A taxonomic study of the Brazilian turtle ants (Formicidae: Myrmicinae: <i>Cephalotes</i>)

Oliveira, Aline Machado; Powell, Scott; Feitosa, Rodrigo Machado

doi:10.1590/1806-9665-RBENT-2021-0028

Aline Machado Oliveira ^**Corresponding author. E-mail: alinemachado.oliver@gmail.com (A.M. Oliveira).

Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Departamento de Zoologia, Laboratório de Sistemática e Biologia de Formigas, Curitiba, PR, Brasil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1967-3294

Scott Powell

George Washington University, Department of Biological Sciences, Washington, U.S.A.

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5970-8941

Rodrigo Machado Feitosa

Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Departamento de Zoologia, Laboratório de Sistemática e Biologia de Formigas, Curitiba, PR, Brasil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9042-0129

*Corresponding author. E-mail: alinemachado.oliver@gmail.com (A.M. Oliveira).

Associate Editor: Eduardo Almeida

Conflicts of interest

None.

Author contribution statement

All authors contributed to the concept and design of the study. AMO examined the specimens, described the ants, took photos, made identification keys and the distribution maps. RMF requested loan specimens and contributed to the delimitation of the species. SP sampled specimens and produced the trimmed phylogeny. All authors wrote the manuscript and approved the final version.

Figures (54)

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Figure 1
Glossary for basic external morphology of Cephalotes. A: Workers. B: Male head. C: Soldiers head morphotypes (black: frontal carinae, green: vertex, pink: vertexal corners, blue: median-vertexal teeth). D: Soldier promesonotum. E: Gyne mesosoma. F: Basic hair types. G: Wing venation (a: forewing, b: hindwing). ac: antennal condyle, aeg: anterior lamellar expansions of gaster, amm: anterior margin of mesoscutum, amp: anterior margin of petiole, as: antennal socket, atp: anterior tentorial pit, ax: axilla, cl: clypeus, dep: declivous face of propodeum, dop: dorsal face of propodeum, ey: eye, fc: frontal carina, fl: frontal lobe, gs: gastral spots, Igt: gastral tergite I, IIgt: gastral tergite II, IIIgt: gastral tergite III, IVgt: gastral tergite IV, lmp: lateral margin of petiole, lpn: lateral expansions of pronotum, lpp: lateral expansions of propodeum, me: mesoscutum, oc: ocelli, pa: propodeal angle, pc: pronotal carina, pd: pedicel, pl: parapsidial lines, pmg: promesonotal groove, pns: pronotal spines, ppg: propodeal groove, sc: scutellum, sfs: second funicular segment, sg: scutoscutellar groove, sp: scape, tl: transscutal line, vc: vertexal corner, vx: vertex.

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Figure 2
Workers of Cephalotes. A: C. atratus (atratus group) [CASENT0178627]. B: C. depressus (depressus group) [CASENT0173671]. C and F: C. pusillus (pusillus group) [CASENT0173703]. D and I: C. pellans (pallens group) [CASENT0173697]. E: C. solidus (solidus group). G: C. cordatus (depressus group) [CASENT0922596]. H: C. frigidus (angustus group) [UFV-LABECOL-004442]. J: C. basalis (basalis group). K: C. grandinosus (grandinosus group) [CASENT0922544]. L: C. maculatus (pinelii group) [CASENT0909295]. M: C. trichophorus (coffeae group). N and R: C. conspersus (angustus group) [R: CASENT0922530]. O: C. clypeatus (clypeatus group) [CASENT0173669]. P: C. umbraculatus (umbraculatus group) [CASENT0922582]. Q: C. jheringi (fiebrigi group). fle: femoral lamellar expansions. ge: gastral expansions. pd: posterodorsal spine. ple: propodeal lamellar expansions. ps: propodeal spine. pv: posteroventral spine. vle: vertexal lamellar expansions.

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Figure 3
Soldiers of Cephalotes. A: C. decoloratus (pallens group) [CASENT0909299]. B: C. angustus (angustus group) [CASENT0909276]. C: C. basalis (basalis group). D and I: C. minutus (pusillus group) [CASENT0173691]. E: C. quadratus (fiebrigi group) [CASENT0173705]. F and P: C. umbraculatus (umbraculatus group) [CASENT0922582]. G and O: C. targionii (angustus group) [CASENT0173708]. H: C. nilpiei (pinelii group). J: C. borgmeieri (depressus group) [CASENT0173664]. K: C. grandinosus (grandinosus group). L: C. pinelii (pinelii group). M: C. jheringi (fiebrigi group). N: C. clypeatus (clypeatus group) [CASENT0173669].

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Figure 4
Workers of angustus group. A: C. notatus. B and H: C. goeldii [H: CASENT0922535]. C: C. adolphi [CASENT0904906]. D and I: C. targionii [D: CASENT0173661, I: CASENT0922537]. E and M: C. angustus [E: CASENT0909277]. F: C. frigidus. G and J: C. conspersus [J: CASENT0922530]. K and N: C. monicaulyssea. L: C. gabicamacho. O: C. pallidicephalus. P: C. marycorn.

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Figure 5
Soldiers of angustus group. A: C. frigidus. B: C. goeldii. C, F, M and O: C. angustus [C: CASENT0909276]. D: C. targionii [CASENT0922536]. E and I: C. gabicamacho. G and K: C. adolphi. H: C. notatus [CASENT0919600]. J: C. goeldii. L: C. pallidicephalus. N and P: C. monicaulyssea.

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Figure 6
Soldier of Cephalotes adolphi. A: frontal view. B: lateral view. C: dorsal view. Brazil: MG, Uberlândia.

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Figure 7
Gyne of Cephalotes adolphi. A: frontal view. B: lateral view. C: dorsal view. Brazil: MG, Uberlândia.

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Figure 8
Worker of Cephalotes gabicamacho. A: frontal view. B: lateral view. C: dorsal view. Brazil: MG, Uberlândia.

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Figure 9
Soldier of Cephalotes gabicamacho. A: frontal view. B: lateral view. C: dorsal view. Brazil: MG, Uberlândia.

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Figure 10
Gyne of Cephalotes gabicamacho. A: frontal view. B: lateral view. C: dorsal view. Brazil: MG, Uberlândia.

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Figure 11
Worker of Cephalotes marycorn. A: frontal view. B: lateral view. C: dorsal view. Brazil: MG, Manga.

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Figure 12
Worker of Cephalotes monicaulyssea. A: frontal view. B: lateral view. C: dorsal view. Brazil: MG, Santana do Riacho.

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Figure 13
Soldier of Cephalotes monicaulyssea. A: frontal view. B: lateral view. C: dorsal view. Brazil: MG, Santana do Riacho.

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Figure 14
Gyne of Cephalotes monicaulyssea. A: frontal view. B: lateral view. C: dorsal view. Brazil: MG, Santana do Riacho.

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Figure 15
Distribution maps of angustus group in Brazil “part 1”. White stars: type locality. Black circles: material examined. Red squares: new records. Blue triangles: records not examined from literature. (Literature source: 4, 13, 30).

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Figure 16
Distribution maps of angustus group in Brazil “part 2”. White stars: type locality. Black circles: material examined. Red squares: new records. Blue triangles: records not examined from literature. (Literature source: ¹³13 Andrade, M. L., Baroni-Urbani, C., 1999. Diversity and adaptation in the ant genus Cephalotes, Past and Present. Stuttgarter Beitr. Naturkunde. Ser. B 271, 1-889. [Geologie und Paläontologie], ¹⁴14 Delabie, J. H. C., Paim, V. R. L. D. M., Nascimento, I. C., Campiolo, S., Mariano, C. D. S. F., 2006. As formigas como indicadores biológicos do impacto humano em manguezais da costa sudeste da Bahia. Neotrop. Entomol. 35 (5), 602-615. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-566X2006000500006.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-566X2006... , ⁴⁰40 Neves, F. S., Queiroz-Dantas, K. S., da Rocha, W. D., Delabie, J. H. C., 2013. Ants of three adjacent habitats of a transition region between the Cerrado and Caatinga biomes: the effects of heterogeneity and variation in Canopy Cover. Neotrop. Entomol. 42 (3), 258-268. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13744-013-0123-7.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13744-013-012... , ⁴⁷47 Reis, P. C. J., Darocha, W. D., Falcão, L. A. D., Guerra, T. J., Neves, F. S., 2013. Ant fauna on Cecropia pachystachya Trécul (urticaceae) trees in an atlantic forest area, southeastern Brazil. Sociobiology 60 (3), 222-228. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v60i3.222-228.
http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.... ⁴⁸48 Ribas, C. R., Schoereder, J. H., 2007. Ant communities, environmental characteristics and their implications for conservation in the Brazilian Pantanal. Biodivers. Conserv. 16 (5), 1511-1520. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-006-9041-x.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-006-904... , ⁴⁹49 Ribas, C. R., Schoereder, J. H., Pic, M., Soares, S. M., 2003. Tree heterogeneity, resource availability, and larger scale processes regulating arboreal ant species richness. Austral Ecol. 28 (3), 305-314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1442-9993.2003.01290.x.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1442-9993.20... , ⁵⁶56 Santos, R. D. J., Koch, E. B. A., Leite, C. M. P., Porto, T. J., Delabie, J. H. C., 2017. An assessment of leaf-litter and epigaeic ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) living in different landscapes of the Atlantic Forest Biome in the State of Bahia, Brazil. J. Insect Biodivers. 5 (19), 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.12976/jib/2017.5.19.
http://dx.doi.org/10.12976/jib/2017.5.19... , ⁶⁴64 Guerra Sobrinho, T., Schoereder, J. H., 2007. Edge and shape effects on ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) species richness and composition in forest fragments. Biodivers. Conserv. 16 (5), 1459-1470. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-006-9011-3.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-006-901... ).

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Figure 17
Workers of atratus group. A and D: C. atratus [CASENT0178627]. B and C: C. opacus [CASENT0217839]. E: C. serraticeps. F: C. oculatus. G: C. placidus.

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Figure 18
Distribution maps of atratus group in Brazil. White stars: type locality. Black circles: material examined. Red squares: new records. Blue triangles: records not examined from literature. (Literature source: ¹1 Araújo, L. M., Fernandes, G. W., 2003. Altitudinal patterns in a tropical ant assemblage and variation in species richness between habitats. Lundiana 4, 103-109., ⁴4 Camacho, G. P., Vasconcelos, H. L., 2015. Ants of the Panga Ecological Station, a Cerrado reserve in Central Brazil. Sociobiology 62 (2), 281-295. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v62i2.281-295.
http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.... , ⁵5 Campos, R. I., Lopes, C. T., Magalhães, W. C. S., Vasconcelos, H. L., 2008. Estratificação vertical de formigas em Cerrado strictu sensu no Parque Estadual da Serra de Caldas Novas, Goiás, Brasil. Iheringia Ser. Zool. 98 (3), 311-316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0073-47212008000300004.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0073-47212008... , ⁸8 Castro, G. H. P., Kayano, D. Y., Souza, R. F., Hilsdorf, A. W. S., Feitosa, R. M., Morini, M. S. C., 2017. Seasonal patterns of the foraging ecology of Myrmelachista arthuri Forel, 1903 (Formicidae: formicinae). Sociobiology 64 (3), 237-243. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v64i3.1629.
http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.... , ¹¹11 Costa-Milanez, C., Lourenço-Silva, G., Castro, P., Majer, J., Ribeiro, S., 2014. Are ant assemblages of Brazilian veredas characterised by location or habitat type? Braz. J. Biol. 74 (1), 89-99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.17612.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.1761... , ¹³13 Andrade, M. L., Baroni-Urbani, C., 1999. Diversity and adaptation in the ant genus Cephalotes, Past and Present. Stuttgarter Beitr. Naturkunde. Ser. B 271, 1-889. [Geologie und Paläontologie], ²²22 Golias, H. C., Lopes, J., Delabie, J. H., De Azevedo, F., 2018. Diversity of ants in citrus orchards and in a forest fragment in Southern Brazil. EntomoBrasilis 11 (1), 1-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.12741/ebrasilis.v11i1.703.
http://dx.doi.org/10.12741/ebrasilis.v11... , ²³23 Gomes, E. C. F., Ribeiro, G. T., Souza, T. M. S., Sousa-Souto, L., 2014. Ant assemblages (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in three different stages of forest regeneration in a fragment of Atlantic Forest in Sergipe, Brazil. Sociobiology 61 (3), 250-257. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v61i3.250-257.
http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.... , ³⁴34 Marques, G. D. V., Del-Claro, K., 2006. The ant fauna in a cerrado area: The influence of vegetation structure and seasonality (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Sociobiology 47, 235-252., ³⁶36 Melo, T. da S., Peres, M. C. L., Chavari, J. L., Brescovit, A. D., Delabie, J. H. C., 2014. Ants (Formicidae) and spiders (Araneae) listed from the Metropolitan Region of Salvador, Brazil. Check List 10 (2), 355-365. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/10.2.355.
http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/10.2.355... , ³⁷37 Miranda, P. N., Oliveira, M. A., Baccaro, F. B., Morato, E. F., Delabie, J. H. C., 2012. Check list of ground-dwelling ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of the eastern Acre, Amazon, Brazil. Check List 8 (4), 722. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/8.4.722.
http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/8.4.722... , ⁴²42 Oliveira, M. A., Delia Lucia, T. M. C., Marinho, C. G. S., Delabie, J. H. C., Morato, E. R., 2009. Ant diversity in an area of the Amazon Forest in acre, Brazil. Sociobiology 54, 243-267., ⁴³43 Paolucci, L. N., Schoereder, J. H., Brando, P. M., Andersen, A. N., 2017. Fire-induced forest transition to derived savannas: cascading effects on ant communities. Biol. Conserv. 214, 295-302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2017.08.020.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2017.... , ⁴⁹49 Ribas, C. R., Schoereder, J. H., Pic, M., Soares, S. M., 2003. Tree heterogeneity, resource availability, and larger scale processes regulating arboreal ant species richness. Austral Ecol. 28 (3), 305-314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1442-9993.2003.01290.x.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1442-9993.20... , ⁵¹51 Santos-Silva, L., Vicente, R. E., Feitosa, R. M., 2016. Ant species (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) of forest fragments and urban areas in a meridional amazonian landscape. Check List 12 (3), 1885. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/12.3.1885.
http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/12.3.1885... , ⁵²52 Santos, J. C., Delabie, J. H. C., Fernandes, G. W., 2008. A 15-year post evaluation of the fire effects on ant community in an area of Amazonian forest. Rev. Bras. Entomol. 52 (1), 82-87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262008000100015.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262008... , ⁵⁴54 Santos, M. P. C. J., Carrano-Moreira, A. F., Torres, J. B., 2012. Diversidade de formigas epigeicas (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) em floresta ombrófila densa e em cultivo de cana-de-açúcar, no município de Igarassu, PE. Agraria 7 (4), 648-656. http://dx.doi.org/10.5039/agraria.v7i4a1927.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5039/agraria.v7i4a1... , ⁵⁷57 Santos, R. S., Delabie, J. H. C., 2018. Epigaeic Ants in a Forest Remnant in the State of Acre, Brazil and New Records for the State. Braz. J. Agric. 93 (1), 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.37856/bja.v93i1.3300.
http://dx.doi.org/10.37856/bja.v93i1.330... , ⁶¹61 Silvestre, R., Roberto, C., Brandão, F., Rosa, R., 2014. Grupos funcionales de hormigas: el caso de los gremios del Cerrado. In: Fernandez, F. (Ed.), Introducción a las hormigas de la región neotropical. Instituto Humboldt, Bogotá., ⁶³63 Soares, S. A., Suarez, Y. R., Fernandes, W. D., Tenório, P. M. S., Delabie, J. H. C., Antonialli-Junior, W. F., 2013. Temporal variation in the composition of ant assemblages (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) on trees in the Pantanal floodplain, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Rev. Bras. Entomol. 57 (1), 84-90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262013000100013.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262013... , ⁶⁸68 Souza, J. L. P., Baccaro, F. B., Landeiro, V. L., Franklin, E., Magnusson, W. E., Pequeno, P. A. C. L., Fernandes, I. O., 2016. Taxonomic sufficiency and indicator taxa reduce sampling costs and increase monitoring effectiveness for ants. Divers. Distrib. 22 (1), 111-122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ddi.12371.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ddi.12371... , ⁶⁹69 Souza, J. L. P., Baccaro, F. B., Pequeno, P. A. C. L., Franklin, E., Magnusson, W. E., 2018. Effectiveness of genera as a higher-taxon substitute for species in ant biodiversity analyses is not affected by sampling technique. Biodivers. Conserv. 27 (13), 3425-3445. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-018-1607-x.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-018-160... , ⁷¹71 Ulysséa, M. A., Brandão, C. R. F., 2013. Ant species (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) from the seasonally dry tropical forest of northeastern Brazil: A compilation from field surveys in Bahia and literature records. Rev. Bras. Entomol. 57 (2), 217-224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262013005000002.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262013... , ⁷²72 Vasconcelos, H. L., Vilhena, J. M. S., Facure, K. G., Albernaz, A. L. K. M., 2010. Patterns of ant species diversity and turnover across 2000 km of Amazonian floodplain forest. J. Biogeogr. 37 (3), 432-440. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2009.02230.x.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.20... , ⁷⁵75 Vicente, R. E., Prado, L. P., Izzo, T. J., 2016. Amazon rainforest ant-fauna of Parque Estadual do Cristalino: understory and ground-dwelling ants. Sociobiology 63 (3), 894-908. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v63i3.1043.
http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.... ).

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Figure 19
Workers of basalis group. A, D and F: C. complanatus [D: CASENT0922595]. B: C. basalis. C: C. cordiae [CASENT0919596]. E: C. ramiphilus.

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Figure 20
Soldiers of basalis group. A: C. cordiae [FOCOL2143]. B and D: C. complanatus. C, E and F: C. basalis. G: C. ramiphilus [CASENT0909261].

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Figure 21
Distribution maps of basalis group in Brazil. Black circles: material examined. Red squares: new records. Blue triangles: records not examined from literature. (Literature source: ¹²12 Silva de Oliveira, A. B., Schmidt, F. A., 2019. Ant assemblages of Brazil nut trees Bertholletia excelsa in forest and pasture habitats in the Southwestern Brazilian Amazon. Biodivers. Conserv. 28 (2), 329-344. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-018-1657-0.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-018-165... , ¹³13 Andrade, M. L., Baroni-Urbani, C., 1999. Diversity and adaptation in the ant genus Cephalotes, Past and Present. Stuttgarter Beitr. Naturkunde. Ser. B 271, 1-889. [Geologie und Paläontologie], ⁷²72 Vasconcelos, H. L., Vilhena, J. M. S., Facure, K. G., Albernaz, A. L. K. M., 2010. Patterns of ant species diversity and turnover across 2000 km of Amazonian floodplain forest. J. Biogeogr. 37 (3), 432-440. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2009.02230.x.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.20... ).

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Figure 22
Workers and soldiers of clypeatus group. A: C. clypeatus [CASENT0173669]. B: C. membranaceus [FOCOL2117]. C: C. ustus.

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Figure 23
Distribution maps of clypeatus group in Brazil. White stars: type locality. Black circles: material examined. Red squares: new records. Blue triangles: records not examined from literature. (Literature source: ⁴4 Camacho, G. P., Vasconcelos, H. L., 2015. Ants of the Panga Ecological Station, a Cerrado reserve in Central Brazil. Sociobiology 62 (2), 281-295. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v62i2.281-295.
http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.... , ¹²12 Silva de Oliveira, A. B., Schmidt, F. A., 2019. Ant assemblages of Brazil nut trees Bertholletia excelsa in forest and pasture habitats in the Southwestern Brazilian Amazon. Biodivers. Conserv. 28 (2), 329-344. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-018-1657-0.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-018-165... , ¹³13 Andrade, M. L., Baroni-Urbani, C., 1999. Diversity and adaptation in the ant genus Cephalotes, Past and Present. Stuttgarter Beitr. Naturkunde. Ser. B 271, 1-889. [Geologie und Paläontologie], ¹⁵15 Demétrio, M. F., Silvestre, R., Souza, P. R., Aoki, C., 2017. Inventário da fauna de formigas (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) no Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil. Iheringia Ser. Zool. 107 (Suppl.), 1-12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-4766e2017126.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-4766e2017... , ²⁰20 Fonseca, A. R., Campos, R. B. F., Silva, G. F., 2015. Formigas em Carcaças de Rattus norvegicus (Berkenhout) em uma Área de Cerrado no Sudeste do Brasil: riqueza e Abundância. EntomoBrasilis 8 (1), 74-78. http://dx.doi.org/10.12741/ebrasilis.v8i1.460.
http://dx.doi.org/10.12741/ebrasilis.v8i... , ³⁴34 Marques, G. D. V., Del-Claro, K., 2006. The ant fauna in a cerrado area: The influence of vegetation structure and seasonality (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Sociobiology 47, 235-252., ³⁷37 Miranda, P. N., Oliveira, M. A., Baccaro, F. B., Morato, E. F., Delabie, J. H. C., 2012. Check list of ground-dwelling ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of the eastern Acre, Amazon, Brazil. Check List 8 (4), 722. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/8.4.722.
http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/8.4.722... , ⁴⁵45 Prado, L. P., Feitosa, R. M., Triana, S. P., Gutiérrez, J. A. M., Rousseau, G. X., Silva, R. A., Siqueira, G. M., Santos, C. L. C., Silva, F. V., Silva, T. S. R., Casadei-Ferreira, A., Silva, R. R., Andrade-Silva, J., 2019. An overview of the ant fauna (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of the state of Maranhão, Brazil. Pap. Avulsos Zool. 59, e20195938. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2019.59.38.
http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/201... , ⁴⁹49 Ribas, C. R., Schoereder, J. H., Pic, M., Soares, S. M., 2003. Tree heterogeneity, resource availability, and larger scale processes regulating arboreal ant species richness. Austral Ecol. 28 (3), 305-314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1442-9993.2003.01290.x.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1442-9993.20... , ⁶¹61 Silvestre, R., Roberto, C., Brandão, F., Rosa, R., 2014. Grupos funcionales de hormigas: el caso de los gremios del Cerrado. In: Fernandez, F. (Ed.), Introducción a las hormigas de la región neotropical. Instituto Humboldt, Bogotá., ⁶²62 Soares, S. A., Antonialli-Junior, W. F., Lima-Junior, S. E., 2010. Diversidade de formigas epigéicas (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) em dois ambientes no Centro-Oeste do Brasil. Rev. Bras. Entomol. 54 (1), 76-81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262010000100009.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262010... , ⁶³63 Soares, S. A., Suarez, Y. R., Fernandes, W. D., Tenório, P. M. S., Delabie, J. H. C., Antonialli-Junior, W. F., 2013. Temporal variation in the composition of ant assemblages (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) on trees in the Pantanal floodplain, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Rev. Bras. Entomol. 57 (1), 84-90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262013000100013.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262013... , ⁶⁸68 Souza, J. L. P., Baccaro, F. B., Landeiro, V. L., Franklin, E., Magnusson, W. E., Pequeno, P. A. C. L., Fernandes, I. O., 2016. Taxonomic sufficiency and indicator taxa reduce sampling costs and increase monitoring effectiveness for ants. Divers. Distrib. 22 (1), 111-122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ddi.12371.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ddi.12371... , ⁷¹71 Ulysséa, M. A., Brandão, C. R. F., 2013. Ant species (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) from the seasonally dry tropical forest of northeastern Brazil: A compilation from field surveys in Bahia and literature records. Rev. Bras. Entomol. 57 (2), 217-224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262013005000002.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262013... ).

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Figure 24
Distribution map of coffeae group in Brazil. Black circle: material examined. Red square: new record.

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Figure 25
Workers and soldiers of depressus group. A and E: C. borgmeieri [E: CASENT0173665]. B and F: C. cordatus [CASENT0922596]. G, I and M: C. pavonii [G: CASENT0922611]. C, K and O: C. depressus [C, O: CASENT0173671, K: CASENT0909272]. D: C. palustris [UFV-LABECOL-004489]. H and L: C. betoi. J and N: C. eduarduli [CASENT0173676].

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Figure 26
Distribution maps of depressus group in Brazil. White stars: type locality. Black circles: material examined. Red squares: new records. Blue triangles: records not examined from literature. (Literature source: ⁴4 Camacho, G. P., Vasconcelos, H. L., 2015. Ants of the Panga Ecological Station, a Cerrado reserve in Central Brazil. Sociobiology 62 (2), 281-295. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v62i2.281-295.
http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.... , ⁹9 Christianini, A. V., Mayhé-Nunes, A. J., Oliveira, P. S., 2012. Exploitation of fallen diaspores by ants: are there ant-plant partner choices? Biotropica 44 (3), 360-367. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7429.2011.00822.x.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7429.20... , ¹¹11 Costa-Milanez, C., Lourenço-Silva, G., Castro, P., Majer, J., Ribeiro, S., 2014. Are ant assemblages of Brazilian veredas characterised by location or habitat type? Braz. J. Biol. 74 (1), 89-99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.17612.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.1761... , ¹²12 Silva de Oliveira, A. B., Schmidt, F. A., 2019. Ant assemblages of Brazil nut trees Bertholletia excelsa in forest and pasture habitats in the Southwestern Brazilian Amazon. Biodivers. Conserv. 28 (2), 329-344. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-018-1657-0.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-018-165... , ¹³13 Andrade, M. L., Baroni-Urbani, C., 1999. Diversity and adaptation in the ant genus Cephalotes, Past and Present. Stuttgarter Beitr. Naturkunde. Ser. B 271, 1-889. [Geologie und Paläontologie], ¹⁵15 Demétrio, M. F., Silvestre, R., Souza, P. R., Aoki, C., 2017. Inventário da fauna de formigas (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) no Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil. Iheringia Ser. Zool. 107 (Suppl.), 1-12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-4766e2017126.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-4766e2017... , ¹⁶16 Diehl, E., Diehl-Fleig, E., Albuquerque, E. Z., 2017. Occurrence of Attini (Formicidae) in two geomorphological provinces of Rio Grande Do Sul, Brazil. Braz. J. Agric. 92 (1), 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.37856/bja.v92i1.3303.
http://dx.doi.org/10.37856/bja.v92i1.330... , ¹⁷17 Diehl, E., Göttert, C. L., Flores, D. G., 2006. Comunidades de formigas em três espécies utilizadas na arborização urbana em São Leopoldo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Bioikos 20 (1), 25-32., ¹⁸18 Diehl, E., Sacchett, F., Albuquerque, E. Z., 2005. Riqueza de formigas de solo na praia da Pedreira, Parque Estadual de Itapuã, Viamão, RS, Brasil. Rev. Bras. Entomol. 49 (4), 552-556. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262005000400016.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262005... , ²¹21 Frizzo, T. L. M., Vasconcelos, H. L., 2013. The potential role of scattered trees for ant conservation in an agriculturally dominated neotropical landscape. Biotropica 45 (5), 644-651. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/btp.12045.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/btp.12045... , ²³23 Gomes, E. C. F., Ribeiro, G. T., Souza, T. M. S., Sousa-Souto, L., 2014. Ant assemblages (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in three different stages of forest regeneration in a fragment of Atlantic Forest in Sergipe, Brazil. Sociobiology 61 (3), 250-257. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v61i3.250-257.
http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.... , ²⁵25 Harada, A. Y., 2016. State of art of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) at Caxiuanã, Melgaco, Pará, Brazil. Adv. Entomol. 4 (3), 115-132. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ae.2016.43013.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ae.2016.43013... , ²⁸28 Lopes, J. F. S., Hallack, N. M. R., Sales, T. A., Brugger, M. S., Ribeiro, L. F., Hastenreiter, I. N., Camargo, R. S., 2012. Comparison of the ant assemblages in three phytophysionomies: rocky field, secondary forest, and riparian forest - A case study in the state park of Ibitipoca, Brazil. Psyche Lond. 2012, 1-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/928371.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/928371... , ³⁵35 Marques, T. E. D., Koch, E. B. A., Santos, I. S., Santos, J. R. M., Mariano, C. S. F., Delabie, J. H. C., 2018. The diversity of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) interacting with the invasive hibiscus mealybug Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green 1908) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) on ornamental and cultivated plants in Bahia, Brazil. Arthropod-Plant Interact. 12 (2), 237-246. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11829-017-9563-z.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11829-017-956... , ⁴⁰40 Neves, F. S., Queiroz-Dantas, K. S., da Rocha, W. D., Delabie, J. H. C., 2013. Ants of three adjacent habitats of a transition region between the Cerrado and Caatinga biomes: the effects of heterogeneity and variation in Canopy Cover. Neotrop. Entomol. 42 (3), 258-268. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13744-013-0123-7.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13744-013-012... , ⁴¹41 Oliveira, F. M. P., Ribeiro-Neto, J. D., Andersen, A. N., Leal, I. R., 2017. Chronic anthropogenic disturbance as a secondary driver of ant community structure: interactions with soil type in Brazilian Caatinga. Environ. Conserv. 44 (2), 115-123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0376892916000291.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0376892916000... , ⁴⁴44 Pereira, M. C., Delabie, J. H. C., Súarez, Y. R., Antonialli Junior, W. F., 2013. Spatial connectivity of aquatic macrophytes and flood cycle influence species richness of an ant community of a Brazilian floodplain. Sociobiology 60 (1), 41-49. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v60i1.41-49.
http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.... , ⁴⁵45 Prado, L. P., Feitosa, R. M., Triana, S. P., Gutiérrez, J. A. M., Rousseau, G. X., Silva, R. A., Siqueira, G. M., Santos, C. L. C., Silva, F. V., Silva, T. S. R., Casadei-Ferreira, A., Silva, R. R., Andrade-Silva, J., 2019. An overview of the ant fauna (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of the state of Maranhão, Brazil. Pap. Avulsos Zool. 59, e20195938. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2019.59.38.
http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/201... , ⁴⁶46 Queiroz, A. C. M., Rabello, A. M., Braga, D. L., Santiago, G. S., Zurlo, L. F., Philpott, S. M., Ribas, C. R., 2017. Cerrado vegetation types determine how land use impacts ant biodiversity. Biodivers. Conserv. 29, 2017-2034. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-017-1379-8.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-017-1379-... , ⁴⁹49 Ribas, C. R., Schoereder, J. H., Pic, M., Soares, S. M., 2003. Tree heterogeneity, resource availability, and larger scale processes regulating arboreal ant species richness. Austral Ecol. 28 (3), 305-314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1442-9993.2003.01290.x.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1442-9993.20... , ⁵⁶56 Santos, R. D. J., Koch, E. B. A., Leite, C. M. P., Porto, T. J., Delabie, J. H. C., 2017. An assessment of leaf-litter and epigaeic ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) living in different landscapes of the Atlantic Forest Biome in the State of Bahia, Brazil. J. Insect Biodivers. 5 (19), 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.12976/jib/2017.5.19.
http://dx.doi.org/10.12976/jib/2017.5.19... , ⁶⁰60 Silva, R. R., Brandão, C. R. F., Silvestre, R., 2004. Similarity between Cerrado localities in central and southeastern Brazil based on the dry season bait visitors ant fauna. Stud. Neotrop. Fauna Environ. 39 (3), 191-199. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01650520412331271783.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01650520412331... , ⁶¹61 Silvestre, R., Roberto, C., Brandão, F., Rosa, R., 2014. Grupos funcionales de hormigas: el caso de los gremios del Cerrado. In: Fernandez, F. (Ed.), Introducción a las hormigas de la región neotropical. Instituto Humboldt, Bogotá., ⁶³63 Soares, S. A., Suarez, Y. R., Fernandes, W. D., Tenório, P. M. S., Delabie, J. H. C., Antonialli-Junior, W. F., 2013. Temporal variation in the composition of ant assemblages (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) on trees in the Pantanal floodplain, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Rev. Bras. Entomol. 57 (1), 84-90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262013000100013.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262013... , ⁶⁶66 Solar, R. R. C., Chaul, J. C. M., Maués, M., Schoereder, J. H., 2016. A quantitative baseline of ants and orchid bees in human-modified Amazonian landscapes in Paragominas, Pará, Brazil. Sociobiology 63 (3), 925-940. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v63i3.1052.
http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.... , ⁷⁰70 Tibcherani, M., Aranda, R., Mello, R. L., 2020. Time to go home: the temporal threshold in the regeneration of the ant community in the Brazilian savanna. Appl. Soil Ecol. 150, 103451. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2019.103451.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2019.... , ⁷¹71 Ulysséa, M. A., Brandão, C. R. F., 2013. Ant species (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) from the seasonally dry tropical forest of northeastern Brazil: A compilation from field surveys in Bahia and literature records. Rev. Bras. Entomol. 57 (2), 217-224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262013005000002.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262013... , ⁷⁶76 Yamazaki, L., Dambroz, J., Meurer, E., Vindica, V. F., Delabie, J. H. C., Marques, M. I., Batirolla, L. D., 2016. Ant community (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) associated with Callisthene fasciculata (Spr.) Mart. (Vochysiaceae) canopies in the Pantanal of Poconé, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Sociobiology 63 (2), 735-743. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v63i2.824.
http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.... ).

