dorsal; K, tarsal claw in detail, mesal (asterisk indicates associated spatulate seta); L, M, prothoracic and third abdominal spiracles lateral; N, last abdominal segments postero-dorsal. Scale bars = 150, 15, 5, 100, 50, 30, 15, 10, 10, 10, 5, 10, 5, 20 µm, respectively.
Fig. 5
Scanning electron micrographs of Antispastis clarkei fourth (last) larval instar: A-C, head, under lateral, dorsal and ventral views, respectively; D, stemmata, lateral; E, labrum, dorsal; F, antenna, dorsal (asterisk indicates expanded antocoria); G, labium, lateral (asterisk indicates the spinneret); H, prothoracic dorsal shield, dorsal; I, prothoracic upper-coxal plate, lateral; J, spiracle of second abdominal segment, latero-ventral; K, mesothoracic leg, mesal; L, pretarsus in detail, latero-posterior; M, pseudopodium of third abdominal segment, latero-ventral; N, O, last abdominal segments, lateral and posterior, respectively. Scale bars = 200, 150, 200, 30, 50, 40, 10, 200, 80, 40, 100, 20, 80, 150, 150 µm, respectively.
Fig. 6
Scanning electron micrographs of Antispastis clarkei pupa: A, B, head and anterior portion of thorax, lateral and ventral views, respectively; C, cocoon cutter, lateral (indicated by seta in B); D, basal tubercle of forewing, lateral (indicated by closed arrowhead in A); E, latero-dorsal micro-seta of mesothorax, lateral (indicated by open arrowhead in A); F, prothoracic spiracle, dorsal (open arrowhead indicates latero-posterior slit); G, H, spiracles of seventh and eighth abdominal segments, respectively, lateral; I, J, last abdominal segments, dorso-posterior and dorsal, respectively; K, cremaster hooks in detail (enlarged area marked with a rectangle in J); L, latero-dorsal setae of last abdominal segment, posterior (area indicated by closed arrow in I). Scale bars = 250, 200, 30, 30, 20, 30, 30, 20, 150, 100, 20, 10 µm, respectively.
Fig. 7
Natural history of
Antispastis clarkei on
Solanum johannae: A, egg on abaxial surface of
S. johannae leaf; B, last larval instar within dissected mine; C, a discharge orifice of a young blotch mine (aperture indicated by arrow) on leaf abaxial surface, surrounded by isolated small fecal pellets; D, young host plant showing leaf mines of varied ages and shapes on adaxial surface of leaves; E, young leaf mines in detail; beginning and end of a first-instar, filiform mine are indicated by closed and open arrows, respectively; asterisk indicates a third instar, blotch mine; dashed and broken lines mark location of histological sections presented in
Fig. 8; F, feces embedded in brownish liquid, discharged by a full-grown larva (aperture of orifice also indicated by arrow); G, anterior aperture (asterisk) of cocoon in detail, dorsal; H, a last instar larva seen by transparency (arrow) within a large blotch mine; I, cocoon, general view, with pupa inside, constructed on the wall of a rearing plastic vial in laboratory, lateral. Scale bars = 0.3, 1.5, 20, 40, 15, 20, 0.5, 20, 1 mm, respectively.
Fig. 8
Transverse histological sections of
Antispastis clarkei mine on
Solanum johannae leaves. A, initial, filiform portion (location indicated by unbroken line in
Fig. 7E); B, detail of initial portion (enlarged area marked with a rectangle in A) with cut anticlinal cell wall of palisade parenchyma cells; C, final, blotch portion (location indicated by dashed line in
Fig. 7E); D, E, details of blotch portion (enlarged areas marked with rectangles in C) with intact cells in adaxial epidermis and spongy parenchyma. Asterisks indicate intact cells of palisade parenchyma. Open arrows indicate cellular fragments left on palisade parenchyma after insect feeding. Ab, abaxial epidermis; Ad, adaxial epidermis; Lm, leaf mine; Pp, palisade parenchyma; Sp, spongy parenchyma. Scale bars = 50, 40, 100, 50, 50 µm, respectively.