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Figure 27
Workers of fiebrigi group. A: C. quadratus. B, G and I: C. specularis. C: C. complanatus (basalis group). D and J: C. liviaprado. E: C. pilosus [CASENT0904912]. F: C. basalis (basalis group). H: C. guayaki [CASENT0173677]. K: C. fiebrigi [CASENT0922539]. L: C. jheringi.

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Figure 28
Soldiers of fiebrigi group. A and I: C. jheringi [A: CASENT0912601, I: CASENT0904919]. B: C. bruchi [CASENT0912591]. C and G: C. quadratus [CASENT0173705]. D: C. pilosus [CASENT0904911]. E and K: C. fiebrigi [E: CASENT0909290, K: CASENT0922538]. F and L: C. specularis [Brandão et al., 2014]. H: C. guayaki [CASENT0904920]. J: C. liviaprado.

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Figure 29
Worker of Cephalotes liviaprado. A: frontal view. B: lateral view. C: dorsal view. Brazil: MS, Porto Murtinho.

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Figure 30
Soldier of Cephalotes liviaprado. A: frontal view. B: lateral view. C: dorsal view. Brazil: MS, Porto Murtinho.

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Figure 31
Distribution maps of fiebrigi group in Brazil “part 1”. Black circles: material examined. Red squares: new records. Blue triangles: records not examined from literature. (Literature source: ¹³13 Andrade, M. L., Baroni-Urbani, C., 1999. Diversity and adaptation in the ant genus Cephalotes, Past and Present. Stuttgarter Beitr. Naturkunde. Ser. B 271, 1-889. [Geologie und Paläontologie], ²⁹29 Lopes, M. C., Lamarre, G. P. A., Baraloto, C., Fine, P. V. A., Vincentini, A., Baccaro, F. B., 2019. The Amazonas-trap: a new method for sampling plant-inhabiting arthropod communities in tropical forest understory. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 167 (6), 534-543. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/eea.12797.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/eea.12797... , ⁷¹71 Ulysséa, M. A., Brandão, C. R. F., 2013. Ant species (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) from the seasonally dry tropical forest of northeastern Brazil: A compilation from field surveys in Bahia and literature records. Rev. Bras. Entomol. 57 (2), 217-224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262013005000002.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262013... ).

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Figure 32
Distribution maps of fiebrigi group in Brazil “part 2”. White stars: type locality. Black circles: material examined. Red squares: new records. Blue triangles: records not examined from literature. (Literature source: ¹³13 Andrade, M. L., Baroni-Urbani, C., 1999. Diversity and adaptation in the ant genus Cephalotes, Past and Present. Stuttgarter Beitr. Naturkunde. Ser. B 271, 1-889. [Geologie und Paläontologie], ⁴⁵45 Prado, L. P., Feitosa, R. M., Triana, S. P., Gutiérrez, J. A. M., Rousseau, G. X., Silva, R. A., Siqueira, G. M., Santos, C. L. C., Silva, F. V., Silva, T. S. R., Casadei-Ferreira, A., Silva, R. R., Andrade-Silva, J., 2019. An overview of the ant fauna (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of the state of Maranhão, Brazil. Pap. Avulsos Zool. 59, e20195938. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2019.59.38.
http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/201... , ⁷¹71 Ulysséa, M. A., Brandão, C. R. F., 2013. Ant species (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) from the seasonally dry tropical forest of northeastern Brazil: A compilation from field surveys in Bahia and literature records. Rev. Bras. Entomol. 57 (2), 217-224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262013005000002.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262013... ).

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Figure 33
Workers of grandinosus group. A: C. persimplex [CASENT0922544]. B and D: C. persimilis [B: CASENT0922542]. C: C. grandinosus.

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Figure 34
Soldiers of grandinosus group. A: C. grandinosus [CASENT0173699]. B, C and D: C. persimplex [B, D: CASENT0922543]. E and F: C. persimilis [E: CASENT0922541].

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Figure 35
Distribution maps of grandinosus group in Brazil. White stars: type locality. Black circles: material examined. Red squares: new records. Blue triangles: records not examined from literature. (Literature source: ¹³13 Andrade, M. L., Baroni-Urbani, C., 1999. Diversity and adaptation in the ant genus Cephalotes, Past and Present. Stuttgarter Beitr. Naturkunde. Ser. B 271, 1-889. [Geologie und Paläontologie], ¹⁹19 Azevedo Filho, P. A., Vale, L. L. A., Lavor, M. T. F. de C., Ribeiro-Neto, J. D., Melo, M. V. C., Hites, N., Biseau, J.-C., Quinet, Y. P., 2003. Biodiversidade da mirmecofauna (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) em uma floresta primária da Serra de Baturité - Ceará. Cienc. Tecnol. 5, 17-29., ²¹21 Frizzo, T. L. M., Vasconcelos, H. L., 2013. The potential role of scattered trees for ant conservation in an agriculturally dominated neotropical landscape. Biotropica 45 (5), 644-651. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/btp.12045.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/btp.12045... , ²⁷27 Lopes, D. T., Lopes, J., Nascimento, I. C., Delabie, J. H., 2010. Diversidade de formigas epigéicas (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) em três ambientes no Parque Estadual Mata dos Godoy, Londrina, Paraná. Iheringia Ser. Zool. 100 (1), 84-90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0073-47212010000100012.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0073-47212010... , ³²32 Maravalhas, J., Delabie, J. H. C., Macedo, R. G., Morais, H. C., 2012. Tree-dwelling ants: contrasting two Brazilian Cerrado plant species without extrafloral nectaries. Psyche. 2012, 172739. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/172739.
https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/172739... , ⁴⁰40 Neves, F. S., Queiroz-Dantas, K. S., da Rocha, W. D., Delabie, J. H. C., 2013. Ants of three adjacent habitats of a transition region between the Cerrado and Caatinga biomes: the effects of heterogeneity and variation in Canopy Cover. Neotrop. Entomol. 42 (3), 258-268. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13744-013-0123-7.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13744-013-012... , ⁴³43 Paolucci, L. N., Schoereder, J. H., Brando, P. M., Andersen, A. N., 2017. Fire-induced forest transition to derived savannas: cascading effects on ant communities. Biol. Conserv. 214, 295-302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2017.08.020.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2017.... , ⁴⁵45 Prado, L. P., Feitosa, R. M., Triana, S. P., Gutiérrez, J. A. M., Rousseau, G. X., Silva, R. A., Siqueira, G. M., Santos, C. L. C., Silva, F. V., Silva, T. S. R., Casadei-Ferreira, A., Silva, R. R., Andrade-Silva, J., 2019. An overview of the ant fauna (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of the state of Maranhão, Brazil. Pap. Avulsos Zool. 59, e20195938. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2019.59.38.
http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/201... , ⁴⁹49 Ribas, C. R., Schoereder, J. H., Pic, M., Soares, S. M., 2003. Tree heterogeneity, resource availability, and larger scale processes regulating arboreal ant species richness. Austral Ecol. 28 (3), 305-314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1442-9993.2003.01290.x.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1442-9993.20... , ⁵⁹59 Sendoya, S. F., Blüthgen, N., Tamashiro, J. Y., Fernandez, F., Oliveira, P. S., 2016. Foliage-dwelling ants in a neotropical savanna: effects of plant and insect exudates on ant communities. Arthropod-Plant Interact. 10 (3), 183-195. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11829-016-9423-2.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11829-016-942... , ⁶⁷67 Sousa-Souto, L., Figueiredo, P. M. G., Ambrogi, B. G., Oliveira, A. C. F., Ribeiro, G. T., Neves, F. S., 2016. Composition and richness of arboreal ants in fragments of Brazilian Caatinga: effects of secondary succession. Sociobiology 63 (2), 762-769. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v63i2.909.
http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.... , ⁷⁰70 Tibcherani, M., Aranda, R., Mello, R. L., 2020. Time to go home: the temporal threshold in the regeneration of the ant community in the Brazilian savanna. Appl. Soil Ecol. 150, 103451. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2019.103451.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2019.... , ⁷¹71 Ulysséa, M. A., Brandão, C. R. F., 2013. Ant species (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) from the seasonally dry tropical forest of northeastern Brazil: A compilation from field surveys in Bahia and literature records. Rev. Bras. Entomol. 57 (2), 217-224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262013005000002.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262013... , ⁷⁶76 Yamazaki, L., Dambroz, J., Meurer, E., Vindica, V. F., Delabie, J. H. C., Marques, M. I., Batirolla, L. D., 2016. Ant community (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) associated with Callisthene fasciculata (Spr.) Mart. (Vochysiaceae) canopies in the Pantanal of Poconé, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Sociobiology 63 (2), 735-743. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v63i2.824.
http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.... ).

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Figure 36
Distribution map of manni group in Brazil. Black circle: material examined. Red square: new record. Blue triangles: records not examined from literature. (Literature source: ¹³13 Andrade, M. L., Baroni-Urbani, C., 1999. Diversity and adaptation in the ant genus Cephalotes, Past and Present. Stuttgarter Beitr. Naturkunde. Ser. B 271, 1-889. [Geologie und Paläontologie]).

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Figure 37
Workers of pallens group. A, F and H: C. pellans. B and E: C. pallidus. C and D: C. patellaris. G: C. pallens. I: C. pallidoides.

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Figure 38
Soldiers of pallens group. A: C. pallidus. B: C. pallidoides [CASENT0922516]. C and D: C. patellaris. E and H: C. pellans. F and I: C. pallens. G: C. pallidoides.

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Figure 39
Distribution maps of pallens group in Brazil. White stars type locality. Black circles: material examined. Red squares: new records. Blue triangles: records not examined from literature. (Literature source: ²2 Arruda, F. V., Pesquero, M. A., Marcelino, D. G., Leite, G. A., Delabie, J. H. C., Fagundes, R., 2016. Size and condition of bamboo as structural factors behind the vertical stratification of the bamboo-nesting ant community. Insectes Soc. 63 (1), 99-107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00040-015-0440-4.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00040-015-044... , ³3 Battirola, L. D., Marques, M. I., Adis, J., Delabie, J. H. C., 2005. Composição da comunidade de Formicidae (Insecta, Hymenoptera) em copas de Attalea phalerata Mart. (Arecaceae), no Pantanal de Poconé, Mato Grosso, Brasil. Rev. Bras. Entomol. 49 (1), 107-117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262005000100011.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262005... , ⁴4 Camacho, G. P., Vasconcelos, H. L., 2015. Ants of the Panga Ecological Station, a Cerrado reserve in Central Brazil. Sociobiology 62 (2), 281-295. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v62i2.281-295.
http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.... , ¹³13 Andrade, M. L., Baroni-Urbani, C., 1999. Diversity and adaptation in the ant genus Cephalotes, Past and Present. Stuttgarter Beitr. Naturkunde. Ser. B 271, 1-889. [Geologie und Paläontologie], ¹⁵15 Demétrio, M. F., Silvestre, R., Souza, P. R., Aoki, C., 2017. Inventário da fauna de formigas (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) no Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil. Iheringia Ser. Zool. 107 (Suppl.), 1-12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-4766e2017126.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-4766e2017... , ³³33 Maravalhas, J., Vasconcelos, H. L., 2014. Revisiting the pyrodiversity-biodiversity hypothesis: long-term fire regimes and the structure of ant communities in a Neotropical savanna hotspot. J. Appl. Ecol. 51 (6), 1661-1668. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.12338.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.1233... , ³⁶36 Melo, T. da S., Peres, M. C. L., Chavari, J. L., Brescovit, A. D., Delabie, J. H. C., 2014. Ants (Formicidae) and spiders (Araneae) listed from the Metropolitan Region of Salvador, Brazil. Check List 10 (2), 355-365. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/10.2.355.
http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/10.2.355... , ³⁸38 Monteiro, D.S., Vicente, R.E., Oliveira, J., Izzo, T.J., 2001. Composição e Riqueza de Formigas (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) em Áreas de Floresta Ombrófila Densa e Reflorestamento de Teca (Tectona grandis L.F. - Verbenaceae) na Fazenda São Nicolau, Cotriguaçu, MT. Descob. a Amaz. Merid. Biodiversidade da Fazenda São Nicolau. In: Rodrigues, D.J., Izzo, T.J., Batirolla, L.D. (Eds.), Descobrindo a Amazônia Meridional: biodiversidade da fazenda São Nicolau. UFMS, Campo Grande, pp. 287-301., ³⁹39 Montine, P. S. M., Viana, N. F., Almeida, F. S., Dátillo, W. F. C., Santanna, A. S., Martins, L., Vargas, A. B., 2014. Seasonality of epigaeic ant communities in a Brazilian atlantic rainforest. Sociobiology 61 (2), 178-183. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v61i2.178-183.
http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.... , ⁴⁸48 Ribas, C. R., Schoereder, J. H., 2007. Ant communities, environmental characteristics and their implications for conservation in the Brazilian Pantanal. Biodivers. Conserv. 16 (5), 1511-1520. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-006-9041-x.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-006-904... , ⁴⁹49 Ribas, C. R., Schoereder, J. H., Pic, M., Soares, S. M., 2003. Tree heterogeneity, resource availability, and larger scale processes regulating arboreal ant species richness. Austral Ecol. 28 (3), 305-314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1442-9993.2003.01290.x.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1442-9993.20... , ⁵⁶56 Santos, R. D. J., Koch, E. B. A., Leite, C. M. P., Porto, T. J., Delabie, J. H. C., 2017. An assessment of leaf-litter and epigaeic ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) living in different landscapes of the Atlantic Forest Biome in the State of Bahia, Brazil. J. Insect Biodivers. 5 (19), 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.12976/jib/2017.5.19.
http://dx.doi.org/10.12976/jib/2017.5.19... , ⁵⁸58 Schütte, M. D. S., Queiroz, J. M., Mayhé-Nunes, A. J., Pereira, M. P. D. S., 2007. Inventário estruturado de formigas (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) em floresta ombrófila de encosta na ilha da Marambaia, RJ. Iheringia Ser. Zool. 97 (1), 103-110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0073-47212007000100015.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0073-47212007... , ⁵⁹59 Sendoya, S. F., Blüthgen, N., Tamashiro, J. Y., Fernandez, F., Oliveira, P. S., 2016. Foliage-dwelling ants in a neotropical savanna: effects of plant and insect exudates on ant communities. Arthropod-Plant Interact. 10 (3), 183-195. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11829-016-9423-2.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11829-016-942... , ⁶¹61 Silvestre, R., Roberto, C., Brandão, F., Rosa, R., 2014. Grupos funcionales de hormigas: el caso de los gremios del Cerrado. In: Fernandez, F. (Ed.), Introducción a las hormigas de la región neotropical. Instituto Humboldt, Bogotá., ⁶⁹69 Souza, J. L. P., Baccaro, F. B., Pequeno, P. A. C. L., Franklin, E., Magnusson, W. E., 2018. Effectiveness of genera as a higher-taxon substitute for species in ant biodiversity analyses is not affected by sampling technique. Biodivers. Conserv. 27 (13), 3425-3445. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-018-1607-x.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-018-160... , ⁷¹71 Ulysséa, M. A., Brandão, C. R. F., 2013. Ant species (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) from the seasonally dry tropical forest of northeastern Brazil: A compilation from field surveys in Bahia and literature records. Rev. Bras. Entomol. 57 (2), 217-224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262013005000002.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262013... , ⁷²72 Vasconcelos, H. L., Vilhena, J. M. S., Facure, K. G., Albernaz, A. L. K. M., 2010. Patterns of ant species diversity and turnover across 2000 km of Amazonian floodplain forest. J. Biogeogr. 37 (3), 432-440. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2009.02230.x.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.20... ).

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Figure 40
Workers of pinelii group. A: C. maculatus. B and I: C. pinelii. C: C. mariadeandrade. D, F and H: C. nilpiei. E: C. incertus. G: C. liepini.

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Figure 41
Soldiers of pinelii group. A: C. liepini. B: C. pinelii. C, D and H: C. maculatus [C: CASENT0173689]. E, G and I: C. nilpiei. F: C. incertus.

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Figure 42
Worker of Cephalotes mariadeandrade. A: frontal view. B: lateral view. C: dorsal view. Brazil: MG, Uberlândia.

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Figure 43
Soldier of Cephalotes mariadeandrade. A: frontal view. B: lateral view. C: dorsal view. Brazil: MG, Uberlândia.

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Figure 44
Gyne of Cephalotes mariadeandrade. A: frontal view. B: lateral view. C: dorsal view. Brazil: MG, Uberlândia.

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Figure 45
Male of Cephalotes mariadeandrade. A: frontal view. B: lateral view. C: dorsal view. Brazil: MG, Uberlândia.

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Figure 46
Gyne of Cephalotes nilpiei. A: frontal view. B: lateral view. C: dorsal view. Brazil: MG, Santana do Riacho.

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Figure 47
Male of Cephalotes nilpiei. A: frontal view. B: lateral view. C: dorsal view. Brazil: MG, Santana do Riacho.

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Figure 48
Distribution maps of pinelii group in Brazil. White stars: type locality. Black circles: material examined. Red squares: new records. Blue triangles: records not examined from literature. (Literature source: ²2 Arruda, F. V., Pesquero, M. A., Marcelino, D. G., Leite, G. A., Delabie, J. H. C., Fagundes, R., 2016. Size and condition of bamboo as structural factors behind the vertical stratification of the bamboo-nesting ant community. Insectes Soc. 63 (1), 99-107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00040-015-0440-4.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00040-015-044... , ⁴4 Camacho, G. P., Vasconcelos, H. L., 2015. Ants of the Panga Ecological Station, a Cerrado reserve in Central Brazil. Sociobiology 62 (2), 281-295. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v62i2.281-295.
http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.... , ¹¹11 Costa-Milanez, C., Lourenço-Silva, G., Castro, P., Majer, J., Ribeiro, S., 2014. Are ant assemblages of Brazilian veredas characterised by location or habitat type? Braz. J. Biol. 74 (1), 89-99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.17612.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.1761... , ¹³13 Andrade, M. L., Baroni-Urbani, C., 1999. Diversity and adaptation in the ant genus Cephalotes, Past and Present. Stuttgarter Beitr. Naturkunde. Ser. B 271, 1-889. [Geologie und Paläontologie], ¹⁶16 Diehl, E., Diehl-Fleig, E., Albuquerque, E. Z., 2017. Occurrence of Attini (Formicidae) in two geomorphological provinces of Rio Grande Do Sul, Brazil. Braz. J. Agric. 92 (1), 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.37856/bja.v92i1.3303.
http://dx.doi.org/10.37856/bja.v92i1.330... , ²³23 Gomes, E. C. F., Ribeiro, G. T., Souza, T. M. S., Sousa-Souto, L., 2014. Ant assemblages (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in three different stages of forest regeneration in a fragment of Atlantic Forest in Sergipe, Brazil. Sociobiology 61 (3), 250-257. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v61i3.250-257.
http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.... , ²⁶26 Ketterl, J., Verhaagh, M., Bihn, J. H., Brandão, C. R. F., Engels, W., 2003. Spectrum of ants associated with Araucaria angustifolia trees and their relations to hemipteran trophobionts. Stud. Neotrop. Fauna Environ. 38, 199-206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1076/snfe.38.3.199.28165.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1076/snfe.38.3.199.... , ³⁰30 Lutinski, J. A., Lopes, B. C., Morais, A. B. B., 2013. Diversidade de formigas urbanas (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) de dez cidades do sul do Brasil. Biota Neotrop. 13 (3), 332-342. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032013000300033.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032013... , ³²32 Maravalhas, J., Delabie, J. H. C., Macedo, R. G., Morais, H. C., 2012. Tree-dwelling ants: contrasting two Brazilian Cerrado plant species without extrafloral nectaries. Psyche. 2012, 172739. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/172739.
https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/172739... , ³⁶36 Melo, T. da S., Peres, M. C. L., Chavari, J. L., Brescovit, A. D., Delabie, J. H. C., 2014. Ants (Formicidae) and spiders (Araneae) listed from the Metropolitan Region of Salvador, Brazil. Check List 10 (2), 355-365. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/10.2.355.
http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/10.2.355... , ³⁷37 Miranda, P. N., Oliveira, M. A., Baccaro, F. B., Morato, E. F., Delabie, J. H. C., 2012. Check list of ground-dwelling ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of the eastern Acre, Amazon, Brazil. Check List 8 (4), 722. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/8.4.722.
http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/8.4.722... , ⁴⁰40 Neves, F. S., Queiroz-Dantas, K. S., da Rocha, W. D., Delabie, J. H. C., 2013. Ants of three adjacent habitats of a transition region between the Cerrado and Caatinga biomes: the effects of heterogeneity and variation in Canopy Cover. Neotrop. Entomol. 42 (3), 258-268. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13744-013-0123-7.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13744-013-012... , ⁴¹41 Oliveira, F. M. P., Ribeiro-Neto, J. D., Andersen, A. N., Leal, I. R., 2017. Chronic anthropogenic disturbance as a secondary driver of ant community structure: interactions with soil type in Brazilian Caatinga. Environ. Conserv. 44 (2), 115-123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0376892916000291.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0376892916000... , ⁴⁵45 Prado, L. P., Feitosa, R. M., Triana, S. P., Gutiérrez, J. A. M., Rousseau, G. X., Silva, R. A., Siqueira, G. M., Santos, C. L. C., Silva, F. V., Silva, T. S. R., Casadei-Ferreira, A., Silva, R. R., Andrade-Silva, J., 2019. An overview of the ant fauna (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of the state of Maranhão, Brazil. Pap. Avulsos Zool. 59, e20195938. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2019.59.38.
http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/201... , ⁵⁰50 Rodrigues, C. A., Araújo, M. D. S., Cabral, P. I. D., Lima, R., Bacci, L., Oliveira, M. A., 2008. Comunidade de formigas arborícolas associadas ao Pequizeiro (Caryocar brasiliense) em fragmento de Cerrado Goiano. Pesqui. Florest. Bras. 57, 39-44., ⁵³53 Santos, L. R., Feitosa, R. M., Carneiro, M. A. A., 2017. The role of senescent stem-galls over arboreal ant communities structure in Eremanthus erythropappus (DC.) MacLeish (Asteraceae) trees. Sociobiology 64 (1), 7-13. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v64i1.1174.
http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.... , ⁵⁶56 Santos, R. D. J., Koch, E. B. A., Leite, C. M. P., Porto, T. J., Delabie, J. H. C., 2017. An assessment of leaf-litter and epigaeic ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) living in different landscapes of the Atlantic Forest Biome in the State of Bahia, Brazil. J. Insect Biodivers. 5 (19), 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.12976/jib/2017.5.19.
http://dx.doi.org/10.12976/jib/2017.5.19... , ⁶⁸68 Souza, J. L. P., Baccaro, F. B., Landeiro, V. L., Franklin, E., Magnusson, W. E., Pequeno, P. A. C. L., Fernandes, I. O., 2016. Taxonomic sufficiency and indicator taxa reduce sampling costs and increase monitoring effectiveness for ants. Divers. Distrib. 22 (1), 111-122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ddi.12371.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ddi.12371... , ⁷¹71 Ulysséa, M. A., Brandão, C. R. F., 2013. Ant species (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) from the seasonally dry tropical forest of northeastern Brazil: A compilation from field surveys in Bahia and literature records. Rev. Bras. Entomol. 57 (2), 217-224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262013005000002.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262013... , ⁷²72 Vasconcelos, H. L., Vilhena, J. M. S., Facure, K. G., Albernaz, A. L. K. M., 2010. Patterns of ant species diversity and turnover across 2000 km of Amazonian floodplain forest. J. Biogeogr. 37 (3), 432-440. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2009.02230.x.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.20... , ⁷⁴74 Viana-Silva, F. E. C., Jacobi, C. M., 2012. Myrmecofauna of ironstone outcrops: composition and diversity. Neotrop. Entomol. 41 (4), 263-271. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13744-012-0045-9.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13744-012-004... ).

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Figure 49
Workers of pusillus group. A: C. simillimus. B, H and K: C. inaequalis. C, G and L: C. pusillus [C: CASENT0173703]. D: C. spinosus [CASENT0900244]. E: C. duckei. F: C. minutus. I: C. laminatus. J: C. minutus.

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Figure 50
Soldiers of pusillus group. A: C. pusillus. B and H: C. minutus. C: C. duckei. D: C. inaequalis. E: C. spinosus. F and I: C. simillimus. G: C. laminatus.

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Figure 51
Distribution maps of pusillus group in Brazil. White star: type locality. Black circles: material examined. Red squares: new records. Blue triangles: records not examined from literature. (Literature source: ⁴4 Camacho, G. P., Vasconcelos, H. L., 2015. Ants of the Panga Ecological Station, a Cerrado reserve in Central Brazil. Sociobiology 62 (2), 281-295. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v62i2.281-295.
http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.... , ⁶6 Cantarelli, E. B., Fleck, M. D., Granzotto, F., Corassa, J. N., d’Avila, M., 2015. Diversidade de formigas (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) da serrapilheira em diferentes sistemas de uso do solo. Cienc. Florest. 25 (3), 607-616. http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/1980509819612.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/1980509819612... , ⁷7 Castro, F. S., Gontijo, A. B., Castro, P. D. T. A., Ribeiro, S. P., 2012. Annual and seasonal changes in the structure of litter-dwelling ant assemblages (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Atlantic semideciduous forests. Psyche. 2012, 959715. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/959715.
https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/959715... , ⁸8 Castro, G. H. P., Kayano, D. Y., Souza, R. F., Hilsdorf, A. W. S., Feitosa, R. M., Morini, M. S. C., 2017. Seasonal patterns of the foraging ecology of Myrmelachista arthuri Forel, 1903 (Formicidae: formicinae). Sociobiology 64 (3), 237-243. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v64i3.1629.
http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.... , ¹⁰10 Conceição, E. S., Costa-Neto, A. O., Andrade, F. P., Nascimento, I. C., Martins, L. C. B., Brito, B. N., Mendes, L. F., Delabie, J., 2006. Assembléias de Formicidae da serapilheira como bioindicadores da conservação de remanescentes de Mata Atlântica no extremo sul do Estado da Bahia. Sitientibus Sér. Ciênc. Biol. 6, 296-305., ¹¹11 Costa-Milanez, C., Lourenço-Silva, G., Castro, P., Majer, J., Ribeiro, S., 2014. Are ant assemblages of Brazilian veredas characterised by location or habitat type? Braz. J. Biol. 74 (1), 89-99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.17612.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.1761... , ¹³13 Andrade, M. L., Baroni-Urbani, C., 1999. Diversity and adaptation in the ant genus Cephalotes, Past and Present. Stuttgarter Beitr. Naturkunde. Ser. B 271, 1-889. [Geologie und Paläontologie], ¹⁴14 Delabie, J. H. C., Paim, V. R. L. D. M., Nascimento, I. C., Campiolo, S., Mariano, C. D. S. F., 2006. As formigas como indicadores biológicos do impacto humano em manguezais da costa sudeste da Bahia. Neotrop. Entomol. 35 (5), 602-615. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-566X2006000500006.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-566X2006... , ¹⁵15 Demétrio, M. F., Silvestre, R., Souza, P. R., Aoki, C., 2017. Inventário da fauna de formigas (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) no Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil. Iheringia Ser. Zool. 107 (Suppl.), 1-12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-4766e2017126.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-4766e2017... , ²¹21 Frizzo, T. L. M., Vasconcelos, H. L., 2013. The potential role of scattered trees for ant conservation in an agriculturally dominated neotropical landscape. Biotropica 45 (5), 644-651. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/btp.12045.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/btp.12045... , ²²22 Golias, H. C., Lopes, J., Delabie, J. H., De Azevedo, F., 2018. Diversity of ants in citrus orchards and in a forest fragment in Southern Brazil. EntomoBrasilis 11 (1), 1-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.12741/ebrasilis.v11i1.703.
http://dx.doi.org/10.12741/ebrasilis.v11... , ²³23 Gomes, E. C. F., Ribeiro, G. T., Souza, T. M. S., Sousa-Souto, L., 2014. Ant assemblages (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in three different stages of forest regeneration in a fragment of Atlantic Forest in Sergipe, Brazil. Sociobiology 61 (3), 250-257. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v61i3.250-257.
http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.... , ²⁴24 Haddad, G. Q., Cividanes, F. J., Martins, I. C. F., 2011. Species diversity of myrmecofauna and araneofauna associated with agroecosystem and forest fragments and their interaction with Carabidae and Staphylinidae (Coleoptera). Fla. Entomol. 94 (3), 500-509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1653/024.094.0314.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1653/024.094.0314... , ²⁷27 Lopes, D. T., Lopes, J., Nascimento, I. C., Delabie, J. H., 2010. Diversidade de formigas epigéicas (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) em três ambientes no Parque Estadual Mata dos Godoy, Londrina, Paraná. Iheringia Ser. Zool. 100 (1), 84-90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0073-47212010000100012.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0073-47212010... , ³⁰30 Lutinski, J. A., Lopes, B. C., Morais, A. B. B., 2013. Diversidade de formigas urbanas (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) de dez cidades do sul do Brasil. Biota Neotrop. 13 (3), 332-342. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032013000300033.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032013... , ³¹31 Maciel, L., Iantas, J., Gruchowski-w, F. C., Holdefer, D. R., 2011. Inventário da fauna de formigas (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) em ambiente de sucessão ecológica florística no município de União Da Vitoria, Paraná. Biodiversidade Pampeana 9 (1), 49-54., ³⁴34 Marques, G. D. V., Del-Claro, K., 2006. The ant fauna in a cerrado area: The influence of vegetation structure and seasonality (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Sociobiology 47, 235-252., ³⁶36 Melo, T. da S., Peres, M. C. L., Chavari, J. L., Brescovit, A. D., Delabie, J. H. C., 2014. Ants (Formicidae) and spiders (Araneae) listed from the Metropolitan Region of Salvador, Brazil. Check List 10 (2), 355-365. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/10.2.355.
http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/10.2.355... , ³⁷37 Miranda, P. N., Oliveira, M. A., Baccaro, F. B., Morato, E. F., Delabie, J. H. C., 2012. Check list of ground-dwelling ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of the eastern Acre, Amazon, Brazil. Check List 8 (4), 722. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/8.4.722.
http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/8.4.722... , ⁴⁰40 Neves, F. S., Queiroz-Dantas, K. S., da Rocha, W. D., Delabie, J. H. C., 2013. Ants of three adjacent habitats of a transition region between the Cerrado and Caatinga biomes: the effects of heterogeneity and variation in Canopy Cover. Neotrop. Entomol. 42 (3), 258-268. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13744-013-0123-7.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13744-013-012... , ⁴²42 Oliveira, M. A., Delia Lucia, T. M. C., Marinho, C. G. S., Delabie, J. H. C., Morato, E. R., 2009. Ant diversity in an area of the Amazon Forest in acre, Brazil. Sociobiology 54, 243-267., ⁴³43 Paolucci, L. N., Schoereder, J. H., Brando, P. M., Andersen, A. N., 2017. Fire-induced forest transition to derived savannas: cascading effects on ant communities. Biol. Conserv. 214, 295-302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2017.08.020.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2017.... , ⁴⁵45 Prado, L. P., Feitosa, R. M., Triana, S. P., Gutiérrez, J. A. M., Rousseau, G. X., Silva, R. A., Siqueira, G. M., Santos, C. L. C., Silva, F. V., Silva, T. S. R., Casadei-Ferreira, A., Silva, R. R., Andrade-Silva, J., 2019. An overview of the ant fauna (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of the state of Maranhão, Brazil. Pap. Avulsos Zool. 59, e20195938. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2019.59.38.
http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/201... , ⁴⁷47 Reis, P. C. J., Darocha, W. D., Falcão, L. A. D., Guerra, T. J., Neves, F. S., 2013. Ant fauna on Cecropia pachystachya Trécul (urticaceae) trees in an atlantic forest area, southeastern Brazil. Sociobiology 60 (3), 222-228. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v60i3.222-228.
http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.... , ⁴⁹49 Ribas, C. R., Schoereder, J. H., Pic, M., Soares, S. M., 2003. Tree heterogeneity, resource availability, and larger scale processes regulating arboreal ant species richness. Austral Ecol. 28 (3), 305-314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1442-9993.2003.01290.x.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1442-9993.20... , ⁵⁰50 Rodrigues, C. A., Araújo, M. D. S., Cabral, P. I. D., Lima, R., Bacci, L., Oliveira, M. A., 2008. Comunidade de formigas arborícolas associadas ao Pequizeiro (Caryocar brasiliense) em fragmento de Cerrado Goiano. Pesqui. Florest. Bras. 57, 39-44., ⁵²52 Santos, J. C., Delabie, J. H. C., Fernandes, G. W., 2008. A 15-year post evaluation of the fire effects on ant community in an area of Amazonian forest. Rev. Bras. Entomol. 52 (1), 82-87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262008000100015.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262008... , ⁵⁵55 Santos, M. S., Louzada, J. N. C., Dias, N., Zanetti, R., Delabie, J. H. C., Nascimento, I. C., 2006. Riqueza de formigas (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) da serapilheira em fragmentos de floresta semidecídua da Mata Atlântica na região do Alto do Rio Grande, MG, Brasil. Iheringia Ser. Zool. 96 (1), 95-101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0073-47212006000100017.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0073-47212006... , ⁵⁶56 Santos, R. D. J., Koch, E. B. A., Leite, C. M. P., Porto, T. J., Delabie, J. H. C., 2017. An assessment of leaf-litter and epigaeic ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) living in different landscapes of the Atlantic Forest Biome in the State of Bahia, Brazil. J. Insect Biodivers. 5 (19), 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.12976/jib/2017.5.19.
http://dx.doi.org/10.12976/jib/2017.5.19... , ⁶¹61 Silvestre, R., Roberto, C., Brandão, F., Rosa, R., 2014. Grupos funcionales de hormigas: el caso de los gremios del Cerrado. In: Fernandez, F. (Ed.), Introducción a las hormigas de la región neotropical. Instituto Humboldt, Bogotá., ⁶²62 Soares, S. A., Antonialli-Junior, W. F., Lima-Junior, S. E., 2010. Diversidade de formigas epigéicas (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) em dois ambientes no Centro-Oeste do Brasil. Rev. Bras. Entomol. 54 (1), 76-81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262010000100009.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262010... , ⁶⁵65 Guerra Sobrinho, T., Schoereder, J. H., Sperber, C. F., Madureira, M. S., 2003. Does fragmentation alter species composition in ant communities (Hymenoptera: formicidae)? Sociobiology 42, 329-342., ⁶⁷67 Sousa-Souto, L., Figueiredo, P. M. G., Ambrogi, B. G., Oliveira, A. C. F., Ribeiro, G. T., Neves, F. S., 2016. Composition and richness of arboreal ants in fragments of Brazilian Caatinga: effects of secondary succession. Sociobiology 63 (2), 762-769. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v63i2.909.
http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.... , ⁶⁸68 Souza, J. L. P., Baccaro, F. B., Landeiro, V. L., Franklin, E., Magnusson, W. E., Pequeno, P. A. C. L., Fernandes, I. O., 2016. Taxonomic sufficiency and indicator taxa reduce sampling costs and increase monitoring effectiveness for ants. Divers. Distrib. 22 (1), 111-122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ddi.12371.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ddi.12371... , ⁷¹71 Ulysséa, M. A., Brandão, C. R. F., 2013. Ant species (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) from the seasonally dry tropical forest of northeastern Brazil: A compilation from field surveys in Bahia and literature records. Rev. Bras. Entomol. 57 (2), 217-224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262013005000002.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262013... , ⁷²72 Vasconcelos, H. L., Vilhena, J. M. S., Facure, K. G., Albernaz, A. L. K. M., 2010. Patterns of ant species diversity and turnover across 2000 km of Amazonian floodplain forest. J. Biogeogr. 37 (3), 432-440. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2009.02230.x.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.20... , ⁷³73 Vasconcelos, H. L., Vilhena, J. M. S., Magnusson, W. E., Albernaz, A. L. K. M., 2006. Long-term effects of forest fragmentation on Amazonian ant communities. J. Biogeogr. 33 (8), 1348-1356. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2006.01516.x.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.20... ).

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Figure 52
Distribution map of solidus group in Brazil. White star: type locality. Blue triangle: record not examined from literature. (Literature source: ¹³13 Andrade, M. L., Baroni-Urbani, C., 1999. Diversity and adaptation in the ant genus Cephalotes, Past and Present. Stuttgarter Beitr. Naturkunde. Ser. B 271, 1-889. [Geologie und Paläontologie]).

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Figure 53
Distribution map of umbraculatus group in Brazil. Black circles: material examined. Red squares: new records. Blue triangles: records not examined from literature. (Literature source: ¹²12 Silva de Oliveira, A. B., Schmidt, F. A., 2019. Ant assemblages of Brazil nut trees Bertholletia excelsa in forest and pasture habitats in the Southwestern Brazilian Amazon. Biodivers. Conserv. 28 (2), 329-344. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-018-1657-0.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-018-165... , ¹³13 Andrade, M. L., Baroni-Urbani, C., 1999. Diversity and adaptation in the ant genus Cephalotes, Past and Present. Stuttgarter Beitr. Naturkunde. Ser. B 271, 1-889. [Geologie und Paläontologie], ²³23 Gomes, E. C. F., Ribeiro, G. T., Souza, T. M. S., Sousa-Souto, L., 2014. Ant assemblages (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in three different stages of forest regeneration in a fragment of Atlantic Forest in Sergipe, Brazil. Sociobiology 61 (3), 250-257. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v61i3.250-257.
http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.... , ³⁶36 Melo, T. da S., Peres, M. C. L., Chavari, J. L., Brescovit, A. D., Delabie, J. H. C., 2014. Ants (Formicidae) and spiders (Araneae) listed from the Metropolitan Region of Salvador, Brazil. Check List 10 (2), 355-365. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/10.2.355.
http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/10.2.355... , ⁴⁵45 Prado, L. P., Feitosa, R. M., Triana, S. P., Gutiérrez, J. A. M., Rousseau, G. X., Silva, R. A., Siqueira, G. M., Santos, C. L. C., Silva, F. V., Silva, T. S. R., Casadei-Ferreira, A., Silva, R. R., Andrade-Silva, J., 2019. An overview of the ant fauna (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of the state of Maranhão, Brazil. Pap. Avulsos Zool. 59, e20195938. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2019.59.38.
http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/201... , ⁶⁸68 Souza, J. L. P., Baccaro, F. B., Landeiro, V. L., Franklin, E., Magnusson, W. E., Pequeno, P. A. C. L., Fernandes, I. O., 2016. Taxonomic sufficiency and indicator taxa reduce sampling costs and increase monitoring effectiveness for ants. Divers. Distrib. 22 (1), 111-122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ddi.12371.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ddi.12371... , ⁷²72 Vasconcelos, H. L., Vilhena, J. M. S., Facure, K. G., Albernaz, A. L. K. M., 2010. Patterns of ant species diversity and turnover across 2000 km of Amazonian floodplain forest. J. Biogeogr. 37 (3), 432-440. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2009.02230.x.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.20... ).

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Figure 54
The maximum clade credibility tree from phylogenetic analyses performed by Price et al. (2016) based on morphological and molecular data. The tree has been trimmed to include only those species known from Brazil. The labels for the species groups follow our proposals, including the synonymies, and the previous names for the synonymized groups are shown in grey.

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Figure 2
Workers of Cephalotes. A: C. atratus (atratus group) [CASENT0178627]. B: C. depressus (depressus group) [CASENT0173671]. C and F: C. pusillus (pusillus group) [CASENT0173703]. D and I: C. pellans (pallens group) [CASENT0173697]. E: C. solidus (solidus group). G: C. cordatus (depressus group) [CASENT0922596]. H: C. frigidus (angustus group) [UFV-LABECOL-004442]. J: C. basalis (basalis group). K: C. grandinosus (grandinosus group) [CASENT0922544]. L: C. maculatus (pinelii group) [CASENT0909295]. M: C. trichophorus (coffeae group). N and R: C. conspersus (angustus group) [R: CASENT0922530]. O: C. clypeatus (clypeatus group) [CASENT0173669]. P: C. umbraculatus (umbraculatus group) [CASENT0922582]. Q: C. jheringi (fiebrigi group). fle: femoral lamellar expansions. ge: gastral expansions. pd: posterodorsal spine. ple: propodeal lamellar expansions. ps: propodeal spine. pv: posteroventral spine. vle: vertexal lamellar expansions.

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Figure 3
Soldiers of Cephalotes. A: C. decoloratus (pallens group) [CASENT0909299]. B: C. angustus (angustus group) [CASENT0909276]. C: C. basalis (basalis group). D and I: C. minutus (pusillus group) [CASENT0173691]. E: C. quadratus (fiebrigi group) [CASENT0173705]. F and P: C. umbraculatus (umbraculatus group) [CASENT0922582]. G and O: C. targionii (angustus group) [CASENT0173708]. H: C. nilpiei (pinelii group). J: C. borgmeieri (depressus group) [CASENT0173664]. K: C. grandinosus (grandinosus group). L: C. pinelii (pinelii group). M: C. jheringi (fiebrigi group). N: C. clypeatus (clypeatus group) [CASENT0173669].

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Figure 4
Workers of angustus group. A: C. notatus. B and H: C. goeldii [H: CASENT0922535]. C: C. adolphi [CASENT0904906]. D and I: C. targionii [D: CASENT0173661, I: CASENT0922537]. E and M: C. angustus [E: CASENT0909277]. F: C. frigidus. G and J: C. conspersus [J: CASENT0922530]. K and N: C. monicaulyssea. L: C. gabicamacho. O: C. pallidicephalus. P: C. marycorn.

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Figure 5
Soldiers of angustus group. A: C. frigidus. B: C. goeldii. C, F, M and O: C. angustus [C: CASENT0909276]. D: C. targionii [CASENT0922536]. E and I: C. gabicamacho. G and K: C. adolphi. H: C. notatus [CASENT0919600]. J: C. goeldii. L: C. pallidicephalus. N and P: C. monicaulyssea.

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Figure 6
Soldier of Cephalotes adolphi. A: frontal view. B: lateral view. C: dorsal view. Brazil: MG, Uberlândia.

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Figure 7
Gyne of Cephalotes adolphi. A: frontal view. B: lateral view. C: dorsal view. Brazil: MG, Uberlândia.

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Figure 8
Worker of Cephalotes gabicamacho. A: frontal view. B: lateral view. C: dorsal view. Brazil: MG, Uberlândia.

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Figure 9
Soldier of Cephalotes gabicamacho. A: frontal view. B: lateral view. C: dorsal view. Brazil: MG, Uberlândia.

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Figure 10
Gyne of Cephalotes gabicamacho. A: frontal view. B: lateral view. C: dorsal view. Brazil: MG, Uberlândia.

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Figure 11
Worker of Cephalotes marycorn. A: frontal view. B: lateral view. C: dorsal view. Brazil: MG, Manga.

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Figure 12
Worker of Cephalotes monicaulyssea. A: frontal view. B: lateral view. C: dorsal view. Brazil: MG, Santana do Riacho.

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Figure 13
Soldier of Cephalotes monicaulyssea. A: frontal view. B: lateral view. C: dorsal view. Brazil: MG, Santana do Riacho.

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Figure 14
Gyne of Cephalotes monicaulyssea. A: frontal view. B: lateral view. C: dorsal view. Brazil: MG, Santana do Riacho.

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Figure 15
Distribution maps of angustus group in Brazil “part 1”. White stars: type locality. Black circles: material examined. Red squares: new records. Blue triangles: records not examined from literature. (Literature source: 4, 13, 30).

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Figure 16
Distribution maps of angustus group in Brazil “part 2”. White stars: type locality. Black circles: material examined. Red squares: new records. Blue triangles: records not examined from literature. (Literature source: ¹³13 Andrade, M. L., Baroni-Urbani, C., 1999. Diversity and adaptation in the ant genus Cephalotes, Past and Present. Stuttgarter Beitr. Naturkunde. Ser. B 271, 1-889. [Geologie und Paläontologie], ¹⁴14 Delabie, J. H. C., Paim, V. R. L. D. M., Nascimento, I. C., Campiolo, S., Mariano, C. D. S. F., 2006. As formigas como indicadores biológicos do impacto humano em manguezais da costa sudeste da Bahia. Neotrop. Entomol. 35 (5), 602-615. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-566X2006000500006.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-566X2006... , ⁴⁰40 Neves, F. S., Queiroz-Dantas, K. S., da Rocha, W. D., Delabie, J. H. C., 2013. Ants of three adjacent habitats of a transition region between the Cerrado and Caatinga biomes: the effects of heterogeneity and variation in Canopy Cover. Neotrop. Entomol. 42 (3), 258-268. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13744-013-0123-7.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13744-013-012... , ⁴⁷47 Reis, P. C. J., Darocha, W. D., Falcão, L. A. D., Guerra, T. J., Neves, F. S., 2013. Ant fauna on Cecropia pachystachya Trécul (urticaceae) trees in an atlantic forest area, southeastern Brazil. Sociobiology 60 (3), 222-228. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v60i3.222-228.
http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.... ⁴⁸48 Ribas, C. R., Schoereder, J. H., 2007. Ant communities, environmental characteristics and their implications for conservation in the Brazilian Pantanal. Biodivers. Conserv. 16 (5), 1511-1520. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-006-9041-x.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-006-904... , ⁴⁹49 Ribas, C. R., Schoereder, J. H., Pic, M., Soares, S. M., 2003. Tree heterogeneity, resource availability, and larger scale processes regulating arboreal ant species richness. Austral Ecol. 28 (3), 305-314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1442-9993.2003.01290.x.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1442-9993.20... , ⁵⁶56 Santos, R. D. J., Koch, E. B. A., Leite, C. M. P., Porto, T. J., Delabie, J. H. C., 2017. An assessment of leaf-litter and epigaeic ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) living in different landscapes of the Atlantic Forest Biome in the State of Bahia, Brazil. J. Insect Biodivers. 5 (19), 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.12976/jib/2017.5.19.
http://dx.doi.org/10.12976/jib/2017.5.19... , ⁶⁴64 Guerra Sobrinho, T., Schoereder, J. H., 2007. Edge and shape effects on ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) species richness and composition in forest fragments. Biodivers. Conserv. 16 (5), 1459-1470. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-006-9011-3.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-006-901... ).

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Figure 6
Soldier of Cephalotes adolphi. A: frontal view. B: lateral view. C: dorsal view. Brazil: MG, Uberlândia.

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Figure 7
Gyne of Cephalotes adolphi. A: frontal view. B: lateral view. C: dorsal view. Brazil: MG, Uberlândia.

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Figure 8
Worker of Cephalotes gabicamacho. A: frontal view. B: lateral view. C: dorsal view. Brazil: MG, Uberlândia.

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Figure 9
Soldier of Cephalotes gabicamacho. A: frontal view. B: lateral view. C: dorsal view. Brazil: MG, Uberlândia.

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Figure 10
Gyne of Cephalotes gabicamacho. A: frontal view. B: lateral view. C: dorsal view. Brazil: MG, Uberlândia.

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Figure 11
Worker of Cephalotes marycorn. A: frontal view. B: lateral view. C: dorsal view. Brazil: MG, Manga.

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Figure 12
Worker of Cephalotes monicaulyssea. A: frontal view. B: lateral view. C: dorsal view. Brazil: MG, Santana do Riacho.

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Figure 13
Soldier of Cephalotes monicaulyssea. A: frontal view. B: lateral view. C: dorsal view. Brazil: MG, Santana do Riacho.

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Figure 14
Gyne of Cephalotes monicaulyssea. A: frontal view. B: lateral view. C: dorsal view. Brazil: MG, Santana do Riacho.

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Figure 15
Distribution maps of angustus group in Brazil “part 1”. White stars: type locality. Black circles: material examined. Red squares: new records. Blue triangles: records not examined from literature. (Literature source: 4, 13, 30).

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Figure 16
Distribution maps of angustus group in Brazil “part 2”. White stars: type locality. Black circles: material examined. Red squares: new records. Blue triangles: records not examined from literature. (Literature source: ¹³13 Andrade, M. L., Baroni-Urbani, C., 1999. Diversity and adaptation in the ant genus Cephalotes, Past and Present. Stuttgarter Beitr. Naturkunde. Ser. B 271, 1-889. [Geologie und Paläontologie], ¹⁴14 Delabie, J. H. C., Paim, V. R. L. D. M., Nascimento, I. C., Campiolo, S., Mariano, C. D. S. F., 2006. As formigas como indicadores biológicos do impacto humano em manguezais da costa sudeste da Bahia. Neotrop. Entomol. 35 (5), 602-615. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-566X2006000500006.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-566X2006... , ⁴⁰40 Neves, F. S., Queiroz-Dantas, K. S., da Rocha, W. D., Delabie, J. H. C., 2013. Ants of three adjacent habitats of a transition region between the Cerrado and Caatinga biomes: the effects of heterogeneity and variation in Canopy Cover. Neotrop. Entomol. 42 (3), 258-268. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13744-013-0123-7.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13744-013-012... , ⁴⁷47 Reis, P. C. J., Darocha, W. D., Falcão, L. A. D., Guerra, T. J., Neves, F. S., 2013. Ant fauna on Cecropia pachystachya Trécul (urticaceae) trees in an atlantic forest area, southeastern Brazil. Sociobiology 60 (3), 222-228. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v60i3.222-228.
http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.... ⁴⁸48 Ribas, C. R., Schoereder, J. H., 2007. Ant communities, environmental characteristics and their implications for conservation in the Brazilian Pantanal. Biodivers. Conserv. 16 (5), 1511-1520. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-006-9041-x.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-006-904... , ⁴⁹49 Ribas, C. R., Schoereder, J. H., Pic, M., Soares, S. M., 2003. Tree heterogeneity, resource availability, and larger scale processes regulating arboreal ant species richness. Austral Ecol. 28 (3), 305-314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1442-9993.2003.01290.x.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1442-9993.20... , ⁵⁶56 Santos, R. D. J., Koch, E. B. A., Leite, C. M. P., Porto, T. J., Delabie, J. H. C., 2017. An assessment of leaf-litter and epigaeic ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) living in different landscapes of the Atlantic Forest Biome in the State of Bahia, Brazil. J. Insect Biodivers. 5 (19), 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.12976/jib/2017.5.19.
http://dx.doi.org/10.12976/jib/2017.5.19... , ⁶⁴64 Guerra Sobrinho, T., Schoereder, J. H., 2007. Edge and shape effects on ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) species richness and composition in forest fragments. Biodivers. Conserv. 16 (5), 1459-1470. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-006-9011-3.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-006-901... ).

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Figure 17
Workers of atratus group. A and D: C. atratus [CASENT0178627]. B and C: C. opacus [CASENT0217839]. E: C. serraticeps. F: C. oculatus. G: C. placidus.

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Figure 18
Distribution maps of atratus group in Brazil. White stars: type locality. Black circles: material examined. Red squares: new records. Blue triangles: records not examined from literature. (Literature source: ¹1 Araújo, L. M., Fernandes, G. W., 2003. Altitudinal patterns in a tropical ant assemblage and variation in species richness between habitats. Lundiana 4, 103-109., ⁴4 Camacho, G. P., Vasconcelos, H. L., 2015. Ants of the Panga Ecological Station, a Cerrado reserve in Central Brazil. Sociobiology 62 (2), 281-295. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v62i2.281-295.
http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.... , ⁵5 Campos, R. I., Lopes, C. T., Magalhães, W. C. S., Vasconcelos, H. L., 2008. Estratificação vertical de formigas em Cerrado strictu sensu no Parque Estadual da Serra de Caldas Novas, Goiás, Brasil. Iheringia Ser. Zool. 98 (3), 311-316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0073-47212008000300004.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0073-47212008... , ⁸8 Castro, G. H. P., Kayano, D. Y., Souza, R. F., Hilsdorf, A. W. S., Feitosa, R. M., Morini, M. S. C., 2017. Seasonal patterns of the foraging ecology of Myrmelachista arthuri Forel, 1903 (Formicidae: formicinae). Sociobiology 64 (3), 237-243. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v64i3.1629.
http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.... , ¹¹11 Costa-Milanez, C., Lourenço-Silva, G., Castro, P., Majer, J., Ribeiro, S., 2014. Are ant assemblages of Brazilian veredas characterised by location or habitat type? Braz. J. Biol. 74 (1), 89-99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.17612.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.1761... , ¹³13 Andrade, M. L., Baroni-Urbani, C., 1999. Diversity and adaptation in the ant genus Cephalotes, Past and Present. Stuttgarter Beitr. Naturkunde. Ser. B 271, 1-889. [Geologie und Paläontologie], ²²22 Golias, H. C., Lopes, J., Delabie, J. H., De Azevedo, F., 2018. Diversity of ants in citrus orchards and in a forest fragment in Southern Brazil. EntomoBrasilis 11 (1), 1-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.12741/ebrasilis.v11i1.703.
http://dx.doi.org/10.12741/ebrasilis.v11... , ²³23 Gomes, E. C. F., Ribeiro, G. T., Souza, T. M. S., Sousa-Souto, L., 2014. Ant assemblages (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in three different stages of forest regeneration in a fragment of Atlantic Forest in Sergipe, Brazil. Sociobiology 61 (3), 250-257. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v61i3.250-257.
http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.... , ³⁴34 Marques, G. D. V., Del-Claro, K., 2006. The ant fauna in a cerrado area: The influence of vegetation structure and seasonality (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Sociobiology 47, 235-252., ³⁶36 Melo, T. da S., Peres, M. C. L., Chavari, J. L., Brescovit, A. D., Delabie, J. H. C., 2014. Ants (Formicidae) and spiders (Araneae) listed from the Metropolitan Region of Salvador, Brazil. Check List 10 (2), 355-365. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/10.2.355.
http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/10.2.355... , ³⁷37 Miranda, P. N., Oliveira, M. A., Baccaro, F. B., Morato, E. F., Delabie, J. H. C., 2012. Check list of ground-dwelling ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of the eastern Acre, Amazon, Brazil. Check List 8 (4), 722. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/8.4.722.
http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/8.4.722... , ⁴²42 Oliveira, M. A., Delia Lucia, T. M. C., Marinho, C. G. S., Delabie, J. H. C., Morato, E. R., 2009. Ant diversity in an area of the Amazon Forest in acre, Brazil. Sociobiology 54, 243-267., ⁴³43 Paolucci, L. N., Schoereder, J. H., Brando, P. M., Andersen, A. N., 2017. Fire-induced forest transition to derived savannas: cascading effects on ant communities. Biol. Conserv. 214, 295-302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2017.08.020.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2017.... , ⁴⁹49 Ribas, C. R., Schoereder, J. H., Pic, M., Soares, S. M., 2003. Tree heterogeneity, resource availability, and larger scale processes regulating arboreal ant species richness. Austral Ecol. 28 (3), 305-314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1442-9993.2003.01290.x.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1442-9993.20... , ⁵¹51 Santos-Silva, L., Vicente, R. E., Feitosa, R. M., 2016. Ant species (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) of forest fragments and urban areas in a meridional amazonian landscape. Check List 12 (3), 1885. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/12.3.1885.
http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/12.3.1885... , ⁵²52 Santos, J. C., Delabie, J. H. C., Fernandes, G. W., 2008. A 15-year post evaluation of the fire effects on ant community in an area of Amazonian forest. Rev. Bras. Entomol. 52 (1), 82-87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262008000100015.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262008... , ⁵⁴54 Santos, M. P. C. J., Carrano-Moreira, A. F., Torres, J. B., 2012. Diversidade de formigas epigeicas (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) em floresta ombrófila densa e em cultivo de cana-de-açúcar, no município de Igarassu, PE. Agraria 7 (4), 648-656. http://dx.doi.org/10.5039/agraria.v7i4a1927.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5039/agraria.v7i4a1... , ⁵⁷57 Santos, R. S., Delabie, J. H. C., 2018. Epigaeic Ants in a Forest Remnant in the State of Acre, Brazil and New Records for the State. Braz. J. Agric. 93 (1), 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.37856/bja.v93i1.3300.
http://dx.doi.org/10.37856/bja.v93i1.330... , ⁶¹61 Silvestre, R., Roberto, C., Brandão, F., Rosa, R., 2014. Grupos funcionales de hormigas: el caso de los gremios del Cerrado. In: Fernandez, F. (Ed.), Introducción a las hormigas de la región neotropical. Instituto Humboldt, Bogotá., ⁶³63 Soares, S. A., Suarez, Y. R., Fernandes, W. D., Tenório, P. M. S., Delabie, J. H. C., Antonialli-Junior, W. F., 2013. Temporal variation in the composition of ant assemblages (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) on trees in the Pantanal floodplain, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Rev. Bras. Entomol. 57 (1), 84-90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262013000100013.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262013... , ⁶⁸68 Souza, J. L. P., Baccaro, F. B., Landeiro, V. L., Franklin, E., Magnusson, W. E., Pequeno, P. A. C. L., Fernandes, I. O., 2016. Taxonomic sufficiency and indicator taxa reduce sampling costs and increase monitoring effectiveness for ants. Divers. Distrib. 22 (1), 111-122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ddi.12371.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ddi.12371... , ⁶⁹69 Souza, J. L. P., Baccaro, F. B., Pequeno, P. A. C. L., Franklin, E., Magnusson, W. E., 2018. Effectiveness of genera as a higher-taxon substitute for species in ant biodiversity analyses is not affected by sampling technique. Biodivers. Conserv. 27 (13), 3425-3445. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-018-1607-x.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-018-160... , ⁷¹71 Ulysséa, M. A., Brandão, C. R. F., 2013. Ant species (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) from the seasonally dry tropical forest of northeastern Brazil: A compilation from field surveys in Bahia and literature records. Rev. Bras. Entomol. 57 (2), 217-224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262013005000002.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262013... , ⁷²72 Vasconcelos, H. L., Vilhena, J. M. S., Facure, K. G., Albernaz, A. L. K. M., 2010. Patterns of ant species diversity and turnover across 2000 km of Amazonian floodplain forest. J. Biogeogr. 37 (3), 432-440. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2009.02230.x.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.20... , ⁷⁵75 Vicente, R. E., Prado, L. P., Izzo, T. J., 2016. Amazon rainforest ant-fauna of Parque Estadual do Cristalino: understory and ground-dwelling ants. Sociobiology 63 (3), 894-908. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v63i3.1043.
http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.... ).

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Figure 19
Workers of basalis group. A, D and F: C. complanatus [D: CASENT0922595]. B: C. basalis. C: C. cordiae [CASENT0919596]. E: C. ramiphilus.

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Figure 20
Soldiers of basalis group. A: C. cordiae [FOCOL2143]. B and D: C. complanatus. C, E and F: C. basalis. G: C. ramiphilus [CASENT0909261].

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Figure 21
Distribution maps of basalis group in Brazil. Black circles: material examined. Red squares: new records. Blue triangles: records not examined from literature. (Literature source: ¹²12 Silva de Oliveira, A. B., Schmidt, F. A., 2019. Ant assemblages of Brazil nut trees Bertholletia excelsa in forest and pasture habitats in the Southwestern Brazilian Amazon. Biodivers. Conserv. 28 (2), 329-344. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-018-1657-0.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-018-165... , ¹³13 Andrade, M. L., Baroni-Urbani, C., 1999. Diversity and adaptation in the ant genus Cephalotes, Past and Present. Stuttgarter Beitr. Naturkunde. Ser. B 271, 1-889. [Geologie und Paläontologie], ⁷²72 Vasconcelos, H. L., Vilhena, J. M. S., Facure, K. G., Albernaz, A. L. K. M., 2010. Patterns of ant species diversity and turnover across 2000 km of Amazonian floodplain forest. J. Biogeogr. 37 (3), 432-440. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2009.02230.x.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.20... ).

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Figure 22
Workers and soldiers of clypeatus group. A: C. clypeatus [CASENT0173669]. B: C. membranaceus [FOCOL2117]. C: C. ustus.

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Figure 23
Distribution maps of clypeatus group in Brazil. White stars: type locality. Black circles: material examined. Red squares: new records. Blue triangles: records not examined from literature. (Literature source: ⁴4 Camacho, G. P., Vasconcelos, H. L., 2015. Ants of the Panga Ecological Station, a Cerrado reserve in Central Brazil. Sociobiology 62 (2), 281-295. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v62i2.281-295.
http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.... , ¹²12 Silva de Oliveira, A. B., Schmidt, F. A., 2019. Ant assemblages of Brazil nut trees Bertholletia excelsa in forest and pasture habitats in the Southwestern Brazilian Amazon. Biodivers. Conserv. 28 (2), 329-344. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-018-1657-0.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-018-165... , ¹³13 Andrade, M. L., Baroni-Urbani, C., 1999. Diversity and adaptation in the ant genus Cephalotes, Past and Present. Stuttgarter Beitr. Naturkunde. Ser. B 271, 1-889. [Geologie und Paläontologie], ¹⁵15 Demétrio, M. F., Silvestre, R., Souza, P. R., Aoki, C., 2017. Inventário da fauna de formigas (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) no Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil. Iheringia Ser. Zool. 107 (Suppl.), 1-12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-4766e2017126.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-4766e2017... , ²⁰20 Fonseca, A. R., Campos, R. B. F., Silva, G. F., 2015. Formigas em Carcaças de Rattus norvegicus (Berkenhout) em uma Área de Cerrado no Sudeste do Brasil: riqueza e Abundância. EntomoBrasilis 8 (1), 74-78. http://dx.doi.org/10.12741/ebrasilis.v8i1.460.
http://dx.doi.org/10.12741/ebrasilis.v8i... , ³⁴34 Marques, G. D. V., Del-Claro, K., 2006. The ant fauna in a cerrado area: The influence of vegetation structure and seasonality (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Sociobiology 47, 235-252., ³⁷37 Miranda, P. N., Oliveira, M. A., Baccaro, F. B., Morato, E. F., Delabie, J. H. C., 2012. Check list of ground-dwelling ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of the eastern Acre, Amazon, Brazil. Check List 8 (4), 722. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/8.4.722.
http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/8.4.722... , ⁴⁵45 Prado, L. P., Feitosa, R. M., Triana, S. P., Gutiérrez, J. A. M., Rousseau, G. X., Silva, R. A., Siqueira, G. M., Santos, C. L. C., Silva, F. V., Silva, T. S. R., Casadei-Ferreira, A., Silva, R. R., Andrade-Silva, J., 2019. An overview of the ant fauna (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of the state of Maranhão, Brazil. Pap. Avulsos Zool. 59, e20195938. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2019.59.38.
http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/201... , ⁴⁹49 Ribas, C. R., Schoereder, J. H., Pic, M., Soares, S. M., 2003. Tree heterogeneity, resource availability, and larger scale processes regulating arboreal ant species richness. Austral Ecol. 28 (3), 305-314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1442-9993.2003.01290.x.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1442-9993.20... , ⁶¹61 Silvestre, R., Roberto, C., Brandão, F., Rosa, R., 2014. Grupos funcionales de hormigas: el caso de los gremios del Cerrado. In: Fernandez, F. (Ed.), Introducción a las hormigas de la región neotropical. Instituto Humboldt, Bogotá., ⁶²62 Soares, S. A., Antonialli-Junior, W. F., Lima-Junior, S. E., 2010. Diversidade de formigas epigéicas (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) em dois ambientes no Centro-Oeste do Brasil. Rev. Bras. Entomol. 54 (1), 76-81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262010000100009.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262010... , ⁶³63 Soares, S. A., Suarez, Y. R., Fernandes, W. D., Tenório, P. M. S., Delabie, J. H. C., Antonialli-Junior, W. F., 2013. Temporal variation in the composition of ant assemblages (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) on trees in the Pantanal floodplain, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Rev. Bras. Entomol. 57 (1), 84-90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262013000100013.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262013... , ⁶⁸68 Souza, J. L. P., Baccaro, F. B., Landeiro, V. L., Franklin, E., Magnusson, W. E., Pequeno, P. A. C. L., Fernandes, I. O., 2016. Taxonomic sufficiency and indicator taxa reduce sampling costs and increase monitoring effectiveness for ants. Divers. Distrib. 22 (1), 111-122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ddi.12371.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ddi.12371... , ⁷¹71 Ulysséa, M. A., Brandão, C. R. F., 2013. Ant species (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) from the seasonally dry tropical forest of northeastern Brazil: A compilation from field surveys in Bahia and literature records. Rev. Bras. Entomol. 57 (2), 217-224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262013005000002.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262013... ).

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Figure 24
Distribution map of coffeae group in Brazil. Black circle: material examined. Red square: new record.

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Figure 24
Distribution map of coffeae group in Brazil. Black circle: material examined. Red square: new record.

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Figure 25
Workers and soldiers of depressus group. A and E: C. borgmeieri [E: CASENT0173665]. B and F: C. cordatus [CASENT0922596]. G, I and M: C. pavonii [G: CASENT0922611]. C, K and O: C. depressus [C, O: CASENT0173671, K: CASENT0909272]. D: C. palustris [UFV-LABECOL-004489]. H and L: C. betoi. J and N: C. eduarduli [CASENT0173676].

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Figure 26
Distribution maps of depressus group in Brazil. White stars: type locality. Black circles: material examined. Red squares: new records. Blue triangles: records not examined from literature. (Literature source: ⁴4 Camacho, G. P., Vasconcelos, H. L., 2015. Ants of the Panga Ecological Station, a Cerrado reserve in Central Brazil. Sociobiology 62 (2), 281-295. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v62i2.281-295.
http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.... , ⁹9 Christianini, A. V., Mayhé-Nunes, A. J., Oliveira, P. S., 2012. Exploitation of fallen diaspores by ants: are there ant-plant partner choices? Biotropica 44 (3), 360-367. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7429.2011.00822.x.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7429.20... , ¹¹11 Costa-Milanez, C., Lourenço-Silva, G., Castro, P., Majer, J., Ribeiro, S., 2014. Are ant assemblages of Brazilian veredas characterised by location or habitat type? Braz. J. Biol. 74 (1), 89-99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.17612.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.1761... , ¹²12 Silva de Oliveira, A. B., Schmidt, F. A., 2019. Ant assemblages of Brazil nut trees Bertholletia excelsa in forest and pasture habitats in the Southwestern Brazilian Amazon. Biodivers. Conserv. 28 (2), 329-344. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-018-1657-0.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-018-165... , ¹³13 Andrade, M. L., Baroni-Urbani, C., 1999. Diversity and adaptation in the ant genus Cephalotes, Past and Present. Stuttgarter Beitr. Naturkunde. Ser. B 271, 1-889. [Geologie und Paläontologie], ¹⁵15 Demétrio, M. F., Silvestre, R., Souza, P. R., Aoki, C., 2017. Inventário da fauna de formigas (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) no Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil. Iheringia Ser. Zool. 107 (Suppl.), 1-12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-4766e2017126.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-4766e2017... , ¹⁶16 Diehl, E., Diehl-Fleig, E., Albuquerque, E. Z., 2017. Occurrence of Attini (Formicidae) in two geomorphological provinces of Rio Grande Do Sul, Brazil. Braz. J. Agric. 92 (1), 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.37856/bja.v92i1.3303.
http://dx.doi.org/10.37856/bja.v92i1.330... , ¹⁷17 Diehl, E., Göttert, C. L., Flores, D. G., 2006. Comunidades de formigas em três espécies utilizadas na arborização urbana em São Leopoldo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Bioikos 20 (1), 25-32., ¹⁸18 Diehl, E., Sacchett, F., Albuquerque, E. Z., 2005. Riqueza de formigas de solo na praia da Pedreira, Parque Estadual de Itapuã, Viamão, RS, Brasil. Rev. Bras. Entomol. 49 (4), 552-556. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262005000400016.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262005... , ²¹21 Frizzo, T. L. M., Vasconcelos, H. L., 2013. The potential role of scattered trees for ant conservation in an agriculturally dominated neotropical landscape. Biotropica 45 (5), 644-651. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/btp.12045.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/btp.12045... , ²³23 Gomes, E. C. F., Ribeiro, G. T., Souza, T. M. S., Sousa-Souto, L., 2014. Ant assemblages (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in three different stages of forest regeneration in a fragment of Atlantic Forest in Sergipe, Brazil. Sociobiology 61 (3), 250-257. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v61i3.250-257.
http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.... , ²⁵25 Harada, A. Y., 2016. State of art of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) at Caxiuanã, Melgaco, Pará, Brazil. Adv. Entomol. 4 (3), 115-132. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ae.2016.43013.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ae.2016.43013... , ²⁸28 Lopes, J. F. S., Hallack, N. M. R., Sales, T. A., Brugger, M. S., Ribeiro, L. F., Hastenreiter, I. N., Camargo, R. S., 2012. Comparison of the ant assemblages in three phytophysionomies: rocky field, secondary forest, and riparian forest - A case study in the state park of Ibitipoca, Brazil. Psyche Lond. 2012, 1-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/928371.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/928371... , ³⁵35 Marques, T. E. D., Koch, E. B. A., Santos, I. S., Santos, J. R. M., Mariano, C. S. F., Delabie, J. H. C., 2018. The diversity of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) interacting with the invasive hibiscus mealybug Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green 1908) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) on ornamental and cultivated plants in Bahia, Brazil. Arthropod-Plant Interact. 12 (2), 237-246. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11829-017-9563-z.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11829-017-956... , ⁴⁰40 Neves, F. S., Queiroz-Dantas, K. S., da Rocha, W. D., Delabie, J. H. C., 2013. Ants of three adjacent habitats of a transition region between the Cerrado and Caatinga biomes: the effects of heterogeneity and variation in Canopy Cover. Neotrop. Entomol. 42 (3), 258-268. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13744-013-0123-7.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13744-013-012... , ⁴¹41 Oliveira, F. M. P., Ribeiro-Neto, J. D., Andersen, A. N., Leal, I. R., 2017. Chronic anthropogenic disturbance as a secondary driver of ant community structure: interactions with soil type in Brazilian Caatinga. Environ. Conserv. 44 (2), 115-123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0376892916000291.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0376892916000... , ⁴⁴44 Pereira, M. C., Delabie, J. H. C., Súarez, Y. R., Antonialli Junior, W. F., 2013. Spatial connectivity of aquatic macrophytes and flood cycle influence species richness of an ant community of a Brazilian floodplain. Sociobiology 60 (1), 41-49. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v60i1.41-49.
http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.... , ⁴⁵45 Prado, L. P., Feitosa, R. M., Triana, S. P., Gutiérrez, J. A. M., Rousseau, G. X., Silva, R. A., Siqueira, G. M., Santos, C. L. C., Silva, F. V., Silva, T. S. R., Casadei-Ferreira, A., Silva, R. R., Andrade-Silva, J., 2019. An overview of the ant fauna (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of the state of Maranhão, Brazil. Pap. Avulsos Zool. 59, e20195938. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2019.59.38.
http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/201... , ⁴⁶46 Queiroz, A. C. M., Rabello, A. M., Braga, D. L., Santiago, G. S., Zurlo, L. F., Philpott, S. M., Ribas, C. R., 2017. Cerrado vegetation types determine how land use impacts ant biodiversity. Biodivers. Conserv. 29, 2017-2034. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-017-1379-8.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1442-9993.20... , ⁵⁶56 Santos, R. D. J., Koch, E. B. A., Leite, C. M. P., Porto, T. J., Delabie, J. H. C., 2017. An assessment of leaf-litter and epigaeic ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) living in different landscapes of the Atlantic Forest Biome in the State of Bahia, Brazil. J. Insect Biodivers. 5 (19), 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.12976/jib/2017.5.19.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262013... , ⁶⁶66 Solar, R. R. C., Chaul, J. C. M., Maués, M., Schoereder, J. H., 2016. A quantitative baseline of ants and orchid bees in human-modified Amazonian landscapes in Paragominas, Pará, Brazil. Sociobiology 63 (3), 925-940. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v63i3.1052.
http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.... , ⁷⁰70 Tibcherani, M., Aranda, R., Mello, R. L., 2020. Time to go home: the temporal threshold in the regeneration of the ant community in the Brazilian savanna. Appl. Soil Ecol. 150, 103451. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2019.103451.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2019.... , ⁷¹71 Ulysséa, M. A., Brandão, C. R. F., 2013. Ant species (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) from the seasonally dry tropical forest of northeastern Brazil: A compilation from field surveys in Bahia and literature records. Rev. Bras. Entomol. 57 (2), 217-224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262013005000002.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262013... , ⁷⁶76 Yamazaki, L., Dambroz, J., Meurer, E., Vindica, V. F., Delabie, J. H. C., Marques, M. I., Batirolla, L. D., 2016. Ant community (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) associated with Callisthene fasciculata (Spr.) Mart. (Vochysiaceae) canopies in the Pantanal of Poconé, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Sociobiology 63 (2), 735-743. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v63i2.824.
http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.... ).

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Figure 27
Workers of fiebrigi group. A: C. quadratus. B, G and I: C. specularis. C: C. complanatus (basalis group). D and J: C. liviaprado. E: C. pilosus [CASENT0904912]. F: C. basalis (basalis group). H: C. guayaki [CASENT0173677]. K: C. fiebrigi [CASENT0922539]. L: C. jheringi.

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Figure 28
Soldiers of fiebrigi group. A and I: C. jheringi [A: CASENT0912601, I: CASENT0904919]. B: C. bruchi [CASENT0912591]. C and G: C. quadratus [CASENT0173705]. D: C. pilosus [CASENT0904911]. E and K: C. fiebrigi [E: CASENT0909290, K: CASENT0922538]. F and L: C. specularis [Brandão et al., 2014]. H: C. guayaki [CASENT0904920]. J: C. liviaprado.

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Figure 29
Worker of Cephalotes liviaprado. A: frontal view. B: lateral view. C: dorsal view. Brazil: MS, Porto Murtinho.

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Figure 30
Soldier of Cephalotes liviaprado. A: frontal view. B: lateral view. C: dorsal view. Brazil: MS, Porto Murtinho.

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Figure 31
Distribution maps of fiebrigi group in Brazil “part 1”. Black circles: material examined. Red squares: new records. Blue triangles: records not examined from literature. (Literature source: ¹³13 Andrade, M. L., Baroni-Urbani, C., 1999. Diversity and adaptation in the ant genus Cephalotes, Past and Present. Stuttgarter Beitr. Naturkunde. Ser. B 271, 1-889. [Geologie und Paläontologie], ²⁹29 Lopes, M. C., Lamarre, G. P. A., Baraloto, C., Fine, P. V. A., Vincentini, A., Baccaro, F. B., 2019. The Amazonas-trap: a new method for sampling plant-inhabiting arthropod communities in tropical forest understory. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 167 (6), 534-543. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/eea.12797.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/eea.12797... , ⁷¹71 Ulysséa, M. A., Brandão, C. R. F., 2013. Ant species (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) from the seasonally dry tropical forest of northeastern Brazil: A compilation from field surveys in Bahia and literature records. Rev. Bras. Entomol. 57 (2), 217-224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262013005000002.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262013... ).

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Figure 32
Distribution maps of fiebrigi group in Brazil “part 2”. White stars: type locality. Black circles: material examined. Red squares: new records. Blue triangles: records not examined from literature. (Literature source: ¹³13 Andrade, M. L., Baroni-Urbani, C., 1999. Diversity and adaptation in the ant genus Cephalotes, Past and Present. Stuttgarter Beitr. Naturkunde. Ser. B 271, 1-889. [Geologie und Paläontologie], ⁴⁵45 Prado, L. P., Feitosa, R. M., Triana, S. P., Gutiérrez, J. A. M., Rousseau, G. X., Silva, R. A., Siqueira, G. M., Santos, C. L. C., Silva, F. V., Silva, T. S. R., Casadei-Ferreira, A., Silva, R. R., Andrade-Silva, J., 2019. An overview of the ant fauna (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of the state of Maranhão, Brazil. Pap. Avulsos Zool. 59, e20195938. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2019.59.38.
http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/201... , ⁷¹71 Ulysséa, M. A., Brandão, C. R. F., 2013. Ant species (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) from the seasonally dry tropical forest of northeastern Brazil: A compilation from field surveys in Bahia and literature records. Rev. Bras. Entomol. 57 (2), 217-224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262013005000002.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262013... ).

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Figure 29
Worker of Cephalotes liviaprado. A: frontal view. B: lateral view. C: dorsal view. Brazil: MS, Porto Murtinho.

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Figure 30
Soldier of Cephalotes liviaprado. A: frontal view. B: lateral view. C: dorsal view. Brazil: MS, Porto Murtinho.

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Figure 31
Distribution maps of fiebrigi group in Brazil “part 1”. Black circles: material examined. Red squares: new records. Blue triangles: records not examined from literature. (Literature source: ¹³13 Andrade, M. L., Baroni-Urbani, C., 1999. Diversity and adaptation in the ant genus Cephalotes, Past and Present. Stuttgarter Beitr. Naturkunde. Ser. B 271, 1-889. [Geologie und Paläontologie], ²⁹29 Lopes, M. C., Lamarre, G. P. A., Baraloto, C., Fine, P. V. A., Vincentini, A., Baccaro, F. B., 2019. The Amazonas-trap: a new method for sampling plant-inhabiting arthropod communities in tropical forest understory. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 167 (6), 534-543. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/eea.12797.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/eea.12797... , ⁷¹71 Ulysséa, M. A., Brandão, C. R. F., 2013. Ant species (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) from the seasonally dry tropical forest of northeastern Brazil: A compilation from field surveys in Bahia and literature records. Rev. Bras. Entomol. 57 (2), 217-224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262013005000002.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262013... ).

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Figure 32
Distribution maps of fiebrigi group in Brazil “part 2”. White stars: type locality. Black circles: material examined. Red squares: new records. Blue triangles: records not examined from literature. (Literature source: ¹³13 Andrade, M. L., Baroni-Urbani, C., 1999. Diversity and adaptation in the ant genus Cephalotes, Past and Present. Stuttgarter Beitr. Naturkunde. Ser. B 271, 1-889. [Geologie und Paläontologie], ⁴⁵45 Prado, L. P., Feitosa, R. M., Triana, S. P., Gutiérrez, J. A. M., Rousseau, G. X., Silva, R. A., Siqueira, G. M., Santos, C. L. C., Silva, F. V., Silva, T. S. R., Casadei-Ferreira, A., Silva, R. R., Andrade-Silva, J., 2019. An overview of the ant fauna (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of the state of Maranhão, Brazil. Pap. Avulsos Zool. 59, e20195938. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2019.59.38.
http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/201... , ⁷¹71 Ulysséa, M. A., Brandão, C. R. F., 2013. Ant species (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) from the seasonally dry tropical forest of northeastern Brazil: A compilation from field surveys in Bahia and literature records. Rev. Bras. Entomol. 57 (2), 217-224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262013005000002.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262013... ).

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Figure 33
Workers of grandinosus group. A: C. persimplex [CASENT0922544]. B and D: C. persimilis [B: CASENT0922542]. C: C. grandinosus.

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Figure 34
Soldiers of grandinosus group. A: C. grandinosus [CASENT0173699]. B, C and D: C. persimplex [B, D: CASENT0922543]. E and F: C. persimilis [E: CASENT0922541].

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Figure 35
Distribution maps of grandinosus group in Brazil. White stars: type locality. Black circles: material examined. Red squares: new records. Blue triangles: records not examined from literature. (Literature source: ¹³13 Andrade, M. L., Baroni-Urbani, C., 1999. Diversity and adaptation in the ant genus Cephalotes, Past and Present. Stuttgarter Beitr. Naturkunde. Ser. B 271, 1-889. [Geologie und Paläontologie], ¹⁹19 Azevedo Filho, P. A., Vale, L. L. A., Lavor, M. T. F. de C., Ribeiro-Neto, J. D., Melo, M. V. C., Hites, N., Biseau, J.-C., Quinet, Y. P., 2003. Biodiversidade da mirmecofauna (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) em uma floresta primária da Serra de Baturité - Ceará. Cienc. Tecnol. 5, 17-29., ²¹21 Frizzo, T. L. M., Vasconcelos, H. L., 2013. The potential role of scattered trees for ant conservation in an agriculturally dominated neotropical landscape. Biotropica 45 (5), 644-651. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/btp.12045.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/btp.12045... , ²⁷27 Lopes, D. T., Lopes, J., Nascimento, I. C., Delabie, J. H., 2010. Diversidade de formigas epigéicas (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) em três ambientes no Parque Estadual Mata dos Godoy, Londrina, Paraná. Iheringia Ser. Zool. 100 (1), 84-90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0073-47212010000100012.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0073-47212010... , ³²32 Maravalhas, J., Delabie, J. H. C., Macedo, R. G., Morais, H. C., 2012. Tree-dwelling ants: contrasting two Brazilian Cerrado plant species without extrafloral nectaries. Psyche. 2012, 172739. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/172739.
https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/172739... , ⁴⁰40 Neves, F. S., Queiroz-Dantas, K. S., da Rocha, W. D., Delabie, J. H. C., 2013. Ants of three adjacent habitats of a transition region between the Cerrado and Caatinga biomes: the effects of heterogeneity and variation in Canopy Cover. Neotrop. Entomol. 42 (3), 258-268. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13744-013-0123-7.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13744-013-012... , ⁴³43 Paolucci, L. N., Schoereder, J. H., Brando, P. M., Andersen, A. N., 2017. Fire-induced forest transition to derived savannas: cascading effects on ant communities. Biol. Conserv. 214, 295-302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2017.08.020.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2017.... , ⁴⁵45 Prado, L. P., Feitosa, R. M., Triana, S. P., Gutiérrez, J. A. M., Rousseau, G. X., Silva, R. A., Siqueira, G. M., Santos, C. L. C., Silva, F. V., Silva, T. S. R., Casadei-Ferreira, A., Silva, R. R., Andrade-Silva, J., 2019. An overview of the ant fauna (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of the state of Maranhão, Brazil. Pap. Avulsos Zool. 59, e20195938. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2019.59.38.
http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/201... , ⁴⁹49 Ribas, C. R., Schoereder, J. H., Pic, M., Soares, S. M., 2003. Tree heterogeneity, resource availability, and larger scale processes regulating arboreal ant species richness. Austral Ecol. 28 (3), 305-314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1442-9993.2003.01290.x.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1442-9993.20... , ⁵⁹59 Sendoya, S. F., Blüthgen, N., Tamashiro, J. Y., Fernandez, F., Oliveira, P. S., 2016. Foliage-dwelling ants in a neotropical savanna: effects of plant and insect exudates on ant communities. Arthropod-Plant Interact. 10 (3), 183-195. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11829-016-9423-2.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11829-016-942... , ⁶⁷67 Sousa-Souto, L., Figueiredo, P. M. G., Ambrogi, B. G., Oliveira, A. C. F., Ribeiro, G. T., Neves, F. S., 2016. Composition and richness of arboreal ants in fragments of Brazilian Caatinga: effects of secondary succession. Sociobiology 63 (2), 762-769. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v63i2.909.
http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.... , ⁷⁰70 Tibcherani, M., Aranda, R., Mello, R. L., 2020. Time to go home: the temporal threshold in the regeneration of the ant community in the Brazilian savanna. Appl. Soil Ecol. 150, 103451. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2019.103451.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2019.... , ⁷¹71 Ulysséa, M. A., Brandão, C. R. F., 2013. Ant species (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) from the seasonally dry tropical forest of northeastern Brazil: A compilation from field surveys in Bahia and literature records. Rev. Bras. Entomol. 57 (2), 217-224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262013005000002.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262013... , ⁷⁶76 Yamazaki, L., Dambroz, J., Meurer, E., Vindica, V. F., Delabie, J. H. C., Marques, M. I., Batirolla, L. D., 2016. Ant community (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) associated with Callisthene fasciculata (Spr.) Mart. (Vochysiaceae) canopies in the Pantanal of Poconé, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Sociobiology 63 (2), 735-743. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v63i2.824.
http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.... ).

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Figure 36
Distribution map of manni group in Brazil. Black circle: material examined. Red square: new record. Blue triangles: records not examined from literature. (Literature source: ¹³13 Andrade, M. L., Baroni-Urbani, C., 1999. Diversity and adaptation in the ant genus Cephalotes, Past and Present. Stuttgarter Beitr. Naturkunde. Ser. B 271, 1-889. [Geologie und Paläontologie]).

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Figure 36
Distribution map of manni group in Brazil. Black circle: material examined. Red square: new record. Blue triangles: records not examined from literature. (Literature source: ¹³13 Andrade, M. L., Baroni-Urbani, C., 1999. Diversity and adaptation in the ant genus Cephalotes, Past and Present. Stuttgarter Beitr. Naturkunde. Ser. B 271, 1-889. [Geologie und Paläontologie]).

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Figure 37
Workers of pallens group. A, F and H: C. pellans. B and E: C. pallidus. C and D: C. patellaris. G: C. pallens. I: C. pallidoides.

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Figure 38
Soldiers of pallens group. A: C. pallidus. B: C. pallidoides [CASENT0922516]. C and D: C. patellaris. E and H: C. pellans. F and I: C. pallens. G: C. pallidoides.

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Figure 39
Distribution maps of pallens group in Brazil. White stars type locality. Black circles: material examined. Red squares: new records. Blue triangles: records not examined from literature. (Literature source: ²2 Arruda, F. V., Pesquero, M. A., Marcelino, D. G., Leite, G. A., Delabie, J. H. C., Fagundes, R., 2016. Size and condition of bamboo as structural factors behind the vertical stratification of the bamboo-nesting ant community. Insectes Soc. 63 (1), 99-107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00040-015-0440-4.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00040-015-044... , ³3 Battirola, L. D., Marques, M. I., Adis, J., Delabie, J. H. C., 2005. Composição da comunidade de Formicidae (Insecta, Hymenoptera) em copas de Attalea phalerata Mart. (Arecaceae), no Pantanal de Poconé, Mato Grosso, Brasil. Rev. Bras. Entomol. 49 (1), 107-117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262005000100011.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262005... , ⁴4 Camacho, G. P., Vasconcelos, H. L., 2015. Ants of the Panga Ecological Station, a Cerrado reserve in Central Brazil. Sociobiology 62 (2), 281-295. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v62i2.281-295.
http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.... , ¹³13 Andrade, M. L., Baroni-Urbani, C., 1999. Diversity and adaptation in the ant genus Cephalotes, Past and Present. Stuttgarter Beitr. Naturkunde. Ser. B 271, 1-889. [Geologie und Paläontologie], ¹⁵15 Demétrio, M. F., Silvestre, R., Souza, P. R., Aoki, C., 2017. Inventário da fauna de formigas (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) no Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil. Iheringia Ser. Zool. 107 (Suppl.), 1-12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-4766e2017126.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-4766e2017... , ³³33 Maravalhas, J., Vasconcelos, H. L., 2014. Revisiting the pyrodiversity-biodiversity hypothesis: long-term fire regimes and the structure of ant communities in a Neotropical savanna hotspot. J. Appl. Ecol. 51 (6), 1661-1668. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.12338.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.1233... , ³⁶36 Melo, T. da S., Peres, M. C. L., Chavari, J. L., Brescovit, A. D., Delabie, J. H. C., 2014. Ants (Formicidae) and spiders (Araneae) listed from the Metropolitan Region of Salvador, Brazil. Check List 10 (2), 355-365. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/10.2.355.
http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/10.2.355... , ³⁸38 Monteiro, D.S., Vicente, R.E., Oliveira, J., Izzo, T.J., 2001. Composição e Riqueza de Formigas (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) em Áreas de Floresta Ombrófila Densa e Reflorestamento de Teca (Tectona grandis L.F. - Verbenaceae) na Fazenda São Nicolau, Cotriguaçu, MT. Descob. a Amaz. Merid. Biodiversidade da Fazenda São Nicolau. In: Rodrigues, D.J., Izzo, T.J., Batirolla, L.D. (Eds.), Descobrindo a Amazônia Meridional: biodiversidade da fazenda São Nicolau. UFMS, Campo Grande, pp. 287-301., ³⁹39 Montine, P. S. M., Viana, N. F., Almeida, F. S., Dátillo, W. F. C., Santanna, A. S., Martins, L., Vargas, A. B., 2014. Seasonality of epigaeic ant communities in a Brazilian atlantic rainforest. Sociobiology 61 (2), 178-183. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v61i2.178-183.
http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.... , ⁴⁸48 Ribas, C. R., Schoereder, J. H., 2007. Ant communities, environmental characteristics and their implications for conservation in the Brazilian Pantanal. Biodivers. Conserv. 16 (5), 1511-1520. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-006-9041-x.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-006-904... , ⁴⁹49 Ribas, C. R., Schoereder, J. H., Pic, M., Soares, S. M., 2003. Tree heterogeneity, resource availability, and larger scale processes regulating arboreal ant species richness. Austral Ecol. 28 (3), 305-314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1442-9993.2003.01290.x.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1442-9993.20... , ⁵⁶56 Santos, R. D. J., Koch, E. B. A., Leite, C. M. P., Porto, T. J., Delabie, J. H. C., 2017. An assessment of leaf-litter and epigaeic ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) living in different landscapes of the Atlantic Forest Biome in the State of Bahia, Brazil. J. Insect Biodivers. 5 (19), 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.12976/jib/2017.5.19.
http://dx.doi.org/10.12976/jib/2017.5.19... , ⁵⁸58 Schütte, M. D. S., Queiroz, J. M., Mayhé-Nunes, A. J., Pereira, M. P. D. S., 2007. Inventário estruturado de formigas (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) em floresta ombrófila de encosta na ilha da Marambaia, RJ. Iheringia Ser. Zool. 97 (1), 103-110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0073-47212007000100015.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0073-47212007... , ⁵⁹59 Sendoya, S. F., Blüthgen, N., Tamashiro, J. Y., Fernandez, F., Oliveira, P. S., 2016. Foliage-dwelling ants in a neotropical savanna: effects of plant and insect exudates on ant communities. Arthropod-Plant Interact. 10 (3), 183-195. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11829-016-9423-2.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11829-016-942... , ⁶¹61 Silvestre, R., Roberto, C., Brandão, F., Rosa, R., 2014. Grupos funcionales de hormigas: el caso de los gremios del Cerrado. In: Fernandez, F. (Ed.), Introducción a las hormigas de la región neotropical. Instituto Humboldt, Bogotá., ⁶⁹69 Souza, J. L. P., Baccaro, F. B., Pequeno, P. A. C. L., Franklin, E., Magnusson, W. E., 2018. Effectiveness of genera as a higher-taxon substitute for species in ant biodiversity analyses is not affected by sampling technique. Biodivers. Conserv. 27 (13), 3425-3445. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-018-1607-x.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-018-160... , ⁷¹71 Ulysséa, M. A., Brandão, C. R. F., 2013. Ant species (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) from the seasonally dry tropical forest of northeastern Brazil: A compilation from field surveys in Bahia and literature records. Rev. Bras. Entomol. 57 (2), 217-224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262013005000002.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262013... , ⁷²72 Vasconcelos, H. L., Vilhena, J. M. S., Facure, K. G., Albernaz, A. L. K. M., 2010. Patterns of ant species diversity and turnover across 2000 km of Amazonian floodplain forest. J. Biogeogr. 37 (3), 432-440. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2009.02230.x.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.20... ).

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Figure 40
Workers of pinelii group. A: C. maculatus. B and I: C. pinelii. C: C. mariadeandrade. D, F and H: C. nilpiei. E: C. incertus. G: C. liepini.

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Figure 41
Soldiers of pinelii group. A: C. liepini. B: C. pinelii. C, D and H: C. maculatus [C: CASENT0173689]. E, G and I: C. nilpiei. F: C. incertus.

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Figure 42
Worker of Cephalotes mariadeandrade. A: frontal view. B: lateral view. C: dorsal view. Brazil: MG, Uberlândia.

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Figure 43
Soldier of Cephalotes mariadeandrade. A: frontal view. B: lateral view. C: dorsal view. Brazil: MG, Uberlândia.

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Figure 44
Gyne of Cephalotes mariadeandrade. A: frontal view. B: lateral view. C: dorsal view. Brazil: MG, Uberlândia.

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Figure 45
Male of Cephalotes mariadeandrade. A: frontal view. B: lateral view. C: dorsal view. Brazil: MG, Uberlândia.

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Figure 46
Gyne of Cephalotes nilpiei. A: frontal view. B: lateral view. C: dorsal view. Brazil: MG, Santana do Riacho.

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Figure 47
Male of Cephalotes nilpiei. A: frontal view. B: lateral view. C: dorsal view. Brazil: MG, Santana do Riacho.

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Figure 48
Distribution maps of pinelii group in Brazil. White stars: type locality. Black circles: material examined. Red squares: new records. Blue triangles: records not examined from literature. (Literature source: ²2 Arruda, F. V., Pesquero, M. A., Marcelino, D. G., Leite, G. A., Delabie, J. H. C., Fagundes, R., 2016. Size and condition of bamboo as structural factors behind the vertical stratification of the bamboo-nesting ant community. Insectes Soc. 63 (1), 99-107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00040-015-0440-4.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00040-015-044... , ⁴4 Camacho, G. P., Vasconcelos, H. L., 2015. Ants of the Panga Ecological Station, a Cerrado reserve in Central Brazil. Sociobiology 62 (2), 281-295. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v62i2.281-295.
http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.... , ¹¹11 Costa-Milanez, C., Lourenço-Silva, G., Castro, P., Majer, J., Ribeiro, S., 2014. Are ant assemblages of Brazilian veredas characterised by location or habitat type? Braz. J. Biol. 74 (1), 89-99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.17612.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.1761... , ¹³13 Andrade, M. L., Baroni-Urbani, C., 1999. Diversity and adaptation in the ant genus Cephalotes, Past and Present. Stuttgarter Beitr. Naturkunde. Ser. B 271, 1-889. [Geologie und Paläontologie], ¹⁶16 Diehl, E., Diehl-Fleig, E., Albuquerque, E. Z., 2017. Occurrence of Attini (Formicidae) in two geomorphological provinces of Rio Grande Do Sul, Brazil. Braz. J. Agric. 92 (1), 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.37856/bja.v92i1.3303.
http://dx.doi.org/10.37856/bja.v92i1.330... , ²³23 Gomes, E. C. F., Ribeiro, G. T., Souza, T. M. S., Sousa-Souto, L., 2014. Ant assemblages (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in three different stages of forest regeneration in a fragment of Atlantic Forest in Sergipe, Brazil. Sociobiology 61 (3), 250-257. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v61i3.250-257.
http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.... , ²⁶26 Ketterl, J., Verhaagh, M., Bihn, J. H., Brandão, C. R. F., Engels, W., 2003. Spectrum of ants associated with Araucaria angustifolia trees and their relations to hemipteran trophobionts. Stud. Neotrop. Fauna Environ. 38, 199-206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1076/snfe.38.3.199.28165.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1076/snfe.38.3.199.... , ³⁰30 Lutinski, J. A., Lopes, B. C., Morais, A. B. B., 2013. Diversidade de formigas urbanas (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) de dez cidades do sul do Brasil. Biota Neotrop. 13 (3), 332-342. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032013000300033.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032013... , ³²32 Maravalhas, J., Delabie, J. H. C., Macedo, R. G., Morais, H. C., 2012. Tree-dwelling ants: contrasting two Brazilian Cerrado plant species without extrafloral nectaries. Psyche. 2012, 172739. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/172739.
https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/172739... , ³⁶36 Melo, T. da S., Peres, M. C. L., Chavari, J. L., Brescovit, A. D., Delabie, J. H. C., 2014. Ants (Formicidae) and spiders (Araneae) listed from the Metropolitan Region of Salvador, Brazil. Check List 10 (2), 355-365. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/10.2.355.
http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/10.2.355... , ³⁷37 Miranda, P. N., Oliveira, M. A., Baccaro, F. B., Morato, E. F., Delabie, J. H. C., 2012. Check list of ground-dwelling ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of the eastern Acre, Amazon, Brazil. Check List 8 (4), 722. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/8.4.722.
http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/8.4.722... , ⁴⁰40 Neves, F. S., Queiroz-Dantas, K. S., da Rocha, W. D., Delabie, J. H. C., 2013. Ants of three adjacent habitats of a transition region between the Cerrado and Caatinga biomes: the effects of heterogeneity and variation in Canopy Cover. Neotrop. Entomol. 42 (3), 258-268. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13744-013-0123-7.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13744-013-012... , ⁴¹41 Oliveira, F. M. P., Ribeiro-Neto, J. D., Andersen, A. N., Leal, I. R., 2017. Chronic anthropogenic disturbance as a secondary driver of ant community structure: interactions with soil type in Brazilian Caatinga. Environ. Conserv. 44 (2), 115-123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0376892916000291.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0376892916000... , ⁴⁵45 Prado, L. P., Feitosa, R. M., Triana, S. P., Gutiérrez, J. A. M., Rousseau, G. X., Silva, R. A., Siqueira, G. M., Santos, C. L. C., Silva, F. V., Silva, T. S. R., Casadei-Ferreira, A., Silva, R. R., Andrade-Silva, J., 2019. An overview of the ant fauna (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of the state of Maranhão, Brazil. Pap. Avulsos Zool. 59, e20195938. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2019.59.38.
http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/201... , ⁵⁰50 Rodrigues, C. A., Araújo, M. D. S., Cabral, P. I. D., Lima, R., Bacci, L., Oliveira, M. A., 2008. Comunidade de formigas arborícolas associadas ao Pequizeiro (Caryocar brasiliense) em fragmento de Cerrado Goiano. Pesqui. Florest. Bras. 57, 39-44., ⁵³53 Santos, L. R., Feitosa, R. M., Carneiro, M. A. A., 2017. The role of senescent stem-galls over arboreal ant communities structure in Eremanthus erythropappus (DC.) MacLeish (Asteraceae) trees. Sociobiology 64 (1), 7-13. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v64i1.1174.
http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.... , ⁵⁶56 Santos, R. D. J., Koch, E. B. A., Leite, C. M. P., Porto, T. J., Delabie, J. H. C., 2017. An assessment of leaf-litter and epigaeic ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) living in different landscapes of the Atlantic Forest Biome in the State of Bahia, Brazil. J. Insect Biodivers. 5 (19), 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.12976/jib/2017.5.19.
http://dx.doi.org/10.12976/jib/2017.5.19... , ⁶⁸68 Souza, J. L. P., Baccaro, F. B., Landeiro, V. L., Franklin, E., Magnusson, W. E., Pequeno, P. A. C. L., Fernandes, I. O., 2016. Taxonomic sufficiency and indicator taxa reduce sampling costs and increase monitoring effectiveness for ants. Divers. Distrib. 22 (1), 111-122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ddi.12371.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ddi.12371... , ⁷¹71 Ulysséa, M. A., Brandão, C. R. F., 2013. Ant species (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) from the seasonally dry tropical forest of northeastern Brazil: A compilation from field surveys in Bahia and literature records. Rev. Bras. Entomol. 57 (2), 217-224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262013005000002.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262013... , ⁷²72 Vasconcelos, H. L., Vilhena, J. M. S., Facure, K. G., Albernaz, A. L. K. M., 2010. Patterns of ant species diversity and turnover across 2000 km of Amazonian floodplain forest. J. Biogeogr. 37 (3), 432-440. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2009.02230.x.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.20... , ⁷⁴74 Viana-Silva, F. E. C., Jacobi, C. M., 2012. Myrmecofauna of ironstone outcrops: composition and diversity. Neotrop. Entomol. 41 (4), 263-271. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13744-012-0045-9.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13744-012-004... ).

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Figure 49
Workers of pusillus group. A: C. simillimus. B, H and K: C. inaequalis. C, G and L: C. pusillus [C: CASENT0173703]. D: C. spinosus [CASENT0900244]. E: C. duckei. F: C. minutus. I: C. laminatus. J: C. minutus.

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Figure 50
Soldiers of pusillus group. A: C. pusillus. B and H: C. minutus. C: C. duckei. D: C. inaequalis. E: C. spinosus. F and I: C. simillimus. G: C. laminatus.

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Figure 51
Distribution maps of pusillus group in Brazil. White star: type locality. Black circles: material examined. Red squares: new records. Blue triangles: records not examined from literature. (Literature source: ⁴4 Camacho, G. P., Vasconcelos, H. L., 2015. Ants of the Panga Ecological Station, a Cerrado reserve in Central Brazil. Sociobiology 62 (2), 281-295. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v62i2.281-295.
http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.... , ⁶6 Cantarelli, E. B., Fleck, M. D., Granzotto, F., Corassa, J. N., d’Avila, M., 2015. Diversidade de formigas (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) da serrapilheira em diferentes sistemas de uso do solo. Cienc. Florest. 25 (3), 607-616. http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/1980509819612.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/1980509819612... , ⁷7 Castro, F. S., Gontijo, A. B., Castro, P. D. T. A., Ribeiro, S. P., 2012. Annual and seasonal changes in the structure of litter-dwelling ant assemblages (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Atlantic semideciduous forests. Psyche. 2012, 959715. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/959715.
https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/959715... , ⁸8 Castro, G. H. P., Kayano, D. Y., Souza, R. F., Hilsdorf, A. W. S., Feitosa, R. M., Morini, M. S. C., 2017. Seasonal patterns of the foraging ecology of Myrmelachista arthuri Forel, 1903 (Formicidae: formicinae). Sociobiology 64 (3), 237-243. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v64i3.1629.
http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.... , ¹⁰10 Conceição, E. S., Costa-Neto, A. O., Andrade, F. P., Nascimento, I. C., Martins, L. C. B., Brito, B. N., Mendes, L. F., Delabie, J., 2006. Assembléias de Formicidae da serapilheira como bioindicadores da conservação de remanescentes de Mata Atlântica no extremo sul do Estado da Bahia. Sitientibus Sér. Ciênc. Biol. 6, 296-305., ¹¹11 Costa-Milanez, C., Lourenço-Silva, G., Castro, P., Majer, J., Ribeiro, S., 2014. Are ant assemblages of Brazilian veredas characterised by location or habitat type? Braz. J. Biol. 74 (1), 89-99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.17612.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.1761... , ¹³13 Andrade, M. L., Baroni-Urbani, C., 1999. Diversity and adaptation in the ant genus Cephalotes, Past and Present. Stuttgarter Beitr. Naturkunde. Ser. B 271, 1-889. [Geologie und Paläontologie], ¹⁴14 Delabie, J. H. C., Paim, V. R. L. D. M., Nascimento, I. C., Campiolo, S., Mariano, C. D. S. F., 2006. As formigas como indicadores biológicos do impacto humano em manguezais da costa sudeste da Bahia. Neotrop. Entomol. 35 (5), 602-615. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-566X2006000500006.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-566X2006... , ¹⁵15 Demétrio, M. F., Silvestre, R., Souza, P. R., Aoki, C., 2017. Inventário da fauna de formigas (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) no Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil. Iheringia Ser. Zool. 107 (Suppl.), 1-12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-4766e2017126.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-4766e2017... , ²¹21 Frizzo, T. L. M., Vasconcelos, H. L., 2013. The potential role of scattered trees for ant conservation in an agriculturally dominated neotropical landscape. Biotropica 45 (5), 644-651. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/btp.12045.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/btp.12045... , ²²22 Golias, H. C., Lopes, J., Delabie, J. H., De Azevedo, F., 2018. Diversity of ants in citrus orchards and in a forest fragment in Southern Brazil. EntomoBrasilis 11 (1), 1-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.12741/ebrasilis.v11i1.703.
http://dx.doi.org/10.12741/ebrasilis.v11... , ²³23 Gomes, E. C. F., Ribeiro, G. T., Souza, T. M. S., Sousa-Souto, L., 2014. Ant assemblages (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in three different stages of forest regeneration in a fragment of Atlantic Forest in Sergipe, Brazil. Sociobiology 61 (3), 250-257. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v61i3.250-257.
http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.... , ²⁴24 Haddad, G. Q., Cividanes, F. J., Martins, I. C. F., 2011. Species diversity of myrmecofauna and araneofauna associated with agroecosystem and forest fragments and their interaction with Carabidae and Staphylinidae (Coleoptera). Fla. Entomol. 94 (3), 500-509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1653/024.094.0314.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1653/024.094.0314... , ²⁷27 Lopes, D. T., Lopes, J., Nascimento, I. C., Delabie, J. H., 2010. Diversidade de formigas epigéicas (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) em três ambientes no Parque Estadual Mata dos Godoy, Londrina, Paraná. Iheringia Ser. Zool. 100 (1), 84-90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0073-47212010000100012.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0073-47212010... , ³⁰30 Lutinski, J. A., Lopes, B. C., Morais, A. B. B., 2013. Diversidade de formigas urbanas (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) de dez cidades do sul do Brasil. Biota Neotrop. 13 (3), 332-342. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032013000300033.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032013... , ³¹31 Maciel, L., Iantas, J., Gruchowski-w, F. C., Holdefer, D. R., 2011. Inventário da fauna de formigas (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) em ambiente de sucessão ecológica florística no município de União Da Vitoria, Paraná. Biodiversidade Pampeana 9 (1), 49-54., ³⁴34 Marques, G. D. V., Del-Claro, K., 2006. The ant fauna in a cerrado area: The influence of vegetation structure and seasonality (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Sociobiology 47, 235-252., ³⁶36 Melo, T. da S., Peres, M. C. L., Chavari, J. L., Brescovit, A. D., Delabie, J. H. C., 2014. Ants (Formicidae) and spiders (Araneae) listed from the Metropolitan Region of Salvador, Brazil. Check List 10 (2), 355-365. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/10.2.355.
http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/10.2.355... , ³⁷37 Miranda, P. N., Oliveira, M. A., Baccaro, F. B., Morato, E. F., Delabie, J. H. C., 2012. Check list of ground-dwelling ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of the eastern Acre, Amazon, Brazil. Check List 8 (4), 722. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/8.4.722.
http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/8.4.722... , ⁴⁰40 Neves, F. S., Queiroz-Dantas, K. S., da Rocha, W. D., Delabie, J. H. C., 2013. Ants of three adjacent habitats of a transition region between the Cerrado and Caatinga biomes: the effects of heterogeneity and variation in Canopy Cover. Neotrop. Entomol. 42 (3), 258-268. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13744-013-0123-7.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13744-013-012... , ⁴²42 Oliveira, M. A., Delia Lucia, T. M. C., Marinho, C. G. S., Delabie, J. H. C., Morato, E. R., 2009. Ant diversity in an area of the Amazon Forest in acre, Brazil. Sociobiology 54, 243-267., ⁴³43 Paolucci, L. N., Schoereder, J. H., Brando, P. M., Andersen, A. N., 2017. Fire-induced forest transition to derived savannas: cascading effects on ant communities. Biol. Conserv. 214, 295-302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2017.08.020.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2017.... , ⁴⁵45 Prado, L. P., Feitosa, R. M., Triana, S. P., Gutiérrez, J. A. M., Rousseau, G. X., Silva, R. A., Siqueira, G. M., Santos, C. L. C., Silva, F. V., Silva, T. S. R., Casadei-Ferreira, A., Silva, R. R., Andrade-Silva, J., 2019. An overview of the ant fauna (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of the state of Maranhão, Brazil. Pap. Avulsos Zool. 59, e20195938. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2019.59.38.
http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/201... , ⁴⁷47 Reis, P. C. J., Darocha, W. D., Falcão, L. A. D., Guerra, T. J., Neves, F. S., 2013. Ant fauna on Cecropia pachystachya Trécul (urticaceae) trees in an atlantic forest area, southeastern Brazil. Sociobiology 60 (3), 222-228. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v60i3.222-228.
http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.... , ⁴⁹49 Ribas, C. R., Schoereder, J. H., Pic, M., Soares, S. M., 2003. Tree heterogeneity, resource availability, and larger scale processes regulating arboreal ant species richness. Austral Ecol. 28 (3), 305-314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1442-9993.2003.01290.x.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1442-9993.20... , ⁵⁰50 Rodrigues, C. A., Araújo, M. D. S., Cabral, P. I. D., Lima, R., Bacci, L., Oliveira, M. A., 2008. Comunidade de formigas arborícolas associadas ao Pequizeiro (Caryocar brasiliense) em fragmento de Cerrado Goiano. Pesqui. Florest. Bras. 57, 39-44., ⁵²52 Santos, J. C., Delabie, J. H. C., Fernandes, G. W., 2008. A 15-year post evaluation of the fire effects on ant community in an area of Amazonian forest. Rev. Bras. Entomol. 52 (1), 82-87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262008000100015.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262008... , ⁵⁵55 Santos, M. S., Louzada, J. N. C., Dias, N., Zanetti, R., Delabie, J. H. C., Nascimento, I. C., 2006. Riqueza de formigas (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) da serapilheira em fragmentos de floresta semidecídua da Mata Atlântica na região do Alto do Rio Grande, MG, Brasil. Iheringia Ser. Zool. 96 (1), 95-101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0073-47212006000100017.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.12976/jib/2017.5.19... , ⁶¹61 Silvestre, R., Roberto, C., Brandão, F., Rosa, R., 2014. Grupos funcionales de hormigas: el caso de los gremios del Cerrado. In: Fernandez, F. (Ed.), Introducción a las hormigas de la región neotropical. Instituto Humboldt, Bogotá., ⁶²62 Soares, S. A., Antonialli-Junior, W. F., Lima-Junior, S. E., 2010. Diversidade de formigas epigéicas (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) em dois ambientes no Centro-Oeste do Brasil. Rev. Bras. Entomol. 54 (1), 76-81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262010000100009.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262010... , ⁶⁵65 Guerra Sobrinho, T., Schoereder, J. H., Sperber, C. F., Madureira, M. S., 2003. Does fragmentation alter species composition in ant communities (Hymenoptera: formicidae)? Sociobiology 42, 329-342., ⁶⁷67 Sousa-Souto, L., Figueiredo, P. M. G., Ambrogi, B. G., Oliveira, A. C. F., Ribeiro, G. T., Neves, F. S., 2016. Composition and richness of arboreal ants in fragments of Brazilian Caatinga: effects of secondary succession. Sociobiology 63 (2), 762-769. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v63i2.909.
http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.... , ⁶⁸68 Souza, J. L. P., Baccaro, F. B., Landeiro, V. L., Franklin, E., Magnusson, W. E., Pequeno, P. A. C. L., Fernandes, I. O., 2016. Taxonomic sufficiency and indicator taxa reduce sampling costs and increase monitoring effectiveness for ants. Divers. Distrib. 22 (1), 111-122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ddi.12371.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ddi.12371... , ⁷¹71 Ulysséa, M. A., Brandão, C. R. F., 2013. Ant species (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) from the seasonally dry tropical forest of northeastern Brazil: A compilation from field surveys in Bahia and literature records. Rev. Bras. Entomol. 57 (2), 217-224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262013005000002.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262013... , ⁷²72 Vasconcelos, H. L., Vilhena, J. M. S., Facure, K. G., Albernaz, A. L. K. M., 2010. Patterns of ant species diversity and turnover across 2000 km of Amazonian floodplain forest. J. Biogeogr. 37 (3), 432-440. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2009.02230.x.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.20... , ⁷³73 Vasconcelos, H. L., Vilhena, J. M. S., Magnusson, W. E., Albernaz, A. L. K. M., 2006. Long-term effects of forest fragmentation on Amazonian ant communities. J. Biogeogr. 33 (8), 1348-1356. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2006.01516.x.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.20... ).

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Figure 52
Distribution map of solidus group in Brazil. White star: type locality. Blue triangle: record not examined from literature. (Literature source: ¹³13 Andrade, M. L., Baroni-Urbani, C., 1999. Diversity and adaptation in the ant genus Cephalotes, Past and Present. Stuttgarter Beitr. Naturkunde. Ser. B 271, 1-889. [Geologie und Paläontologie]).

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Figure 53
Distribution map of umbraculatus group in Brazil. Black circles: material examined. Red squares: new records. Blue triangles: records not examined from literature. (Literature source: ¹²12 Silva de Oliveira, A. B., Schmidt, F. A., 2019. Ant assemblages of Brazil nut trees Bertholletia excelsa in forest and pasture habitats in the Southwestern Brazilian Amazon. Biodivers. Conserv. 28 (2), 329-344. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-018-1657-0.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-018-165... , ¹³13 Andrade, M. L., Baroni-Urbani, C., 1999. Diversity and adaptation in the ant genus Cephalotes, Past and Present. Stuttgarter Beitr. Naturkunde. Ser. B 271, 1-889. [Geologie und Paläontologie], ²³23 Gomes, E. C. F., Ribeiro, G. T., Souza, T. M. S., Sousa-Souto, L., 2014. Ant assemblages (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in three different stages of forest regeneration in a fragment of Atlantic Forest in Sergipe, Brazil. Sociobiology 61 (3), 250-257. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v61i3.250-257.
http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.... , ³⁶36 Melo, T. da S., Peres, M. C. L., Chavari, J. L., Brescovit, A. D., Delabie, J. H. C., 2014. Ants (Formicidae) and spiders (Araneae) listed from the Metropolitan Region of Salvador, Brazil. Check List 10 (2), 355-365. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/10.2.355.
http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/10.2.355... , ⁴⁵45 Prado, L. P., Feitosa, R. M., Triana, S. P., Gutiérrez, J. A. M., Rousseau, G. X., Silva, R. A., Siqueira, G. M., Santos, C. L. C., Silva, F. V., Silva, T. S. R., Casadei-Ferreira, A., Silva, R. R., Andrade-Silva, J., 2019. An overview of the ant fauna (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of the state of Maranhão, Brazil. Pap. Avulsos Zool. 59, e20195938. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2019.59.38.
http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/201... , ⁶⁸68 Souza, J. L. P., Baccaro, F. B., Landeiro, V. L., Franklin, E., Magnusson, W. E., Pequeno, P. A. C. L., Fernandes, I. O., 2016. Taxonomic sufficiency and indicator taxa reduce sampling costs and increase monitoring effectiveness for ants. Divers. Distrib. 22 (1), 111-122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ddi.12371.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ddi.12371... , ⁷²72 Vasconcelos, H. L., Vilhena, J. M. S., Facure, K. G., Albernaz, A. L. K. M., 2010. Patterns of ant species diversity and turnover across 2000 km of Amazonian floodplain forest. J. Biogeogr. 37 (3), 432-440. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2009.02230.x.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.20... ).

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Figure 54
The maximum clade credibility tree from phylogenetic analyses performed by Price et al. (2016) based on morphological and molecular data. The tree has been trimmed to include only those species known from Brazil. The labels for the species groups follow our proposals, including the synonymies, and the previous names for the synonymized groups are shown in grey.

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Figure 52
Distribution map of solidus group in Brazil. White star: type locality. Blue triangle: record not examined from literature. (Literature source: ¹³13 Andrade, M. L., Baroni-Urbani, C., 1999. Diversity and adaptation in the ant genus Cephalotes, Past and Present. Stuttgarter Beitr. Naturkunde. Ser. B 271, 1-889. [Geologie und Paläontologie]).

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Figure 53
Distribution map of umbraculatus group in Brazil. Black circles: material examined. Red squares: new records. Blue triangles: records not examined from literature. (Literature source: ¹²12 Silva de Oliveira, A. B., Schmidt, F. A., 2019. Ant assemblages of Brazil nut trees Bertholletia excelsa in forest and pasture habitats in the Southwestern Brazilian Amazon. Biodivers. Conserv. 28 (2), 329-344. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-018-1657-0.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-018-165... , ¹³13 Andrade, M. L., Baroni-Urbani, C., 1999. Diversity and adaptation in the ant genus Cephalotes, Past and Present. Stuttgarter Beitr. Naturkunde. Ser. B 271, 1-889. [Geologie und Paläontologie], ²³23 Gomes, E. C. F., Ribeiro, G. T., Souza, T. M. S., Sousa-Souto, L., 2014. Ant assemblages (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in three different stages of forest regeneration in a fragment of Atlantic Forest in Sergipe, Brazil. Sociobiology 61 (3), 250-257. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v61i3.250-257.
http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.... , ³⁶36 Melo, T. da S., Peres, M. C. L., Chavari, J. L., Brescovit, A. D., Delabie, J. H. C., 2014. Ants (Formicidae) and spiders (Araneae) listed from the Metropolitan Region of Salvador, Brazil. Check List 10 (2), 355-365. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/10.2.355.
http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/10.2.355... , ⁴⁵45 Prado, L. P., Feitosa, R. M., Triana, S. P., Gutiérrez, J. A. M., Rousseau, G. X., Silva, R. A., Siqueira, G. M., Santos, C. L. C., Silva, F. V., Silva, T. S. R., Casadei-Ferreira, A., Silva, R. R., Andrade-Silva, J., 2019. An overview of the ant fauna (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of the state of Maranhão, Brazil. Pap. Avulsos Zool. 59, e20195938. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2019.59.38.
http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/201... , ⁶⁸68 Souza, J. L. P., Baccaro, F. B., Landeiro, V. L., Franklin, E., Magnusson, W. E., Pequeno, P. A. C. L., Fernandes, I. O., 2016. Taxonomic sufficiency and indicator taxa reduce sampling costs and increase monitoring effectiveness for ants. Divers. Distrib. 22 (1), 111-122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ddi.12371.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ddi.12371... , ⁷²72 Vasconcelos, H. L., Vilhena, J. M. S., Facure, K. G., Albernaz, A. L. K. M., 2010. Patterns of ant species diversity and turnover across 2000 km of Amazonian floodplain forest. J. Biogeogr. 37 (3), 432-440. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2009.02230.x.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.20... ).

Thumbnail

Figure 54
The maximum clade credibility tree from phylogenetic analyses performed by Price et al. (2016) based on morphological and molecular data. The tree has been trimmed to include only those species known from Brazil. The labels for the species groups follow our proposals, including the synonymies, and the previous names for the synonymized groups are shown in grey.

Figure 16 Distribution maps of angustus group in Brazil “part 2”. White stars: type locality. Black circles: material examined. Red squares: new records. Blue triangles: records not examined from literature. (Literature source: ¹³13 Andrade, M. L., Baroni-Urbani, C., 1999. Diversity and adaptation in the ant genus Cephalotes, Past and Present. Stuttgarter Beitr. Naturkunde. Ser. B 271, 1-889. [Geologie und Paläontologie], ¹⁴14 Delabie, J. H. C., Paim, V. R. L. D. M., Nascimento, I. C., Campiolo, S., Mariano, C. D. S. F., 2006. As formigas como indicadores biológicos do impacto humano em manguezais da costa sudeste da Bahia. Neotrop. Entomol. 35 (5), 602-615. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-566X2006000500006.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-566X2006... , ⁴⁰40 Neves, F. S., Queiroz-Dantas, K. S., da Rocha, W. D., Delabie, J. H. C., 2013. Ants of three adjacent habitats of a transition region between the Cerrado and Caatinga biomes: the effects of heterogeneity and variation in Canopy Cover. Neotrop. Entomol. 42 (3), 258-268. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13744-013-0123-7.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13744-013-012... , ⁴⁷47 Reis, P. C. J., Darocha, W. D., Falcão, L. A. D., Guerra, T. J., Neves, F. S., 2013. Ant fauna on Cecropia pachystachya Trécul (urticaceae) trees in an atlantic forest area, southeastern Brazil. Sociobiology 60 (3), 222-228. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v60i3.222-228.
http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.... ⁴⁸48 Ribas, C. R., Schoereder, J. H., 2007. Ant communities, environmental characteristics and their implications for conservation in the Brazilian Pantanal. Biodivers. Conserv. 16 (5), 1511-1520. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-006-9041-x.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-006-904... , ⁴⁹49 Ribas, C. R., Schoereder, J. H., Pic, M., Soares, S. M., 2003. Tree heterogeneity, resource availability, and larger scale processes regulating arboreal ant species richness. Austral Ecol. 28 (3), 305-314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1442-9993.2003.01290.x.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1442-9993.20... , ⁵⁶56 Santos, R. D. J., Koch, E. B. A., Leite, C. M. P., Porto, T. J., Delabie, J. H. C., 2017. An assessment of leaf-litter and epigaeic ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) living in different landscapes of the Atlantic Forest Biome in the State of Bahia, Brazil. J. Insect Biodivers. 5 (19), 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.12976/jib/2017.5.19.
http://dx.doi.org/10.12976/jib/2017.5.19... , ⁶⁴64 Guerra Sobrinho, T., Schoereder, J. H., 2007. Edge and shape effects on ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) species richness and composition in forest fragments. Biodivers. Conserv. 16 (5), 1459-1470. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-006-9011-3.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-006-901... ).

Figure 18 Distribution maps of atratus group in Brazil. White stars: type locality. Black circles: material examined. Red squares: new records. Blue triangles: records not examined from literature. (Literature source: ¹1 Araújo, L. M., Fernandes, G. W., 2003. Altitudinal patterns in a tropical ant assemblage and variation in species richness between habitats. Lundiana 4, 103-109., ⁴4 Camacho, G. P., Vasconcelos, H. L., 2015. Ants of the Panga Ecological Station, a Cerrado reserve in Central Brazil. Sociobiology 62 (2), 281-295. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v62i2.281-295.
http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.... , ⁵5 Campos, R. I., Lopes, C. T., Magalhães, W. C. S., Vasconcelos, H. L., 2008. Estratificação vertical de formigas em Cerrado strictu sensu no Parque Estadual da Serra de Caldas Novas, Goiás, Brasil. Iheringia Ser. Zool. 98 (3), 311-316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0073-47212008000300004.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0073-47212008... , ⁸8 Castro, G. H. P., Kayano, D. Y., Souza, R. F., Hilsdorf, A. W. S., Feitosa, R. M., Morini, M. S. C., 2017. Seasonal patterns of the foraging ecology of Myrmelachista arthuri Forel, 1903 (Formicidae: formicinae). Sociobiology 64 (3), 237-243. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v64i3.1629.
http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.... , ¹¹11 Costa-Milanez, C., Lourenço-Silva, G., Castro, P., Majer, J., Ribeiro, S., 2014. Are ant assemblages of Brazilian veredas characterised by location or habitat type? Braz. J. Biol. 74 (1), 89-99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.17612.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.1761... , ¹³13 Andrade, M. L., Baroni-Urbani, C., 1999. Diversity and adaptation in the ant genus Cephalotes, Past and Present. Stuttgarter Beitr. Naturkunde. Ser. B 271, 1-889. [Geologie und Paläontologie], ²²22 Golias, H. C., Lopes, J., Delabie, J. H., De Azevedo, F., 2018. Diversity of ants in citrus orchards and in a forest fragment in Southern Brazil. EntomoBrasilis 11 (1), 1-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.12741/ebrasilis.v11i1.703.
http://dx.doi.org/10.12741/ebrasilis.v11... , ²³23 Gomes, E. C. F., Ribeiro, G. T., Souza, T. M. S., Sousa-Souto, L., 2014. Ant assemblages (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in three different stages of forest regeneration in a fragment of Atlantic Forest in Sergipe, Brazil. Sociobiology 61 (3), 250-257. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v61i3.250-257.
http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.... , ³⁴34 Marques, G. D. V., Del-Claro, K., 2006. The ant fauna in a cerrado area: The influence of vegetation structure and seasonality (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Sociobiology 47, 235-252., ³⁶36 Melo, T. da S., Peres, M. C. L., Chavari, J. L., Brescovit, A. D., Delabie, J. H. C., 2014. Ants (Formicidae) and spiders (Araneae) listed from the Metropolitan Region of Salvador, Brazil. Check List 10 (2), 355-365. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/10.2.355.
http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/10.2.355... , ³⁷37 Miranda, P. N., Oliveira, M. A., Baccaro, F. B., Morato, E. F., Delabie, J. H. C., 2012. Check list of ground-dwelling ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of the eastern Acre, Amazon, Brazil. Check List 8 (4), 722. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/8.4.722.
http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/8.4.722... , ⁴²42 Oliveira, M. A., Delia Lucia, T. M. C., Marinho, C. G. S., Delabie, J. H. C., Morato, E. R., 2009. Ant diversity in an area of the Amazon Forest in acre, Brazil. Sociobiology 54, 243-267., ⁴³43 Paolucci, L. N., Schoereder, J. H., Brando, P. M., Andersen, A. N., 2017. Fire-induced forest transition to derived savannas: cascading effects on ant communities. Biol. Conserv. 214, 295-302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2017.08.020.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2017.... , ⁴⁹49 Ribas, C. R., Schoereder, J. H., Pic, M., Soares, S. M., 2003. Tree heterogeneity, resource availability, and larger scale processes regulating arboreal ant species richness. Austral Ecol. 28 (3), 305-314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1442-9993.2003.01290.x.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1442-9993.20... , ⁵¹51 Santos-Silva, L., Vicente, R. E., Feitosa, R. M., 2016. Ant species (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) of forest fragments and urban areas in a meridional amazonian landscape. Check List 12 (3), 1885. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/12.3.1885.
http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/12.3.1885... , ⁵²52 Santos, J. C., Delabie, J. H. C., Fernandes, G. W., 2008. A 15-year post evaluation of the fire effects on ant community in an area of Amazonian forest. Rev. Bras. Entomol. 52 (1), 82-87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262008000100015.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262008... , ⁵⁴54 Santos, M. P. C. J., Carrano-Moreira, A. F., Torres, J. B., 2012. Diversidade de formigas epigeicas (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) em floresta ombrófila densa e em cultivo de cana-de-açúcar, no município de Igarassu, PE. Agraria 7 (4), 648-656. http://dx.doi.org/10.5039/agraria.v7i4a1927.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5039/agraria.v7i4a1... , ⁵⁷57 Santos, R. S., Delabie, J. H. C., 2018. Epigaeic Ants in a Forest Remnant in the State of Acre, Brazil and New Records for the State. Braz. J. Agric. 93 (1), 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.37856/bja.v93i1.3300.
http://dx.doi.org/10.37856/bja.v93i1.330... , ⁶¹61 Silvestre, R., Roberto, C., Brandão, F., Rosa, R., 2014. Grupos funcionales de hormigas: el caso de los gremios del Cerrado. In: Fernandez, F. (Ed.), Introducción a las hormigas de la región neotropical. Instituto Humboldt, Bogotá., ⁶³63 Soares, S. A., Suarez, Y. R., Fernandes, W. D., Tenório, P. M. S., Delabie, J. H. C., Antonialli-Junior, W. F., 2013. Temporal variation in the composition of ant assemblages (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) on trees in the Pantanal floodplain, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Rev. Bras. Entomol. 57 (1), 84-90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262013000100013.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262013... , ⁶⁸68 Souza, J. L. P., Baccaro, F. B., Landeiro, V. L., Franklin, E., Magnusson, W. E., Pequeno, P. A. C. L., Fernandes, I. O., 2016. Taxonomic sufficiency and indicator taxa reduce sampling costs and increase monitoring effectiveness for ants. Divers. Distrib. 22 (1), 111-122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ddi.12371.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ddi.12371... , ⁶⁹69 Souza, J. L. P., Baccaro, F. B., Pequeno, P. A. C. L., Franklin, E., Magnusson, W. E., 2018. Effectiveness of genera as a higher-taxon substitute for species in ant biodiversity analyses is not affected by sampling technique. Biodivers. Conserv. 27 (13), 3425-3445. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-018-1607-x.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-018-160... , ⁷¹71 Ulysséa, M. A., Brandão, C. R. F., 2013. Ant species (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) from the seasonally dry tropical forest of northeastern Brazil: A compilation from field surveys in Bahia and literature records. Rev. Bras. Entomol. 57 (2), 217-224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262013005000002.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262013... , ⁷²72 Vasconcelos, H. L., Vilhena, J. M. S., Facure, K. G., Albernaz, A. L. K. M., 2010. Patterns of ant species diversity and turnover across 2000 km of Amazonian floodplain forest. J. Biogeogr. 37 (3), 432-440. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2009.02230.x.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.20... , ⁷⁵75 Vicente, R. E., Prado, L. P., Izzo, T. J., 2016. Amazon rainforest ant-fauna of Parque Estadual do Cristalino: understory and ground-dwelling ants. Sociobiology 63 (3), 894-908. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v63i3.1043.
http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.... ).

Figure 23 Distribution maps of clypeatus group in Brazil. White stars: type locality. Black circles: material examined. Red squares: new records. Blue triangles: records not examined from literature. (Literature source: ⁴4 Camacho, G. P., Vasconcelos, H. L., 2015. Ants of the Panga Ecological Station, a Cerrado reserve in Central Brazil. Sociobiology 62 (2), 281-295. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v62i2.281-295.
http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.... , ¹²12 Silva de Oliveira, A. B., Schmidt, F. A., 2019. Ant assemblages of Brazil nut trees Bertholletia excelsa in forest and pasture habitats in the Southwestern Brazilian Amazon. Biodivers. Conserv. 28 (2), 329-344. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-018-1657-0.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-018-165... , ¹³13 Andrade, M. L., Baroni-Urbani, C., 1999. Diversity and adaptation in the ant genus Cephalotes, Past and Present. Stuttgarter Beitr. Naturkunde. Ser. B 271, 1-889. [Geologie und Paläontologie], ¹⁵15 Demétrio, M. F., Silvestre, R., Souza, P. R., Aoki, C., 2017. Inventário da fauna de formigas (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) no Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil. Iheringia Ser. Zool. 107 (Suppl.), 1-12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-4766e2017126.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-4766e2017... , ²⁰20 Fonseca, A. R., Campos, R. B. F., Silva, G. F., 2015. Formigas em Carcaças de Rattus norvegicus (Berkenhout) em uma Área de Cerrado no Sudeste do Brasil: riqueza e Abundância. EntomoBrasilis 8 (1), 74-78. http://dx.doi.org/10.12741/ebrasilis.v8i1.460.
http://dx.doi.org/10.12741/ebrasilis.v8i... , ³⁴34 Marques, G. D. V., Del-Claro, K., 2006. The ant fauna in a cerrado area: The influence of vegetation structure and seasonality (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Sociobiology 47, 235-252., ³⁷37 Miranda, P. N., Oliveira, M. A., Baccaro, F. B., Morato, E. F., Delabie, J. H. C., 2012. Check list of ground-dwelling ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of the eastern Acre, Amazon, Brazil. Check List 8 (4), 722. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/8.4.722.
http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/8.4.722... , ⁴⁵45 Prado, L. P., Feitosa, R. M., Triana, S. P., Gutiérrez, J. A. M., Rousseau, G. X., Silva, R. A., Siqueira, G. M., Santos, C. L. C., Silva, F. V., Silva, T. S. R., Casadei-Ferreira, A., Silva, R. R., Andrade-Silva, J., 2019. An overview of the ant fauna (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of the state of Maranhão, Brazil. Pap. Avulsos Zool. 59, e20195938. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2019.59.38.
http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/201... , ⁴⁹49 Ribas, C. R., Schoereder, J. H., Pic, M., Soares, S. M., 2003. Tree heterogeneity, resource availability, and larger scale processes regulating arboreal ant species richness. Austral Ecol. 28 (3), 305-314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1442-9993.2003.01290.x.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1442-9993.20... , ⁶¹61 Silvestre, R., Roberto, C., Brandão, F., Rosa, R., 2014. Grupos funcionales de hormigas: el caso de los gremios del Cerrado. In: Fernandez, F. (Ed.), Introducción a las hormigas de la región neotropical. Instituto Humboldt, Bogotá., ⁶²62 Soares, S. A., Antonialli-Junior, W. F., Lima-Junior, S. E., 2010. Diversidade de formigas epigéicas (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) em dois ambientes no Centro-Oeste do Brasil. Rev. Bras. Entomol. 54 (1), 76-81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262010000100009.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262010... , ⁶³63 Soares, S. A., Suarez, Y. R., Fernandes, W. D., Tenório, P. M. S., Delabie, J. H. C., Antonialli-Junior, W. F., 2013. Temporal variation in the composition of ant assemblages (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) on trees in the Pantanal floodplain, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Rev. Bras. Entomol. 57 (1), 84-90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262013000100013.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262013... , ⁶⁸68 Souza, J. L. P., Baccaro, F. B., Landeiro, V. L., Franklin, E., Magnusson, W. E., Pequeno, P. A. C. L., Fernandes, I. O., 2016. Taxonomic sufficiency and indicator taxa reduce sampling costs and increase monitoring effectiveness for ants. Divers. Distrib. 22 (1), 111-122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ddi.12371.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ddi.12371... , ⁷¹71 Ulysséa, M. A., Brandão, C. R. F., 2013. Ant species (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) from the seasonally dry tropical forest of northeastern Brazil: A compilation from field surveys in Bahia and literature records. Rev. Bras. Entomol. 57 (2), 217-224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262013005000002.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262013... ).

Figure 26 Distribution maps of depressus group in Brazil. White stars: type locality. Black circles: material examined. Red squares: new records. Blue triangles: records not examined from literature. (Literature source: ⁴4 Camacho, G. P., Vasconcelos, H. L., 2015. Ants of the Panga Ecological Station, a Cerrado reserve in Central Brazil. Sociobiology 62 (2), 281-295. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v62i2.281-295.
http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.... , ⁹9 Christianini, A. V., Mayhé-Nunes, A. J., Oliveira, P. S., 2012. Exploitation of fallen diaspores by ants: are there ant-plant partner choices? Biotropica 44 (3), 360-367. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7429.2011.00822.x.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7429.20... , ¹¹11 Costa-Milanez, C., Lourenço-Silva, G., Castro, P., Majer, J., Ribeiro, S., 2014. Are ant assemblages of Brazilian veredas characterised by location or habitat type? Braz. J. Biol. 74 (1), 89-99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.17612.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.1761... , ¹²12 Silva de Oliveira, A. B., Schmidt, F. A., 2019. Ant assemblages of Brazil nut trees Bertholletia excelsa in forest and pasture habitats in the Southwestern Brazilian Amazon. Biodivers. Conserv. 28 (2), 329-344. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-018-1657-0.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-018-165... , ¹³13 Andrade, M. L., Baroni-Urbani, C., 1999. Diversity and adaptation in the ant genus Cephalotes, Past and Present. Stuttgarter Beitr. Naturkunde. Ser. B 271, 1-889. [Geologie und Paläontologie], ¹⁵15 Demétrio, M. F., Silvestre, R., Souza, P. R., Aoki, C., 2017. Inventário da fauna de formigas (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) no Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil. Iheringia Ser. Zool. 107 (Suppl.), 1-12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-4766e2017126.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-4766e2017... , ¹⁶16 Diehl, E., Diehl-Fleig, E., Albuquerque, E. Z., 2017. Occurrence of Attini (Formicidae) in two geomorphological provinces of Rio Grande Do Sul, Brazil. Braz. J. Agric. 92 (1), 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.37856/bja.v92i1.3303.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/btp.12045... , ²³23 Gomes, E. C. F., Ribeiro, G. T., Souza, T. M. S., Sousa-Souto, L., 2014. Ant assemblages (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in three different stages of forest regeneration in a fragment of Atlantic Forest in Sergipe, Brazil. Sociobiology 61 (3), 250-257. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v61i3.250-257.
http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.... , ²⁵25 Harada, A. Y., 2016. State of art of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) at Caxiuanã, Melgaco, Pará, Brazil. Adv. Entomol. 4 (3), 115-132. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ae.2016.43013.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/928371... , ³⁵35 Marques, T. E. D., Koch, E. B. A., Santos, I. S., Santos, J. R. M., Mariano, C. S. F., Delabie, J. H. C., 2018. The diversity of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) interacting with the invasive hibiscus mealybug Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green 1908) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) on ornamental and cultivated plants in Bahia, Brazil. Arthropod-Plant Interact. 12 (2), 237-246. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11829-017-9563-z.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11829-017-956... , ⁴⁰40 Neves, F. S., Queiroz-Dantas, K. S., da Rocha, W. D., Delabie, J. H. C., 2013. Ants of three adjacent habitats of a transition region between the Cerrado and Caatinga biomes: the effects of heterogeneity and variation in Canopy Cover. Neotrop. Entomol. 42 (3), 258-268. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13744-013-0123-7.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13744-013-012... , ⁴¹41 Oliveira, F. M. P., Ribeiro-Neto, J. D., Andersen, A. N., Leal, I. R., 2017. Chronic anthropogenic disturbance as a secondary driver of ant community structure: interactions with soil type in Brazilian Caatinga. Environ. Conserv. 44 (2), 115-123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0376892916000291.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0376892916000... , ⁴⁴44 Pereira, M. C., Delabie, J. H. C., Súarez, Y. R., Antonialli Junior, W. F., 2013. Spatial connectivity of aquatic macrophytes and flood cycle influence species richness of an ant community of a Brazilian floodplain. Sociobiology 60 (1), 41-49. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v60i1.41-49.
http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.... , ⁴⁵45 Prado, L. P., Feitosa, R. M., Triana, S. P., Gutiérrez, J. A. M., Rousseau, G. X., Silva, R. A., Siqueira, G. M., Santos, C. L. C., Silva, F. V., Silva, T. S. R., Casadei-Ferreira, A., Silva, R. R., Andrade-Silva, J., 2019. An overview of the ant fauna (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of the state of Maranhão, Brazil. Pap. Avulsos Zool. 59, e20195938. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2019.59.38.
http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/201... , ⁴⁶46 Queiroz, A. C. M., Rabello, A. M., Braga, D. L., Santiago, G. S., Zurlo, L. F., Philpott, S. M., Ribas, C. R., 2017. Cerrado vegetation types determine how land use impacts ant biodiversity. Biodivers. Conserv. 29, 2017-2034. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-017-1379-8.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-017-1379-... , ⁴⁹49 Ribas, C. R., Schoereder, J. H., Pic, M., Soares, S. M., 2003. Tree heterogeneity, resource availability, and larger scale processes regulating arboreal ant species richness. Austral Ecol. 28 (3), 305-314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1442-9993.2003.01290.x.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1442-9993.20... , ⁵⁶56 Santos, R. D. J., Koch, E. B. A., Leite, C. M. P., Porto, T. J., Delabie, J. H. C., 2017. An assessment of leaf-litter and epigaeic ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) living in different landscapes of the Atlantic Forest Biome in the State of Bahia, Brazil. J. Insect Biodivers. 5 (19), 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.12976/jib/2017.5.19.
http://dx.doi.org/10.12976/jib/2017.5.19... , ⁶⁰60 Silva, R. R., Brandão, C. R. F., Silvestre, R., 2004. Similarity between Cerrado localities in central and southeastern Brazil based on the dry season bait visitors ant fauna. Stud. Neotrop. Fauna Environ. 39 (3), 191-199. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01650520412331271783.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01650520412331... , ⁶¹61 Silvestre, R., Roberto, C., Brandão, F., Rosa, R., 2014. Grupos funcionales de hormigas: el caso de los gremios del Cerrado. In: Fernandez, F. (Ed.), Introducción a las hormigas de la región neotropical. Instituto Humboldt, Bogotá., ⁶³63 Soares, S. A., Suarez, Y. R., Fernandes, W. D., Tenório, P. M. S., Delabie, J. H. C., Antonialli-Junior, W. F., 2013. Temporal variation in the composition of ant assemblages (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) on trees in the Pantanal floodplain, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Rev. Bras. Entomol. 57 (1), 84-90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262013000100013.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.... , ⁷⁰70 Tibcherani, M., Aranda, R., Mello, R. L., 2020. Time to go home: the temporal threshold in the regeneration of the ant community in the Brazilian savanna. Appl. Soil Ecol. 150, 103451. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2019.103451.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2019.... , ⁷¹71 Ulysséa, M. A., Brandão, C. R. F., 2013. Ant species (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) from the seasonally dry tropical forest of northeastern Brazil: A compilation from field surveys in Bahia and literature records. Rev. Bras. Entomol. 57 (2), 217-224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262013005000002.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262013... , ⁷⁶76 Yamazaki, L., Dambroz, J., Meurer, E., Vindica, V. F., Delabie, J. H. C., Marques, M. I., Batirolla, L. D., 2016. Ant community (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) associated with Callisthene fasciculata (Spr.) Mart. (Vochysiaceae) canopies in the Pantanal of Poconé, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Sociobiology 63 (2), 735-743. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v63i2.824.
http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.... ).

Figure 35 Distribution maps of grandinosus group in Brazil. White stars: type locality. Black circles: material examined. Red squares: new records. Blue triangles: records not examined from literature. (Literature source: ¹³13 Andrade, M. L., Baroni-Urbani, C., 1999. Diversity and adaptation in the ant genus Cephalotes, Past and Present. Stuttgarter Beitr. Naturkunde. Ser. B 271, 1-889. [Geologie und Paläontologie], ¹⁹19 Azevedo Filho, P. A., Vale, L. L. A., Lavor, M. T. F. de C., Ribeiro-Neto, J. D., Melo, M. V. C., Hites, N., Biseau, J.-C., Quinet, Y. P., 2003. Biodiversidade da mirmecofauna (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) em uma floresta primária da Serra de Baturité - Ceará. Cienc. Tecnol. 5, 17-29., ²¹21 Frizzo, T. L. M., Vasconcelos, H. L., 2013. The potential role of scattered trees for ant conservation in an agriculturally dominated neotropical landscape. Biotropica 45 (5), 644-651. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/btp.12045.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/btp.12045... , ²⁷27 Lopes, D. T., Lopes, J., Nascimento, I. C., Delabie, J. H., 2010. Diversidade de formigas epigéicas (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) em três ambientes no Parque Estadual Mata dos Godoy, Londrina, Paraná. Iheringia Ser. Zool. 100 (1), 84-90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0073-47212010000100012.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0073-47212010... , ³²32 Maravalhas, J., Delabie, J. H. C., Macedo, R. G., Morais, H. C., 2012. Tree-dwelling ants: contrasting two Brazilian Cerrado plant species without extrafloral nectaries. Psyche. 2012, 172739. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/172739.
https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/172739... , ⁴⁰40 Neves, F. S., Queiroz-Dantas, K. S., da Rocha, W. D., Delabie, J. H. C., 2013. Ants of three adjacent habitats of a transition region between the Cerrado and Caatinga biomes: the effects of heterogeneity and variation in Canopy Cover. Neotrop. Entomol. 42 (3), 258-268. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13744-013-0123-7.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13744-013-012... , ⁴³43 Paolucci, L. N., Schoereder, J. H., Brando, P. M., Andersen, A. N., 2017. Fire-induced forest transition to derived savannas: cascading effects on ant communities. Biol. Conserv. 214, 295-302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2017.08.020.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2017.... , ⁴⁵45 Prado, L. P., Feitosa, R. M., Triana, S. P., Gutiérrez, J. A. M., Rousseau, G. X., Silva, R. A., Siqueira, G. M., Santos, C. L. C., Silva, F. V., Silva, T. S. R., Casadei-Ferreira, A., Silva, R. R., Andrade-Silva, J., 2019. An overview of the ant fauna (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of the state of Maranhão, Brazil. Pap. Avulsos Zool. 59, e20195938. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2019.59.38.
http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/201... , ⁴⁹49 Ribas, C. R., Schoereder, J. H., Pic, M., Soares, S. M., 2003. Tree heterogeneity, resource availability, and larger scale processes regulating arboreal ant species richness. Austral Ecol. 28 (3), 305-314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1442-9993.2003.01290.x.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1442-9993.20... , ⁵⁹59 Sendoya, S. F., Blüthgen, N., Tamashiro, J. Y., Fernandez, F., Oliveira, P. S., 2016. Foliage-dwelling ants in a neotropical savanna: effects of plant and insect exudates on ant communities. Arthropod-Plant Interact. 10 (3), 183-195. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11829-016-9423-2.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11829-016-942... , ⁶⁷67 Sousa-Souto, L., Figueiredo, P. M. G., Ambrogi, B. G., Oliveira, A. C. F., Ribeiro, G. T., Neves, F. S., 2016. Composition and richness of arboreal ants in fragments of Brazilian Caatinga: effects of secondary succession. Sociobiology 63 (2), 762-769. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v63i2.909.
http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.... , ⁷⁰70 Tibcherani, M., Aranda, R., Mello, R. L., 2020. Time to go home: the temporal threshold in the regeneration of the ant community in the Brazilian savanna. Appl. Soil Ecol. 150, 103451. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2019.103451.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2019.... , ⁷¹71 Ulysséa, M. A., Brandão, C. R. F., 2013. Ant species (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) from the seasonally dry tropical forest of northeastern Brazil: A compilation from field surveys in Bahia and literature records. Rev. Bras. Entomol. 57 (2), 217-224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262013005000002.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262013... , ⁷⁶76 Yamazaki, L., Dambroz, J., Meurer, E., Vindica, V. F., Delabie, J. H. C., Marques, M. I., Batirolla, L. D., 2016. Ant community (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) associated with Callisthene fasciculata (Spr.) Mart. (Vochysiaceae) canopies in the Pantanal of Poconé, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Sociobiology 63 (2), 735-743. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v63i2.824.
http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.... ).

Figure 39 Distribution maps of pallens group in Brazil. White stars type locality. Black circles: material examined. Red squares: new records. Blue triangles: records not examined from literature. (Literature source: ²2 Arruda, F. V., Pesquero, M. A., Marcelino, D. G., Leite, G. A., Delabie, J. H. C., Fagundes, R., 2016. Size and condition of bamboo as structural factors behind the vertical stratification of the bamboo-nesting ant community. Insectes Soc. 63 (1), 99-107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00040-015-0440-4.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00040-015-044... , ³3 Battirola, L. D., Marques, M. I., Adis, J., Delabie, J. H. C., 2005. Composição da comunidade de Formicidae (Insecta, Hymenoptera) em copas de Attalea phalerata Mart. (Arecaceae), no Pantanal de Poconé, Mato Grosso, Brasil. Rev. Bras. Entomol. 49 (1), 107-117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262005000100011.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262005... , ⁴4 Camacho, G. P., Vasconcelos, H. L., 2015. Ants of the Panga Ecological Station, a Cerrado reserve in Central Brazil. Sociobiology 62 (2), 281-295. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v62i2.281-295.
http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.... , ¹³13 Andrade, M. L., Baroni-Urbani, C., 1999. Diversity and adaptation in the ant genus Cephalotes, Past and Present. Stuttgarter Beitr. Naturkunde. Ser. B 271, 1-889. [Geologie und Paläontologie], ¹⁵15 Demétrio, M. F., Silvestre, R., Souza, P. R., Aoki, C., 2017. Inventário da fauna de formigas (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) no Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil. Iheringia Ser. Zool. 107 (Suppl.), 1-12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-4766e2017126.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-4766e2017... , ³³33 Maravalhas, J., Vasconcelos, H. L., 2014. Revisiting the pyrodiversity-biodiversity hypothesis: long-term fire regimes and the structure of ant communities in a Neotropical savanna hotspot. J. Appl. Ecol. 51 (6), 1661-1668. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.12338.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.1233... , ³⁶36 Melo, T. da S., Peres, M. C. L., Chavari, J. L., Brescovit, A. D., Delabie, J. H. C., 2014. Ants (Formicidae) and spiders (Araneae) listed from the Metropolitan Region of Salvador, Brazil. Check List 10 (2), 355-365. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/10.2.355.
http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/10.2.355... , ³⁸38 Monteiro, D.S., Vicente, R.E., Oliveira, J., Izzo, T.J., 2001. Composição e Riqueza de Formigas (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) em Áreas de Floresta Ombrófila Densa e Reflorestamento de Teca (Tectona grandis L.F. - Verbenaceae) na Fazenda São Nicolau, Cotriguaçu, MT. Descob. a Amaz. Merid. Biodiversidade da Fazenda São Nicolau. In: Rodrigues, D.J., Izzo, T.J., Batirolla, L.D. (Eds.), Descobrindo a Amazônia Meridional: biodiversidade da fazenda São Nicolau. UFMS, Campo Grande, pp. 287-301., ³⁹39 Montine, P. S. M., Viana, N. F., Almeida, F. S., Dátillo, W. F. C., Santanna, A. S., Martins, L., Vargas, A. B., 2014. Seasonality of epigaeic ant communities in a Brazilian atlantic rainforest. Sociobiology 61 (2), 178-183. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v61i2.178-183.
http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.... , ⁴⁸48 Ribas, C. R., Schoereder, J. H., 2007. Ant communities, environmental characteristics and their implications for conservation in the Brazilian Pantanal. Biodivers. Conserv. 16 (5), 1511-1520. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-006-9041-x.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-006-904... , ⁴⁹49 Ribas, C. R., Schoereder, J. H., Pic, M., Soares, S. M., 2003. Tree heterogeneity, resource availability, and larger scale processes regulating arboreal ant species richness. Austral Ecol. 28 (3), 305-314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1442-9993.2003.01290.x.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1442-9993.20... , ⁵⁶56 Santos, R. D. J., Koch, E. B. A., Leite, C. M. P., Porto, T. J., Delabie, J. H. C., 2017. An assessment of leaf-litter and epigaeic ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) living in different landscapes of the Atlantic Forest Biome in the State of Bahia, Brazil. J. Insect Biodivers. 5 (19), 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.12976/jib/2017.5.19.
http://dx.doi.org/10.12976/jib/2017.5.19... , ⁵⁸58 Schütte, M. D. S., Queiroz, J. M., Mayhé-Nunes, A. J., Pereira, M. P. D. S., 2007. Inventário estruturado de formigas (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) em floresta ombrófila de encosta na ilha da Marambaia, RJ. Iheringia Ser. Zool. 97 (1), 103-110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0073-47212007000100015.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0073-47212007... , ⁵⁹59 Sendoya, S. F., Blüthgen, N., Tamashiro, J. Y., Fernandez, F., Oliveira, P. S., 2016. Foliage-dwelling ants in a neotropical savanna: effects of plant and insect exudates on ant communities. Arthropod-Plant Interact. 10 (3), 183-195. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11829-016-9423-2.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11829-016-942... , ⁶¹61 Silvestre, R., Roberto, C., Brandão, F., Rosa, R., 2014. Grupos funcionales de hormigas: el caso de los gremios del Cerrado. In: Fernandez, F. (Ed.), Introducción a las hormigas de la región neotropical. Instituto Humboldt, Bogotá., ⁶⁹69 Souza, J. L. P., Baccaro, F. B., Pequeno, P. A. C. L., Franklin, E., Magnusson, W. E., 2018. Effectiveness of genera as a higher-taxon substitute for species in ant biodiversity analyses is not affected by sampling technique. Biodivers. Conserv. 27 (13), 3425-3445. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-018-1607-x.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-018-160... , ⁷¹71 Ulysséa, M. A., Brandão, C. R. F., 2013. Ant species (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) from the seasonally dry tropical forest of northeastern Brazil: A compilation from field surveys in Bahia and literature records. Rev. Bras. Entomol. 57 (2), 217-224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262013005000002.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262013... , ⁷²72 Vasconcelos, H. L., Vilhena, J. M. S., Facure, K. G., Albernaz, A. L. K. M., 2010. Patterns of ant species diversity and turnover across 2000 km of Amazonian floodplain forest. J. Biogeogr. 37 (3), 432-440. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2009.02230.x.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.20... ).

Figure 48 Distribution maps of pinelii group in Brazil. White stars: type locality. Black circles: material examined. Red squares: new records. Blue triangles: records not examined from literature. (Literature source: ²2 Arruda, F. V., Pesquero, M. A., Marcelino, D. G., Leite, G. A., Delabie, J. H. C., Fagundes, R., 2016. Size and condition of bamboo as structural factors behind the vertical stratification of the bamboo-nesting ant community. Insectes Soc. 63 (1), 99-107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00040-015-0440-4.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00040-015-044... , ⁴4 Camacho, G. P., Vasconcelos, H. L., 2015. Ants of the Panga Ecological Station, a Cerrado reserve in Central Brazil. Sociobiology 62 (2), 281-295. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v62i2.281-295.
http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.... , ¹¹11 Costa-Milanez, C., Lourenço-Silva, G., Castro, P., Majer, J., Ribeiro, S., 2014. Are ant assemblages of Brazilian veredas characterised by location or habitat type? Braz. J. Biol. 74 (1), 89-99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.17612.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.1761... , ¹³13 Andrade, M. L., Baroni-Urbani, C., 1999. Diversity and adaptation in the ant genus Cephalotes, Past and Present. Stuttgarter Beitr. Naturkunde. Ser. B 271, 1-889. [Geologie und Paläontologie], ¹⁶16 Diehl, E., Diehl-Fleig, E., Albuquerque, E. Z., 2017. Occurrence of Attini (Formicidae) in two geomorphological provinces of Rio Grande Do Sul, Brazil. Braz. J. Agric. 92 (1), 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.37856/bja.v92i1.3303.
http://dx.doi.org/10.37856/bja.v92i1.330... , ²³23 Gomes, E. C. F., Ribeiro, G. T., Souza, T. M. S., Sousa-Souto, L., 2014. Ant assemblages (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in three different stages of forest regeneration in a fragment of Atlantic Forest in Sergipe, Brazil. Sociobiology 61 (3), 250-257. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v61i3.250-257.
http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.... , ²⁶26 Ketterl, J., Verhaagh, M., Bihn, J. H., Brandão, C. R. F., Engels, W., 2003. Spectrum of ants associated with Araucaria angustifolia trees and their relations to hemipteran trophobionts. Stud. Neotrop. Fauna Environ. 38, 199-206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1076/snfe.38.3.199.28165.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1076/snfe.38.3.199.... , ³⁰30 Lutinski, J. A., Lopes, B. C., Morais, A. B. B., 2013. Diversidade de formigas urbanas (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) de dez cidades do sul do Brasil. Biota Neotrop. 13 (3), 332-342. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032013000300033.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032013... , ³²32 Maravalhas, J., Delabie, J. H. C., Macedo, R. G., Morais, H. C., 2012. Tree-dwelling ants: contrasting two Brazilian Cerrado plant species without extrafloral nectaries. Psyche. 2012, 172739. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/172739.
https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/172739... , ³⁶36 Melo, T. da S., Peres, M. C. L., Chavari, J. L., Brescovit, A. D., Delabie, J. H. C., 2014. Ants (Formicidae) and spiders (Araneae) listed from the Metropolitan Region of Salvador, Brazil. Check List 10 (2), 355-365. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/10.2.355.
http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/10.2.355... , ³⁷37 Miranda, P. N., Oliveira, M. A., Baccaro, F. B., Morato, E. F., Delabie, J. H. C., 2012. Check list of ground-dwelling ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of the eastern Acre, Amazon, Brazil. Check List 8 (4), 722. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/8.4.722.
http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/8.4.722... , ⁴⁰40 Neves, F. S., Queiroz-Dantas, K. S., da Rocha, W. D., Delabie, J. H. C., 2013. Ants of three adjacent habitats of a transition region between the Cerrado and Caatinga biomes: the effects of heterogeneity and variation in Canopy Cover. Neotrop. Entomol. 42 (3), 258-268. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13744-013-0123-7.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13744-013-012... , ⁴¹41 Oliveira, F. M. P., Ribeiro-Neto, J. D., Andersen, A. N., Leal, I. R., 2017. Chronic anthropogenic disturbance as a secondary driver of ant community structure: interactions with soil type in Brazilian Caatinga. Environ. Conserv. 44 (2), 115-123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0376892916000291.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0376892916000... , ⁴⁵45 Prado, L. P., Feitosa, R. M., Triana, S. P., Gutiérrez, J. A. M., Rousseau, G. X., Silva, R. A., Siqueira, G. M., Santos, C. L. C., Silva, F. V., Silva, T. S. R., Casadei-Ferreira, A., Silva, R. R., Andrade-Silva, J., 2019. An overview of the ant fauna (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of the state of Maranhão, Brazil. Pap. Avulsos Zool. 59, e20195938. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2019.59.38.
http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/201... , ⁵⁰50 Rodrigues, C. A., Araújo, M. D. S., Cabral, P. I. D., Lima, R., Bacci, L., Oliveira, M. A., 2008. Comunidade de formigas arborícolas associadas ao Pequizeiro (Caryocar brasiliense) em fragmento de Cerrado Goiano. Pesqui. Florest. Bras. 57, 39-44., ⁵³53 Santos, L. R., Feitosa, R. M., Carneiro, M. A. A., 2017. The role of senescent stem-galls over arboreal ant communities structure in Eremanthus erythropappus (DC.) MacLeish (Asteraceae) trees. Sociobiology 64 (1), 7-13. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v64i1.1174.
http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.... , ⁵⁶56 Santos, R. D. J., Koch, E. B. A., Leite, C. M. P., Porto, T. J., Delabie, J. H. C., 2017. An assessment of leaf-litter and epigaeic ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) living in different landscapes of the Atlantic Forest Biome in the State of Bahia, Brazil. J. Insect Biodivers. 5 (19), 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.12976/jib/2017.5.19.
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Figure 51 Distribution maps of pusillus group in Brazil. White star: type locality. Black circles: material examined. Red squares: new records. Blue triangles: records not examined from literature. (Literature source: ⁴4 Camacho, G. P., Vasconcelos, H. L., 2015. Ants of the Panga Ecological Station, a Cerrado reserve in Central Brazil. Sociobiology 62 (2), 281-295. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v62i2.281-295.
http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.... , ⁶6 Cantarelli, E. B., Fleck, M. D., Granzotto, F., Corassa, J. N., d’Avila, M., 2015. Diversidade de formigas (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) da serrapilheira em diferentes sistemas de uso do solo. Cienc. Florest. 25 (3), 607-616. http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/1980509819612.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/1980509819612... , ⁷7 Castro, F. S., Gontijo, A. B., Castro, P. D. T. A., Ribeiro, S. P., 2012. Annual and seasonal changes in the structure of litter-dwelling ant assemblages (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Atlantic semideciduous forests. Psyche. 2012, 959715. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/959715.
https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/959715... , ⁸8 Castro, G. H. P., Kayano, D. Y., Souza, R. F., Hilsdorf, A. W. S., Feitosa, R. M., Morini, M. S. C., 2017. Seasonal patterns of the foraging ecology of Myrmelachista arthuri Forel, 1903 (Formicidae: formicinae). Sociobiology 64 (3), 237-243. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v64i3.1629.
http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.... , ¹⁰10 Conceição, E. S., Costa-Neto, A. O., Andrade, F. P., Nascimento, I. C., Martins, L. C. B., Brito, B. N., Mendes, L. F., Delabie, J., 2006. Assembléias de Formicidae da serapilheira como bioindicadores da conservação de remanescentes de Mata Atlântica no extremo sul do Estado da Bahia. Sitientibus Sér. Ciênc. Biol. 6, 296-305., ¹¹11 Costa-Milanez, C., Lourenço-Silva, G., Castro, P., Majer, J., Ribeiro, S., 2014. Are ant assemblages of Brazilian veredas characterised by location or habitat type? Braz. J. Biol. 74 (1), 89-99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.17612.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.1761... , ¹³13 Andrade, M. L., Baroni-Urbani, C., 1999. Diversity and adaptation in the ant genus Cephalotes, Past and Present. Stuttgarter Beitr. Naturkunde. Ser. B 271, 1-889. [Geologie und Paläontologie], ¹⁴14 Delabie, J. H. C., Paim, V. R. L. D. M., Nascimento, I. C., Campiolo, S., Mariano, C. D. S. F., 2006. As formigas como indicadores biológicos do impacto humano em manguezais da costa sudeste da Bahia. Neotrop. Entomol. 35 (5), 602-615. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-566X2006000500006.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-566X2006... , ¹⁵15 Demétrio, M. F., Silvestre, R., Souza, P. R., Aoki, C., 2017. Inventário da fauna de formigas (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) no Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil. Iheringia Ser. Zool. 107 (Suppl.), 1-12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-4766e2017126.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-4766e2017... , ²¹21 Frizzo, T. L. M., Vasconcelos, H. L., 2013. The potential role of scattered trees for ant conservation in an agriculturally dominated neotropical landscape. Biotropica 45 (5), 644-651. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/btp.12045.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/btp.12045... , ²²22 Golias, H. C., Lopes, J., Delabie, J. H., De Azevedo, F., 2018. Diversity of ants in citrus orchards and in a forest fragment in Southern Brazil. EntomoBrasilis 11 (1), 1-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.12741/ebrasilis.v11i1.703.
http://dx.doi.org/10.12741/ebrasilis.v11... , ²³23 Gomes, E. C. F., Ribeiro, G. T., Souza, T. M. S., Sousa-Souto, L., 2014. Ant assemblages (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in three different stages of forest regeneration in a fragment of Atlantic Forest in Sergipe, Brazil. Sociobiology 61 (3), 250-257. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v61i3.250-257.
http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.... , ²⁴24 Haddad, G. Q., Cividanes, F. J., Martins, I. C. F., 2011. Species diversity of myrmecofauna and araneofauna associated with agroecosystem and forest fragments and their interaction with Carabidae and Staphylinidae (Coleoptera). Fla. Entomol. 94 (3), 500-509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1653/024.094.0314.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1653/024.094.0314... , ²⁷27 Lopes, D. T., Lopes, J., Nascimento, I. C., Delabie, J. H., 2010. Diversidade de formigas epigéicas (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) em três ambientes no Parque Estadual Mata dos Godoy, Londrina, Paraná. Iheringia Ser. Zool. 100 (1), 84-90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0073-47212010000100012.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0073-47212010... , ³⁰30 Lutinski, J. A., Lopes, B. C., Morais, A. B. B., 2013. Diversidade de formigas urbanas (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) de dez cidades do sul do Brasil. Biota Neotrop. 13 (3), 332-342. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032013000300033.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032013... , ³¹31 Maciel, L., Iantas, J., Gruchowski-w, F. C., Holdefer, D. R., 2011. Inventário da fauna de formigas (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) em ambiente de sucessão ecológica florística no município de União Da Vitoria, Paraná. Biodiversidade Pampeana 9 (1), 49-54., ³⁴34 Marques, G. D. V., Del-Claro, K., 2006. The ant fauna in a cerrado area: The influence of vegetation structure and seasonality (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Sociobiology 47, 235-252., ³⁶36 Melo, T. da S., Peres, M. C. L., Chavari, J. L., Brescovit, A. D., Delabie, J. H. C., 2014. Ants (Formicidae) and spiders (Araneae) listed from the Metropolitan Region of Salvador, Brazil. Check List 10 (2), 355-365. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/10.2.355.
http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/10.2.355... , ³⁷37 Miranda, P. N., Oliveira, M. A., Baccaro, F. B., Morato, E. F., Delabie, J. H. C., 2012. Check list of ground-dwelling ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of the eastern Acre, Amazon, Brazil. Check List 8 (4), 722. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/8.4.722.
http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/8.4.722... , ⁴⁰40 Neves, F. S., Queiroz-Dantas, K. S., da Rocha, W. D., Delabie, J. H. C., 2013. Ants of three adjacent habitats of a transition region between the Cerrado and Caatinga biomes: the effects of heterogeneity and variation in Canopy Cover. Neotrop. Entomol. 42 (3), 258-268. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13744-013-0123-7.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13744-013-012... , ⁴²42 Oliveira, M. A., Delia Lucia, T. M. C., Marinho, C. G. S., Delabie, J. H. C., Morato, E. R., 2009. Ant diversity in an area of the Amazon Forest in acre, Brazil. Sociobiology 54, 243-267., ⁴³43 Paolucci, L. N., Schoereder, J. H., Brando, P. M., Andersen, A. N., 2017. Fire-induced forest transition to derived savannas: cascading effects on ant communities. Biol. Conserv. 214, 295-302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2017.08.020.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2017.... , ⁴⁵45 Prado, L. P., Feitosa, R. M., Triana, S. P., Gutiérrez, J. A. M., Rousseau, G. X., Silva, R. A., Siqueira, G. M., Santos, C. L. C., Silva, F. V., Silva, T. S. R., Casadei-Ferreira, A., Silva, R. R., Andrade-Silva, J., 2019. An overview of the ant fauna (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of the state of Maranhão, Brazil. Pap. Avulsos Zool. 59, e20195938. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2019.59.38.
http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/201... , ⁴⁷47 Reis, P. C. J., Darocha, W. D., Falcão, L. A. D., Guerra, T. J., Neves, F. S., 2013. Ant fauna on Cecropia pachystachya Trécul (urticaceae) trees in an atlantic forest area, southeastern Brazil. Sociobiology 60 (3), 222-228. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v60i3.222-228.
http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.... , ⁴⁹49 Ribas, C. R., Schoereder, J. H., Pic, M., Soares, S. M., 2003. Tree heterogeneity, resource availability, and larger scale processes regulating arboreal ant species richness. Austral Ecol. 28 (3), 305-314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1442-9993.2003.01290.x.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1442-9993.20... , ⁵⁰50 Rodrigues, C. A., Araújo, M. D. S., Cabral, P. I. D., Lima, R., Bacci, L., Oliveira, M. A., 2008. Comunidade de formigas arborícolas associadas ao Pequizeiro (Caryocar brasiliense) em fragmento de Cerrado Goiano. Pesqui. Florest. Bras. 57, 39-44., ⁵²52 Santos, J. C., Delabie, J. H. C., Fernandes, G. W., 2008. A 15-year post evaluation of the fire effects on ant community in an area of Amazonian forest. Rev. Bras. Entomol. 52 (1), 82-87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262008000100015.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262008... , ⁵⁵55 Santos, M. S., Louzada, J. N. C., Dias, N., Zanetti, R., Delabie, J. H. C., Nascimento, I. C., 2006. Riqueza de formigas (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) da serapilheira em fragmentos de floresta semidecídua da Mata Atlântica na região do Alto do Rio Grande, MG, Brasil. Iheringia Ser. Zool. 96 (1), 95-101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0073-47212006000100017.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0073-47212006... , ⁵⁶56 Santos, R. D. J., Koch, E. B. A., Leite, C. M. P., Porto, T. J., Delabie, J. H. C., 2017. An assessment of leaf-litter and epigaeic ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) living in different landscapes of the Atlantic Forest Biome in the State of Bahia, Brazil. J. Insect Biodivers. 5 (19), 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.12976/jib/2017.5.19.
http://dx.doi.org/10.12976/jib/2017.5.19... , ⁶¹61 Silvestre, R., Roberto, C., Brandão, F., Rosa, R., 2014. Grupos funcionales de hormigas: el caso de los gremios del Cerrado. In: Fernandez, F. (Ed.), Introducción a las hormigas de la región neotropical. Instituto Humboldt, Bogotá., ⁶²62 Soares, S. A., Antonialli-Junior, W. F., Lima-Junior, S. E., 2010. Diversidade de formigas epigéicas (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) em dois ambientes no Centro-Oeste do Brasil. Rev. Bras. Entomol. 54 (1), 76-81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262010000100009.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262010... , ⁶⁵65 Guerra Sobrinho, T., Schoereder, J. H., Sperber, C. F., Madureira, M. S., 2003. Does fragmentation alter species composition in ant communities (Hymenoptera: formicidae)? Sociobiology 42, 329-342., ⁶⁷67 Sousa-Souto, L., Figueiredo, P. M. G., Ambrogi, B. G., Oliveira, A. C. F., Ribeiro, G. T., Neves, F. S., 2016. Composition and richness of arboreal ants in fragments of Brazilian Caatinga: effects of secondary succession. Sociobiology 63 (2), 762-769. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v63i2.909.
http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.... , ⁶⁸68 Souza, J. L. P., Baccaro, F. B., Landeiro, V. L., Franklin, E., Magnusson, W. E., Pequeno, P. A. C. L., Fernandes, I. O., 2016. Taxonomic sufficiency and indicator taxa reduce sampling costs and increase monitoring effectiveness for ants. Divers. Distrib. 22 (1), 111-122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ddi.12371.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ddi.12371... , ⁷¹71 Ulysséa, M. A., Brandão, C. R. F., 2013. Ant species (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) from the seasonally dry tropical forest of northeastern Brazil: A compilation from field surveys in Bahia and literature records. Rev. Bras. Entomol. 57 (2), 217-224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262013005000002.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262013... , ⁷²72 Vasconcelos, H. L., Vilhena, J. M. S., Facure, K. G., Albernaz, A. L. K. M., 2010. Patterns of ant species diversity and turnover across 2000 km of Amazonian floodplain forest. J. Biogeogr. 37 (3), 432-440. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2009.02230.x.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.20... , ⁷³73 Vasconcelos, H. L., Vilhena, J. M. S., Magnusson, W. E., Albernaz, A. L. K. M., 2006. Long-term effects of forest fragmentation on Amazonian ant communities. J. Biogeogr. 33 (8), 1348-1356. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2006.01516.x.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.20... ).

Figure 53 Distribution map of umbraculatus group in Brazil. Black circles: material examined. Red squares: new records. Blue triangles: records not examined from literature. (Literature source: ¹²12 Silva de Oliveira, A. B., Schmidt, F. A., 2019. Ant assemblages of Brazil nut trees Bertholletia excelsa in forest and pasture habitats in the Southwestern Brazilian Amazon. Biodivers. Conserv. 28 (2), 329-344. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-018-1657-0.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-018-165... , ¹³13 Andrade, M. L., Baroni-Urbani, C., 1999. Diversity and adaptation in the ant genus Cephalotes, Past and Present. Stuttgarter Beitr. Naturkunde. Ser. B 271, 1-889. [Geologie und Paläontologie], ²³23 Gomes, E. C. F., Ribeiro, G. T., Souza, T. M. S., Sousa-Souto, L., 2014. Ant assemblages (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in three different stages of forest regeneration in a fragment of Atlantic Forest in Sergipe, Brazil. Sociobiology 61 (3), 250-257. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v61i3.250-257.
http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.... , ³⁶36 Melo, T. da S., Peres, M. C. L., Chavari, J. L., Brescovit, A. D., Delabie, J. H. C., 2014. Ants (Formicidae) and spiders (Araneae) listed from the Metropolitan Region of Salvador, Brazil. Check List 10 (2), 355-365. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/10.2.355.
http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/10.2.355... , ⁴⁵45 Prado, L. P., Feitosa, R. M., Triana, S. P., Gutiérrez, J. A. M., Rousseau, G. X., Silva, R. A., Siqueira, G. M., Santos, C. L. C., Silva, F. V., Silva, T. S. R., Casadei-Ferreira, A., Silva, R. R., Andrade-Silva, J., 2019. An overview of the ant fauna (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of the state of Maranhão, Brazil. Pap. Avulsos Zool. 59, e20195938. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2019.59.38.
http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/201... , ⁶⁸68 Souza, J. L. P., Baccaro, F. B., Landeiro, V. L., Franklin, E., Magnusson, W. E., Pequeno, P. A. C. L., Fernandes, I. O., 2016. Taxonomic sufficiency and indicator taxa reduce sampling costs and increase monitoring effectiveness for ants. Divers. Distrib. 22 (1), 111-122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ddi.12371.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ddi.12371... , ⁷²72 Vasconcelos, H. L., Vilhena, J. M. S., Facure, K. G., Albernaz, A. L. K. M., 2010. Patterns of ant species diversity and turnover across 2000 km of Amazonian floodplain forest. J. Biogeogr. 37 (3), 432-440. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2009.02230.x.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.20... ).

Figure 16 Distribution maps of angustus group in Brazil “part 2”. White stars: type locality. Black circles: material examined. Red squares: new records. Blue triangles: records not examined from literature. (Literature source: ¹³13 Andrade, M. L., Baroni-Urbani, C., 1999. Diversity and adaptation in the ant genus Cephalotes, Past and Present. Stuttgarter Beitr. Naturkunde. Ser. B 271, 1-889. [Geologie und Paläontologie], ¹⁴14 Delabie, J. H. C., Paim, V. R. L. D. M., Nascimento, I. C., Campiolo, S., Mariano, C. D. S. F., 2006. As formigas como indicadores biológicos do impacto humano em manguezais da costa sudeste da Bahia. Neotrop. Entomol. 35 (5), 602-615. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-566X2006000500006.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-566X2006... , ⁴⁰40 Neves, F. S., Queiroz-Dantas, K. S., da Rocha, W. D., Delabie, J. H. C., 2013. Ants of three adjacent habitats of a transition region between the Cerrado and Caatinga biomes: the effects of heterogeneity and variation in Canopy Cover. Neotrop. Entomol. 42 (3), 258-268. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13744-013-0123-7.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13744-013-012... , ⁴⁷47 Reis, P. C. J., Darocha, W. D., Falcão, L. A. D., Guerra, T. J., Neves, F. S., 2013. Ant fauna on Cecropia pachystachya Trécul (urticaceae) trees in an atlantic forest area, southeastern Brazil. Sociobiology 60 (3), 222-228. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v60i3.222-228.
http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.... ⁴⁸48 Ribas, C. R., Schoereder, J. H., 2007. Ant communities, environmental characteristics and their implications for conservation in the Brazilian Pantanal. Biodivers. Conserv. 16 (5), 1511-1520. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-006-9041-x.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-006-904... , ⁴⁹49 Ribas, C. R., Schoereder, J. H., Pic, M., Soares, S. M., 2003. Tree heterogeneity, resource availability, and larger scale processes regulating arboreal ant species richness. Austral Ecol. 28 (3), 305-314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1442-9993.2003.01290.x.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1442-9993.20... , ⁵⁶56 Santos, R. D. J., Koch, E. B. A., Leite, C. M. P., Porto, T. J., Delabie, J. H. C., 2017. An assessment of leaf-litter and epigaeic ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) living in different landscapes of the Atlantic Forest Biome in the State of Bahia, Brazil. J. Insect Biodivers. 5 (19), 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.12976/jib/2017.5.19.
http://dx.doi.org/10.12976/jib/2017.5.19... , ⁶⁴64 Guerra Sobrinho, T., Schoereder, J. H., 2007. Edge and shape effects on ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) species richness and composition in forest fragments. Biodivers. Conserv. 16 (5), 1459-1470. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-006-9011-3.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-006-901... ).

Figure 18 Distribution maps of atratus group in Brazil. White stars: type locality. Black circles: material examined. Red squares: new records. Blue triangles: records not examined from literature. (Literature source: ¹1 Araújo, L. M., Fernandes, G. W., 2003. Altitudinal patterns in a tropical ant assemblage and variation in species richness between habitats. Lundiana 4, 103-109., ⁴4 Camacho, G. P., Vasconcelos, H. L., 2015. Ants of the Panga Ecological Station, a Cerrado reserve in Central Brazil. Sociobiology 62 (2), 281-295. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v62i2.281-295.
http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.... , ⁵5 Campos, R. I., Lopes, C. T., Magalhães, W. C. S., Vasconcelos, H. L., 2008. Estratificação vertical de formigas em Cerrado strictu sensu no Parque Estadual da Serra de Caldas Novas, Goiás, Brasil. Iheringia Ser. Zool. 98 (3), 311-316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0073-47212008000300004.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0073-47212008... , ⁸8 Castro, G. H. P., Kayano, D. Y., Souza, R. F., Hilsdorf, A. W. S., Feitosa, R. M., Morini, M. S. C., 2017. Seasonal patterns of the foraging ecology of Myrmelachista arthuri Forel, 1903 (Formicidae: formicinae). Sociobiology 64 (3), 237-243. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v64i3.1629.
http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.... , ¹¹11 Costa-Milanez, C., Lourenço-Silva, G., Castro, P., Majer, J., Ribeiro, S., 2014. Are ant assemblages of Brazilian veredas characterised by location or habitat type? Braz. J. Biol. 74 (1), 89-99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.17612.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.1761... , ¹³13 Andrade, M. L., Baroni-Urbani, C., 1999. Diversity and adaptation in the ant genus Cephalotes, Past and Present. Stuttgarter Beitr. Naturkunde. Ser. B 271, 1-889. [Geologie und Paläontologie], ²²22 Golias, H. C., Lopes, J., Delabie, J. H., De Azevedo, F., 2018. Diversity of ants in citrus orchards and in a forest fragment in Southern Brazil. EntomoBrasilis 11 (1), 1-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.12741/ebrasilis.v11i1.703.
http://dx.doi.org/10.12741/ebrasilis.v11... , ²³23 Gomes, E. C. F., Ribeiro, G. T., Souza, T. M. S., Sousa-Souto, L., 2014. Ant assemblages (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in three different stages of forest regeneration in a fragment of Atlantic Forest in Sergipe, Brazil. Sociobiology 61 (3), 250-257. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v61i3.250-257.
http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.... , ³⁴34 Marques, G. D. V., Del-Claro, K., 2006. The ant fauna in a cerrado area: The influence of vegetation structure and seasonality (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Sociobiology 47, 235-252., ³⁶36 Melo, T. da S., Peres, M. C. L., Chavari, J. L., Brescovit, A. D., Delabie, J. H. C., 2014. Ants (Formicidae) and spiders (Araneae) listed from the Metropolitan Region of Salvador, Brazil. Check List 10 (2), 355-365. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/10.2.355.
http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/10.2.355... , ³⁷37 Miranda, P. N., Oliveira, M. A., Baccaro, F. B., Morato, E. F., Delabie, J. H. C., 2012. Check list of ground-dwelling ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of the eastern Acre, Amazon, Brazil. Check List 8 (4), 722. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/8.4.722.
http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/8.4.722... , ⁴²42 Oliveira, M. A., Delia Lucia, T. M. C., Marinho, C. G. S., Delabie, J. H. C., Morato, E. R., 2009. Ant diversity in an area of the Amazon Forest in acre, Brazil. Sociobiology 54, 243-267., ⁴³43 Paolucci, L. N., Schoereder, J. H., Brando, P. M., Andersen, A. N., 2017. Fire-induced forest transition to derived savannas: cascading effects on ant communities. Biol. Conserv. 214, 295-302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2017.08.020.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2017.... , ⁴⁹49 Ribas, C. R., Schoereder, J. H., Pic, M., Soares, S. M., 2003. Tree heterogeneity, resource availability, and larger scale processes regulating arboreal ant species richness. Austral Ecol. 28 (3), 305-314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1442-9993.2003.01290.x.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1442-9993.20... , ⁵¹51 Santos-Silva, L., Vicente, R. E., Feitosa, R. M., 2016. Ant species (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) of forest fragments and urban areas in a meridional amazonian landscape. Check List 12 (3), 1885. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/12.3.1885.
http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/12.3.1885... , ⁵²52 Santos, J. C., Delabie, J. H. C., Fernandes, G. W., 2008. A 15-year post evaluation of the fire effects on ant community in an area of Amazonian forest. Rev. Bras. Entomol. 52 (1), 82-87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262008000100015.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262008... , ⁵⁴54 Santos, M. P. C. J., Carrano-Moreira, A. F., Torres, J. B., 2012. Diversidade de formigas epigeicas (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) em floresta ombrófila densa e em cultivo de cana-de-açúcar, no município de Igarassu, PE. Agraria 7 (4), 648-656. http://dx.doi.org/10.5039/agraria.v7i4a1927.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5039/agraria.v7i4a1... , ⁵⁷57 Santos, R. S., Delabie, J. H. C., 2018. Epigaeic Ants in a Forest Remnant in the State of Acre, Brazil and New Records for the State. Braz. J. Agric. 93 (1), 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.37856/bja.v93i1.3300.
http://dx.doi.org/10.37856/bja.v93i1.330... , ⁶¹61 Silvestre, R., Roberto, C., Brandão, F., Rosa, R., 2014. Grupos funcionales de hormigas: el caso de los gremios del Cerrado. In: Fernandez, F. (Ed.), Introducción a las hormigas de la región neotropical. Instituto Humboldt, Bogotá., ⁶³63 Soares, S. A., Suarez, Y. R., Fernandes, W. D., Tenório, P. M. S., Delabie, J. H. C., Antonialli-Junior, W. F., 2013. Temporal variation in the composition of ant assemblages (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) on trees in the Pantanal floodplain, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Rev. Bras. Entomol. 57 (1), 84-90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262013000100013.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262013... , ⁶⁸68 Souza, J. L. P., Baccaro, F. B., Landeiro, V. L., Franklin, E., Magnusson, W. E., Pequeno, P. A. C. L., Fernandes, I. O., 2016. Taxonomic sufficiency and indicator taxa reduce sampling costs and increase monitoring effectiveness for ants. Divers. Distrib. 22 (1), 111-122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ddi.12371.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ddi.12371... , ⁶⁹69 Souza, J. L. P., Baccaro, F. B., Pequeno, P. A. C. L., Franklin, E., Magnusson, W. E., 2018. Effectiveness of genera as a higher-taxon substitute for species in ant biodiversity analyses is not affected by sampling technique. Biodivers. Conserv. 27 (13), 3425-3445. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-018-1607-x.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-018-160... , ⁷¹71 Ulysséa, M. A., Brandão, C. R. F., 2013. Ant species (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) from the seasonally dry tropical forest of northeastern Brazil: A compilation from field surveys in Bahia and literature records. Rev. Bras. Entomol. 57 (2), 217-224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262013005000002.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262013... , ⁷²72 Vasconcelos, H. L., Vilhena, J. M. S., Facure, K. G., Albernaz, A. L. K. M., 2010. Patterns of ant species diversity and turnover across 2000 km of Amazonian floodplain forest. J. Biogeogr. 37 (3), 432-440. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2009.02230.x.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.20... , ⁷⁵75 Vicente, R. E., Prado, L. P., Izzo, T. J., 2016. Amazon rainforest ant-fauna of Parque Estadual do Cristalino: understory and ground-dwelling ants. Sociobiology 63 (3), 894-908. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v63i3.1043.
http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.... ).

Figure 23 Distribution maps of clypeatus group in Brazil. White stars: type locality. Black circles: material examined. Red squares: new records. Blue triangles: records not examined from literature. (Literature source: ⁴4 Camacho, G. P., Vasconcelos, H. L., 2015. Ants of the Panga Ecological Station, a Cerrado reserve in Central Brazil. Sociobiology 62 (2), 281-295. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v62i2.281-295.
http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.... , ¹²12 Silva de Oliveira, A. B., Schmidt, F. A., 2019. Ant assemblages of Brazil nut trees Bertholletia excelsa in forest and pasture habitats in the Southwestern Brazilian Amazon. Biodivers. Conserv. 28 (2), 329-344. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-018-1657-0.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-018-165... , ¹³13 Andrade, M. L., Baroni-Urbani, C., 1999. Diversity and adaptation in the ant genus Cephalotes, Past and Present. Stuttgarter Beitr. Naturkunde. Ser. B 271, 1-889. [Geologie und Paläontologie], ¹⁵15 Demétrio, M. F., Silvestre, R., Souza, P. R., Aoki, C., 2017. Inventário da fauna de formigas (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) no Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil. Iheringia Ser. Zool. 107 (Suppl.), 1-12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-4766e2017126.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-4766e2017... , ²⁰20 Fonseca, A. R., Campos, R. B. F., Silva, G. F., 2015. Formigas em Carcaças de Rattus norvegicus (Berkenhout) em uma Área de Cerrado no Sudeste do Brasil: riqueza e Abundância. EntomoBrasilis 8 (1), 74-78. http://dx.doi.org/10.12741/ebrasilis.v8i1.460.
http://dx.doi.org/10.12741/ebrasilis.v8i... , ³⁴34 Marques, G. D. V., Del-Claro, K., 2006. The ant fauna in a cerrado area: The influence of vegetation structure and seasonality (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Sociobiology 47, 235-252., ³⁷37 Miranda, P. N., Oliveira, M. A., Baccaro, F. B., Morato, E. F., Delabie, J. H. C., 2012. Check list of ground-dwelling ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of the eastern Acre, Amazon, Brazil. Check List 8 (4), 722. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/8.4.722.
http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/8.4.722... , ⁴⁵45 Prado, L. P., Feitosa, R. M., Triana, S. P., Gutiérrez, J. A. M., Rousseau, G. X., Silva, R. A., Siqueira, G. M., Santos, C. L. C., Silva, F. V., Silva, T. S. R., Casadei-Ferreira, A., Silva, R. R., Andrade-Silva, J., 2019. An overview of the ant fauna (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of the state of Maranhão, Brazil. Pap. Avulsos Zool. 59, e20195938. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2019.59.38.
http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/201... , ⁴⁹49 Ribas, C. R., Schoereder, J. H., Pic, M., Soares, S. M., 2003. Tree heterogeneity, resource availability, and larger scale processes regulating arboreal ant species richness. Austral Ecol. 28 (3), 305-314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1442-9993.2003.01290.x.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1442-9993.20... , ⁶¹61 Silvestre, R., Roberto, C., Brandão, F., Rosa, R., 2014. Grupos funcionales de hormigas: el caso de los gremios del Cerrado. In: Fernandez, F. (Ed.), Introducción a las hormigas de la región neotropical. Instituto Humboldt, Bogotá., ⁶²62 Soares, S. A., Antonialli-Junior, W. F., Lima-Junior, S. E., 2010. Diversidade de formigas epigéicas (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) em dois ambientes no Centro-Oeste do Brasil. Rev. Bras. Entomol. 54 (1), 76-81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262010000100009.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262010... , ⁶³63 Soares, S. A., Suarez, Y. R., Fernandes, W. D., Tenório, P. M. S., Delabie, J. H. C., Antonialli-Junior, W. F., 2013. Temporal variation in the composition of ant assemblages (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) on trees in the Pantanal floodplain, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Rev. Bras. Entomol. 57 (1), 84-90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262013000100013.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262013... , ⁶⁸68 Souza, J. L. P., Baccaro, F. B., Landeiro, V. L., Franklin, E., Magnusson, W. E., Pequeno, P. A. C. L., Fernandes, I. O., 2016. Taxonomic sufficiency and indicator taxa reduce sampling costs and increase monitoring effectiveness for ants. Divers. Distrib. 22 (1), 111-122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ddi.12371.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ddi.12371... , ⁷¹71 Ulysséa, M. A., Brandão, C. R. F., 2013. Ant species (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) from the seasonally dry tropical forest of northeastern Brazil: A compilation from field surveys in Bahia and literature records. Rev. Bras. Entomol. 57 (2), 217-224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262013005000002.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262013... ).

Figure 26 Distribution maps of depressus group in Brazil. White stars: type locality. Black circles: material examined. Red squares: new records. Blue triangles: records not examined from literature. (Literature source: ⁴4 Camacho, G. P., Vasconcelos, H. L., 2015. Ants of the Panga Ecological Station, a Cerrado reserve in Central Brazil. Sociobiology 62 (2), 281-295. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v62i2.281-295.
http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.... , ⁹9 Christianini, A. V., Mayhé-Nunes, A. J., Oliveira, P. S., 2012. Exploitation of fallen diaspores by ants: are there ant-plant partner choices? Biotropica 44 (3), 360-367. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7429.2011.00822.x.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7429.20... , ¹¹11 Costa-Milanez, C., Lourenço-Silva, G., Castro, P., Majer, J., Ribeiro, S., 2014. Are ant assemblages of Brazilian veredas characterised by location or habitat type? Braz. J. Biol. 74 (1), 89-99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.17612.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.1761... , ¹²12 Silva de Oliveira, A. B., Schmidt, F. A., 2019. Ant assemblages of Brazil nut trees Bertholletia excelsa in forest and pasture habitats in the Southwestern Brazilian Amazon. Biodivers. Conserv. 28 (2), 329-344. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-018-1657-0.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-018-165... , ¹³13 Andrade, M. L., Baroni-Urbani, C., 1999. Diversity and adaptation in the ant genus Cephalotes, Past and Present. Stuttgarter Beitr. Naturkunde. Ser. B 271, 1-889. [Geologie und Paläontologie], ¹⁵15 Demétrio, M. F., Silvestre, R., Souza, P. R., Aoki, C., 2017. Inventário da fauna de formigas (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) no Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil. Iheringia Ser. Zool. 107 (Suppl.), 1-12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-4766e2017126.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-4766e2017... , ¹⁶16 Diehl, E., Diehl-Fleig, E., Albuquerque, E. Z., 2017. Occurrence of Attini (Formicidae) in two geomorphological provinces of Rio Grande Do Sul, Brazil. Braz. J. Agric. 92 (1), 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.37856/bja.v92i1.3303.
http://dx.doi.org/10.37856/bja.v92i1.330... , ¹⁷17 Diehl, E., Göttert, C. L., Flores, D. G., 2006. Comunidades de formigas em três espécies utilizadas na arborização urbana em São Leopoldo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Bioikos 20 (1), 25-32., ¹⁸18 Diehl, E., Sacchett, F., Albuquerque, E. Z., 2005. Riqueza de formigas de solo na praia da Pedreira, Parque Estadual de Itapuã, Viamão, RS, Brasil. Rev. Bras. Entomol. 49 (4), 552-556. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262005000400016.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262005... , ²¹21 Frizzo, T. L. M., Vasconcelos, H. L., 2013. The potential role of scattered trees for ant conservation in an agriculturally dominated neotropical landscape. Biotropica 45 (5), 644-651. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/btp.12045.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/btp.12045... , ²³23 Gomes, E. C. F., Ribeiro, G. T., Souza, T. M. S., Sousa-Souto, L., 2014. Ant assemblages (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in three different stages of forest regeneration in a fragment of Atlantic Forest in Sergipe, Brazil. Sociobiology 61 (3), 250-257. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v61i3.250-257.
http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.... , ²⁵25 Harada, A. Y., 2016. State of art of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) at Caxiuanã, Melgaco, Pará, Brazil. Adv. Entomol. 4 (3), 115-132. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ae.2016.43013.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ae.2016.43013... , ²⁸28 Lopes, J. F. S., Hallack, N. M. R., Sales, T. A., Brugger, M. S., Ribeiro, L. F., Hastenreiter, I. N., Camargo, R. S., 2012. Comparison of the ant assemblages in three phytophysionomies: rocky field, secondary forest, and riparian forest - A case study in the state park of Ibitipoca, Brazil. Psyche Lond. 2012, 1-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/928371.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/928371... , ³⁵35 Marques, T. E. D., Koch, E. B. A., Santos, I. S., Santos, J. R. M., Mariano, C. S. F., Delabie, J. H. C., 2018. The diversity of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) interacting with the invasive hibiscus mealybug Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green 1908) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) on ornamental and cultivated plants in Bahia, Brazil. Arthropod-Plant Interact. 12 (2), 237-246. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11829-017-9563-z.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11829-017-956... , ⁴⁰40 Neves, F. S., Queiroz-Dantas, K. S., da Rocha, W. D., Delabie, J. H. C., 2013. Ants of three adjacent habitats of a transition region between the Cerrado and Caatinga biomes: the effects of heterogeneity and variation in Canopy Cover. Neotrop. Entomol. 42 (3), 258-268. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13744-013-0123-7.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13744-013-012... , ⁴¹41 Oliveira, F. M. P., Ribeiro-Neto, J. D., Andersen, A. N., Leal, I. R., 2017. Chronic anthropogenic disturbance as a secondary driver of ant community structure: interactions with soil type in Brazilian Caatinga. Environ. Conserv. 44 (2), 115-123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0376892916000291.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0376892916000... , ⁴⁴44 Pereira, M. C., Delabie, J. H. C., Súarez, Y. R., Antonialli Junior, W. F., 2013. Spatial connectivity of aquatic macrophytes and flood cycle influence species richness of an ant community of a Brazilian floodplain. Sociobiology 60 (1), 41-49. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v60i1.41-49.
http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.... , ⁴⁵45 Prado, L. P., Feitosa, R. M., Triana, S. P., Gutiérrez, J. A. M., Rousseau, G. X., Silva, R. A., Siqueira, G. M., Santos, C. L. C., Silva, F. V., Silva, T. S. R., Casadei-Ferreira, A., Silva, R. R., Andrade-Silva, J., 2019. An overview of the ant fauna (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of the state of Maranhão, Brazil. Pap. Avulsos Zool. 59, e20195938. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2019.59.38.
http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/201... , ⁴⁶46 Queiroz, A. C. M., Rabello, A. M., Braga, D. L., Santiago, G. S., Zurlo, L. F., Philpott, S. M., Ribas, C. R., 2017. Cerrado vegetation types determine how land use impacts ant biodiversity. Biodivers. Conserv. 29, 2017-2034. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-017-1379-8.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-017-1379-... , ⁴⁹49 Ribas, C. R., Schoereder, J. H., Pic, M., Soares, S. M., 2003. Tree heterogeneity, resource availability, and larger scale processes regulating arboreal ant species richness. Austral Ecol. 28 (3), 305-314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1442-9993.2003.01290.x.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1442-9993.20... , ⁵⁶56 Santos, R. D. J., Koch, E. B. A., Leite, C. M. P., Porto, T. J., Delabie, J. H. C., 2017. An assessment of leaf-litter and epigaeic ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) living in different landscapes of the Atlantic Forest Biome in the State of Bahia, Brazil. J. Insect Biodivers. 5 (19), 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.12976/jib/2017.5.19.
http://dx.doi.org/10.12976/jib/2017.5.19... , ⁶⁰60 Silva, R. R., Brandão, C. R. F., Silvestre, R., 2004. Similarity between Cerrado localities in central and southeastern Brazil based on the dry season bait visitors ant fauna. Stud. Neotrop. Fauna Environ. 39 (3), 191-199. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01650520412331271783.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01650520412331... , ⁶¹61 Silvestre, R., Roberto, C., Brandão, F., Rosa, R., 2014. Grupos funcionales de hormigas: el caso de los gremios del Cerrado. In: Fernandez, F. (Ed.), Introducción a las hormigas de la región neotropical. Instituto Humboldt, Bogotá., ⁶³63 Soares, S. A., Suarez, Y. R., Fernandes, W. D., Tenório, P. M. S., Delabie, J. H. C., Antonialli-Junior, W. F., 2013. Temporal variation in the composition of ant assemblages (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) on trees in the Pantanal floodplain, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Rev. Bras. Entomol. 57 (1), 84-90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262013000100013.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262013... , ⁶⁶66 Solar, R. R. C., Chaul, J. C. M., Maués, M., Schoereder, J. H., 2016. A quantitative baseline of ants and orchid bees in human-modified Amazonian landscapes in Paragominas, Pará, Brazil. Sociobiology 63 (3), 925-940. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v63i3.1052.
http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.... , ⁷⁰70 Tibcherani, M., Aranda, R., Mello, R. L., 2020. Time to go home: the temporal threshold in the regeneration of the ant community in the Brazilian savanna. Appl. Soil Ecol. 150, 103451. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2019.103451.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2019.... , ⁷¹71 Ulysséa, M. A., Brandão, C. R. F., 2013. Ant species (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) from the seasonally dry tropical forest of northeastern Brazil: A compilation from field surveys in Bahia and literature records. Rev. Bras. Entomol. 57 (2), 217-224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262013005000002.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262013... , ⁷⁶76 Yamazaki, L., Dambroz, J., Meurer, E., Vindica, V. F., Delabie, J. H. C., Marques, M. I., Batirolla, L. D., 2016. Ant community (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) associated with Callisthene fasciculata (Spr.) Mart. (Vochysiaceae) canopies in the Pantanal of Poconé, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Sociobiology 63 (2), 735-743. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v63i2.824.
http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.... ).

Figure 35 Distribution maps of grandinosus group in Brazil. White stars: type locality. Black circles: material examined. Red squares: new records. Blue triangles: records not examined from literature. (Literature source: ¹³13 Andrade, M. L., Baroni-Urbani, C., 1999. Diversity and adaptation in the ant genus Cephalotes, Past and Present. Stuttgarter Beitr. Naturkunde. Ser. B 271, 1-889. [Geologie und Paläontologie], ¹⁹19 Azevedo Filho, P. A., Vale, L. L. A., Lavor, M. T. F. de C., Ribeiro-Neto, J. D., Melo, M. V. C., Hites, N., Biseau, J.-C., Quinet, Y. P., 2003. Biodiversidade da mirmecofauna (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) em uma floresta primária da Serra de Baturité - Ceará. Cienc. Tecnol. 5, 17-29., ²¹21 Frizzo, T. L. M., Vasconcelos, H. L., 2013. The potential role of scattered trees for ant conservation in an agriculturally dominated neotropical landscape. Biotropica 45 (5), 644-651. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/btp.12045.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/btp.12045... , ²⁷27 Lopes, D. T., Lopes, J., Nascimento, I. C., Delabie, J. H., 2010. Diversidade de formigas epigéicas (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) em três ambientes no Parque Estadual Mata dos Godoy, Londrina, Paraná. Iheringia Ser. Zool. 100 (1), 84-90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0073-47212010000100012.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0073-47212010... , ³²32 Maravalhas, J., Delabie, J. H. C., Macedo, R. G., Morais, H. C., 2012. Tree-dwelling ants: contrasting two Brazilian Cerrado plant species without extrafloral nectaries. Psyche. 2012, 172739. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/172739.
https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/172739... , ⁴⁰40 Neves, F. S., Queiroz-Dantas, K. S., da Rocha, W. D., Delabie, J. H. C., 2013. Ants of three adjacent habitats of a transition region between the Cerrado and Caatinga biomes: the effects of heterogeneity and variation in Canopy Cover. Neotrop. Entomol. 42 (3), 258-268. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13744-013-0123-7.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13744-013-012... , ⁴³43 Paolucci, L. N., Schoereder, J. H., Brando, P. M., Andersen, A. N., 2017. Fire-induced forest transition to derived savannas: cascading effects on ant communities. Biol. Conserv. 214, 295-302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2017.08.020.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2017.... , ⁴⁵45 Prado, L. P., Feitosa, R. M., Triana, S. P., Gutiérrez, J. A. M., Rousseau, G. X., Silva, R. A., Siqueira, G. M., Santos, C. L. C., Silva, F. V., Silva, T. S. R., Casadei-Ferreira, A., Silva, R. R., Andrade-Silva, J., 2019. An overview of the ant fauna (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of the state of Maranhão, Brazil. Pap. Avulsos Zool. 59, e20195938. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2019.59.38.
http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/201... , ⁴⁹49 Ribas, C. R., Schoereder, J. H., Pic, M., Soares, S. M., 2003. Tree heterogeneity, resource availability, and larger scale processes regulating arboreal ant species richness. Austral Ecol. 28 (3), 305-314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1442-9993.2003.01290.x.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1442-9993.20... , ⁵⁹59 Sendoya, S. F., Blüthgen, N., Tamashiro, J. Y., Fernandez, F., Oliveira, P. S., 2016. Foliage-dwelling ants in a neotropical savanna: effects of plant and insect exudates on ant communities. Arthropod-Plant Interact. 10 (3), 183-195. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11829-016-9423-2.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11829-016-942... , ⁶⁷67 Sousa-Souto, L., Figueiredo, P. M. G., Ambrogi, B. G., Oliveira, A. C. F., Ribeiro, G. T., Neves, F. S., 2016. Composition and richness of arboreal ants in fragments of Brazilian Caatinga: effects of secondary succession. Sociobiology 63 (2), 762-769. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v63i2.909.
http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.... , ⁷⁰70 Tibcherani, M., Aranda, R., Mello, R. L., 2020. Time to go home: the temporal threshold in the regeneration of the ant community in the Brazilian savanna. Appl. Soil Ecol. 150, 103451. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2019.103451.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2019.... , ⁷¹71 Ulysséa, M. A., Brandão, C. R. F., 2013. Ant species (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) from the seasonally dry tropical forest of northeastern Brazil: A compilation from field surveys in Bahia and literature records. Rev. Bras. Entomol. 57 (2), 217-224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262013005000002.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262013... , ⁷⁶76 Yamazaki, L., Dambroz, J., Meurer, E., Vindica, V. F., Delabie, J. H. C., Marques, M. I., Batirolla, L. D., 2016. Ant community (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) associated with Callisthene fasciculata (Spr.) Mart. (Vochysiaceae) canopies in the Pantanal of Poconé, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Sociobiology 63 (2), 735-743. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v63i2.824.
http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.... ).

Figure 39 Distribution maps of pallens group in Brazil. White stars type locality. Black circles: material examined. Red squares: new records. Blue triangles: records not examined from literature. (Literature source: ²2 Arruda, F. V., Pesquero, M. A., Marcelino, D. G., Leite, G. A., Delabie, J. H. C., Fagundes, R., 2016. Size and condition of bamboo as structural factors behind the vertical stratification of the bamboo-nesting ant community. Insectes Soc. 63 (1), 99-107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00040-015-0440-4.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00040-015-044... , ³3 Battirola, L. D., Marques, M. I., Adis, J., Delabie, J. H. C., 2005. Composição da comunidade de Formicidae (Insecta, Hymenoptera) em copas de Attalea phalerata Mart. (Arecaceae), no Pantanal de Poconé, Mato Grosso, Brasil. Rev. Bras. Entomol. 49 (1), 107-117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262005000100011.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262005... , ⁴4 Camacho, G. P., Vasconcelos, H. L., 2015. Ants of the Panga Ecological Station, a Cerrado reserve in Central Brazil. Sociobiology 62 (2), 281-295. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v62i2.281-295.
http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.... , ¹³13 Andrade, M. L., Baroni-Urbani, C., 1999. Diversity and adaptation in the ant genus Cephalotes, Past and Present. Stuttgarter Beitr. Naturkunde. Ser. B 271, 1-889. [Geologie und Paläontologie], ¹⁵15 Demétrio, M. F., Silvestre, R., Souza, P. R., Aoki, C., 2017. Inventário da fauna de formigas (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) no Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil. Iheringia Ser. Zool. 107 (Suppl.), 1-12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-4766e2017126.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-4766e2017... , ³³33 Maravalhas, J., Vasconcelos, H. L., 2014. Revisiting the pyrodiversity-biodiversity hypothesis: long-term fire regimes and the structure of ant communities in a Neotropical savanna hotspot. J. Appl. Ecol. 51 (6), 1661-1668. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.12338.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.1233... , ³⁶36 Melo, T. da S., Peres, M. C. L., Chavari, J. L., Brescovit, A. D., Delabie, J. H. C., 2014. Ants (Formicidae) and spiders (Araneae) listed from the Metropolitan Region of Salvador, Brazil. Check List 10 (2), 355-365. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/10.2.355.
http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/10.2.355... , ³⁸38 Monteiro, D.S., Vicente, R.E., Oliveira, J., Izzo, T.J., 2001. Composição e Riqueza de Formigas (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) em Áreas de Floresta Ombrófila Densa e Reflorestamento de Teca (Tectona grandis L.F. - Verbenaceae) na Fazenda São Nicolau, Cotriguaçu, MT. Descob. a Amaz. Merid. Biodiversidade da Fazenda São Nicolau. In: Rodrigues, D.J., Izzo, T.J., Batirolla, L.D. (Eds.), Descobrindo a Amazônia Meridional: biodiversidade da fazenda São Nicolau. UFMS, Campo Grande, pp. 287-301., ³⁹39 Montine, P. S. M., Viana, N. F., Almeida, F. S., Dátillo, W. F. C., Santanna, A. S., Martins, L., Vargas, A. B., 2014. Seasonality of epigaeic ant communities in a Brazilian atlantic rainforest. Sociobiology 61 (2), 178-183. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v61i2.178-183.
http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.... , ⁴⁸48 Ribas, C. R., Schoereder, J. H., 2007. Ant communities, environmental characteristics and their implications for conservation in the Brazilian Pantanal. Biodivers. Conserv. 16 (5), 1511-1520. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-006-9041-x.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-006-904... , ⁴⁹49 Ribas, C. R., Schoereder, J. H., Pic, M., Soares, S. M., 2003. Tree heterogeneity, resource availability, and larger scale processes regulating arboreal ant species richness. Austral Ecol. 28 (3), 305-314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1442-9993.2003.01290.x.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1442-9993.20... , ⁵⁶56 Santos, R. D. J., Koch, E. B. A., Leite, C. M. P., Porto, T. J., Delabie, J. H. C., 2017. An assessment of leaf-litter and epigaeic ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) living in different landscapes of the Atlantic Forest Biome in the State of Bahia, Brazil. J. Insect Biodivers. 5 (19), 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.12976/jib/2017.5.19.
http://dx.doi.org/10.12976/jib/2017.5.19... , ⁵⁸58 Schütte, M. D. S., Queiroz, J. M., Mayhé-Nunes, A. J., Pereira, M. P. D. S., 2007. Inventário estruturado de formigas (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) em floresta ombrófila de encosta na ilha da Marambaia, RJ. Iheringia Ser. Zool. 97 (1), 103-110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0073-47212007000100015.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0073-47212007... , ⁵⁹59 Sendoya, S. F., Blüthgen, N., Tamashiro, J. Y., Fernandez, F., Oliveira, P. S., 2016. Foliage-dwelling ants in a neotropical savanna: effects of plant and insect exudates on ant communities. Arthropod-Plant Interact. 10 (3), 183-195. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11829-016-9423-2.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11829-016-942... , ⁶¹61 Silvestre, R., Roberto, C., Brandão, F., Rosa, R., 2014. Grupos funcionales de hormigas: el caso de los gremios del Cerrado. In: Fernandez, F. (Ed.), Introducción a las hormigas de la región neotropical. Instituto Humboldt, Bogotá., ⁶⁹69 Souza, J. L. P., Baccaro, F. B., Pequeno, P. A. C. L., Franklin, E., Magnusson, W. E., 2018. Effectiveness of genera as a higher-taxon substitute for species in ant biodiversity analyses is not affected by sampling technique. Biodivers. Conserv. 27 (13), 3425-3445. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-018-1607-x.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-018-160... , ⁷¹71 Ulysséa, M. A., Brandão, C. R. F., 2013. Ant species (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) from the seasonally dry tropical forest of northeastern Brazil: A compilation from field surveys in Bahia and literature records. Rev. Bras. Entomol. 57 (2), 217-224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262013005000002.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262013... , ⁷²72 Vasconcelos, H. L., Vilhena, J. M. S., Facure, K. G., Albernaz, A. L. K. M., 2010. Patterns of ant species diversity and turnover across 2000 km of Amazonian floodplain forest. J. Biogeogr. 37 (3), 432-440. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2009.02230.x.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.20... ).

Figure 48 Distribution maps of pinelii group in Brazil. White stars: type locality. Black circles: material examined. Red squares: new records. Blue triangles: records not examined from literature. (Literature source: ²2 Arruda, F. V., Pesquero, M. A., Marcelino, D. G., Leite, G. A., Delabie, J. H. C., Fagundes, R., 2016. Size and condition of bamboo as structural factors behind the vertical stratification of the bamboo-nesting ant community. Insectes Soc. 63 (1), 99-107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00040-015-0440-4.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00040-015-044... , ⁴4 Camacho, G. P., Vasconcelos, H. L., 2015. Ants of the Panga Ecological Station, a Cerrado reserve in Central Brazil. Sociobiology 62 (2), 281-295. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v62i2.281-295.
http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.... , ¹¹11 Costa-Milanez, C., Lourenço-Silva, G., Castro, P., Majer, J., Ribeiro, S., 2014. Are ant assemblages of Brazilian veredas characterised by location or habitat type? Braz. J. Biol. 74 (1), 89-99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.17612.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.1761... , ¹³13 Andrade, M. L., Baroni-Urbani, C., 1999. Diversity and adaptation in the ant genus Cephalotes, Past and Present. Stuttgarter Beitr. Naturkunde. Ser. B 271, 1-889. [Geologie und Paläontologie], ¹⁶16 Diehl, E., Diehl-Fleig, E., Albuquerque, E. Z., 2017. Occurrence of Attini (Formicidae) in two geomorphological provinces of Rio Grande Do Sul, Brazil. Braz. J. Agric. 92 (1), 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.37856/bja.v92i1.3303.
http://dx.doi.org/10.37856/bja.v92i1.330... , ²³23 Gomes, E. C. F., Ribeiro, G. T., Souza, T. M. S., Sousa-Souto, L., 2014. Ant assemblages (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in three different stages of forest regeneration in a fragment of Atlantic Forest in Sergipe, Brazil. Sociobiology 61 (3), 250-257. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v61i3.250-257.
http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.... , ²⁶26 Ketterl, J., Verhaagh, M., Bihn, J. H., Brandão, C. R. F., Engels, W., 2003. Spectrum of ants associated with Araucaria angustifolia trees and their relations to hemipteran trophobionts. Stud. Neotrop. Fauna Environ. 38, 199-206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1076/snfe.38.3.199.28165.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1076/snfe.38.3.199.... , ³⁰30 Lutinski, J. A., Lopes, B. C., Morais, A. B. B., 2013. Diversidade de formigas urbanas (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) de dez cidades do sul do Brasil. Biota Neotrop. 13 (3), 332-342. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032013000300033.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032013... , ³²32 Maravalhas, J., Delabie, J. H. C., Macedo, R. G., Morais, H. C., 2012. Tree-dwelling ants: contrasting two Brazilian Cerrado plant species without extrafloral nectaries. Psyche. 2012, 172739. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/172739.
https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/172739... , ³⁶36 Melo, T. da S., Peres, M. C. L., Chavari, J. L., Brescovit, A. D., Delabie, J. H. C., 2014. Ants (Formicidae) and spiders (Araneae) listed from the Metropolitan Region of Salvador, Brazil. Check List 10 (2), 355-365. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/10.2.355.
http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/10.2.355... , ³⁷37 Miranda, P. N., Oliveira, M. A., Baccaro, F. B., Morato, E. F., Delabie, J. H. C., 2012. Check list of ground-dwelling ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of the eastern Acre, Amazon, Brazil. Check List 8 (4), 722. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/8.4.722.
http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/8.4.722... , ⁴⁰40 Neves, F. S., Queiroz-Dantas, K. S., da Rocha, W. D., Delabie, J. H. C., 2013. Ants of three adjacent habitats of a transition region between the Cerrado and Caatinga biomes: the effects of heterogeneity and variation in Canopy Cover. Neotrop. Entomol. 42 (3), 258-268. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13744-013-0123-7.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13744-013-012... , ⁴¹41 Oliveira, F. M. P., Ribeiro-Neto, J. D., Andersen, A. N., Leal, I. R., 2017. Chronic anthropogenic disturbance as a secondary driver of ant community structure: interactions with soil type in Brazilian Caatinga. Environ. Conserv. 44 (2), 115-123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0376892916000291.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0376892916000... , ⁴⁵45 Prado, L. P., Feitosa, R. M., Triana, S. P., Gutiérrez, J. A. M., Rousseau, G. X., Silva, R. A., Siqueira, G. M., Santos, C. L. C., Silva, F. V., Silva, T. S. R., Casadei-Ferreira, A., Silva, R. R., Andrade-Silva, J., 2019. An overview of the ant fauna (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of the state of Maranhão, Brazil. Pap. Avulsos Zool. 59, e20195938. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2019.59.38.
http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/201... , ⁵⁰50 Rodrigues, C. A., Araújo, M. D. S., Cabral, P. I. D., Lima, R., Bacci, L., Oliveira, M. A., 2008. Comunidade de formigas arborícolas associadas ao Pequizeiro (Caryocar brasiliense) em fragmento de Cerrado Goiano. Pesqui. Florest. Bras. 57, 39-44., ⁵³53 Santos, L. R., Feitosa, R. M., Carneiro, M. A. A., 2017. The role of senescent stem-galls over arboreal ant communities structure in Eremanthus erythropappus (DC.) MacLeish (Asteraceae) trees. Sociobiology 64 (1), 7-13. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v64i1.1174.
http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.... , ⁵⁶56 Santos, R. D. J., Koch, E. B. A., Leite, C. M. P., Porto, T. J., Delabie, J. H. C., 2017. An assessment of leaf-litter and epigaeic ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) living in different landscapes of the Atlantic Forest Biome in the State of Bahia, Brazil. J. Insect Biodivers. 5 (19), 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.12976/jib/2017.5.19.
http://dx.doi.org/10.12976/jib/2017.5.19... , ⁶⁸68 Souza, J. L. P., Baccaro, F. B., Landeiro, V. L., Franklin, E., Magnusson, W. E., Pequeno, P. A. C. L., Fernandes, I. O., 2016. Taxonomic sufficiency and indicator taxa reduce sampling costs and increase monitoring effectiveness for ants. Divers. Distrib. 22 (1), 111-122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ddi.12371.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ddi.12371... , ⁷¹71 Ulysséa, M. A., Brandão, C. R. F., 2013. Ant species (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) from the seasonally dry tropical forest of northeastern Brazil: A compilation from field surveys in Bahia and literature records. Rev. Bras. Entomol. 57 (2), 217-224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262013005000002.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262013... , ⁷²72 Vasconcelos, H. L., Vilhena, J. M. S., Facure, K. G., Albernaz, A. L. K. M., 2010. Patterns of ant species diversity and turnover across 2000 km of Amazonian floodplain forest. J. Biogeogr. 37 (3), 432-440. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2009.02230.x.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.20... , ⁷⁴74 Viana-Silva, F. E. C., Jacobi, C. M., 2012. Myrmecofauna of ironstone outcrops: composition and diversity. Neotrop. Entomol. 41 (4), 263-271. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13744-012-0045-9.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13744-012-004... ).

Figure 51 Distribution maps of pusillus group in Brazil. White star: type locality. Black circles: material examined. Red squares: new records. Blue triangles: records not examined from literature. (Literature source: ⁴4 Camacho, G. P., Vasconcelos, H. L., 2015. Ants of the Panga Ecological Station, a Cerrado reserve in Central Brazil. Sociobiology 62 (2), 281-295. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v62i2.281-295.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.20... ).

Figure 53 Distribution map of umbraculatus group in Brazil. Black circles: material examined. Red squares: new records. Blue triangles: records not examined from literature. (Literature source: ¹²12 Silva de Oliveira, A. B., Schmidt, F. A., 2019. Ant assemblages of Brazil nut trees Bertholletia excelsa in forest and pasture habitats in the Southwestern Brazilian Amazon. Biodivers. Conserv. 28 (2), 329-344. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-018-1657-0.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-018-165... , ¹³13 Andrade, M. L., Baroni-Urbani, C., 1999. Diversity and adaptation in the ant genus Cephalotes, Past and Present. Stuttgarter Beitr. Naturkunde. Ser. B 271, 1-889. [Geologie und Paläontologie], ²³23 Gomes, E. C. F., Ribeiro, G. T., Souza, T. M. S., Sousa-Souto, L., 2014. Ant assemblages (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in three different stages of forest regeneration in a fragment of Atlantic Forest in Sergipe, Brazil. Sociobiology 61 (3), 250-257. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v61i3.250-257.
http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.... , ³⁶36 Melo, T. da S., Peres, M. C. L., Chavari, J. L., Brescovit, A. D., Delabie, J. H. C., 2014. Ants (Formicidae) and spiders (Araneae) listed from the Metropolitan Region of Salvador, Brazil. Check List 10 (2), 355-365. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/10.2.355.
http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/10.2.355... , ⁴⁵45 Prado, L. P., Feitosa, R. M., Triana, S. P., Gutiérrez, J. A. M., Rousseau, G. X., Silva, R. A., Siqueira, G. M., Santos, C. L. C., Silva, F. V., Silva, T. S. R., Casadei-Ferreira, A., Silva, R. R., Andrade-Silva, J., 2019. An overview of the ant fauna (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of the state of Maranhão, Brazil. Pap. Avulsos Zool. 59, e20195938. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2019.59.38.
http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/201... , ⁶⁸68 Souza, J. L. P., Baccaro, F. B., Landeiro, V. L., Franklin, E., Magnusson, W. E., Pequeno, P. A. C. L., Fernandes, I. O., 2016. Taxonomic sufficiency and indicator taxa reduce sampling costs and increase monitoring effectiveness for ants. Divers. Distrib. 22 (1), 111-122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ddi.12371.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ddi.12371... , ⁷²72 Vasconcelos, H. L., Vilhena, J. M. S., Facure, K. G., Albernaz, A. L. K. M., 2010. Patterns of ant species diversity and turnover across 2000 km of Amazonian floodplain forest. J. Biogeogr. 37 (3), 432-440. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2009.02230.x.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.20... ).

[1] *Corresponding author. E-mail: alinemachado.oliver@gmail.com (A.M. Oliveira).

Brasil

Brasil

A taxonomic study of the Brazilian turtle ants (Formicidae: Myrmicinae: Cephalotes)

ABSTRACT