Insect galls of the Tijuca National Park, Rio de Janeiro (RJ, Brazil): richness and characterization

Maia, Valéria Cid; Mendonça, Ignez Batista

doi:10.1590/1806-9665-RBENT-2024-0066

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Articles • Rev. Bras. entomol. 68 (4) • 2024 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9665-RBENT-2024-0066 linkcopy

Insect galls of the Tijuca National Park, Rio de Janeiro (RJ, Brazil): richness and characterization

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

The Tijuca National Park comprises the world's largest urban forest. It has a rich flora, with around 1,550 plant species. For the first time, the insect galls of this area were investigated. We carried out 12 monthly collections from January to December/2009. Samples of host plants were pressed and identified. Galls were photographed and characterized according to their external morphology and number of chambers. Gall-inducing insects and secondary inhabitants were obtained from gall dissecation as well as from rearing in laboratory. Data on origin and geographic distribution of plant species were retrieved from Flora e Funga do Brasil website. We found 72 gall morphotypes on 43 plant species (36 genera, and 23 families). Rubiaceae, Sapindaceae, Salicaeae and Melastomataceae were the botanical families with the highest gall richness. Psychotria cf. bahiensis DC. (Rubiaceae) and Serjania sp. (Sapindaceae) highlighted as super host plant species. Five host plants are endemic to Brazil; they shelters eight gall morphotypes. Due to the high specificity of the gall-inducing insects, we considered them co-endemic, Leaf galls were the most frequent. Gall-inducers were represented mainly by Cecidomyiidae. Galls of Tijuca National Park followed the patterns already known from Brazil, but it richness is relatively low when compared to other areas of the Atlantic forest.

Keywords: Atlantic forest; Cecidomyiidae; Insect-plant interaction; Secondary fauna

Host Plant		Gall characterization (n=72)			Insects obtained	Figure
Family (n=23)	Species (n=42)	Host organ	Shape/ Color	Pubescence/Nr. internal chambers	Insects obtained	Figure
Achariaceae	Hydnocarpus cf. wightiana Blume	Leaf	Discoid/Green	Absent/1	Not determined^G	1a
Annonaceae	Annona sp.	Leaf	Conical Brown	Absent/1	Cecidomyiidae^G	-
	Malmea sp.	Leaf	Globoid Yellow	Absent/1	Not determined^G	-
	Oxandra sp.	Leaf	Globoid Yellow	Present/1	Cecidomyiidae^G	1b
Araceae	Heteropis sp.	Leaf	Fusiform Green	Absent/1	Not determined^G Hemiptera^S	1c
	Monstera sp.	Leaf	Fusiform Yellow	Absent/1	Not determined^G	1d
Asteraceae	Mikania glomerata Spreng.	Leaf	Conical Green	Absent/1	Liodiplosis conica^G Gagné, 2001^G	1e
		Leaf	Globoid Green	Absent/1	Liodiplosis spherica Gagné, 2001^G	1f
		Leaf vein	Fusiform Green	Absent/1	Asphondylia glomeratae Gagné, 2001^G	1g
Bignoniaceae	Paratecoma peroba (Record) Kuhlm.	Leaf vein	Fusiform Green	Absent/1	Cecidomyiidae^G	1h
	Tecoma sp.	Leaf vein	Fusiform Green	Absent/1	Cecidomyiidae^G	-
Boraginaceae	Cordia sp.	Leaf	Globoid Green	Present/1	Cecidomyiidae^G	1i
Chrysobalanaceae	Licania sp.	Leaf	Globoid Yellow	Present/1	Cecidomyiidae^G	1j
						-
Clusiaceae	Not determined	Leaf (vein)	Fusiform Green	Absent/1	Not determined^G
Euphorbiaceae	Bia alienata Didr.	Leaf	Globoid Green	Present/1	Cecidomyiidae^G	-
	Croton sp.	Leaf	Globoid Yellow	Present/1	Cecidomyiidae^G	1k
		Stem	Fusiform Brown	Absent/1	Not determined^G	1l
	Sebastiania brasiliensis Spreng.	Leaf	Marginal roll Green	Absent/1	Cecidomyiidae^G	-
Fabaceae	Albizia sp.	Leaf	Globoid Brown	Absent/1	Not determined^G	1m
		Leaf (vein)	Fusiform Brown	Absent/1	Not determined^G	1n
	Inga sp.	Leaf (vein)	Fusiform Green	Absent/	Cecidomyiidae^G	1o
		Leaf	Lenticular Green	Absent/1	Not determined^G	1p
		Leaf	Fusiform Green	Absent/1	Cecidomyiidae^G	1q
		Leaf	Conical Red	Absent/1	Cecidomyiidae^G	1r
Lauraceae	Nectandra membranacea (Sw,) Griseb.	Leaf	Globoid Brown	Present/1	Cecidomyiidae^G	1s
Melastomataceae	Clidemia sp.	Leaf	Globoid Green	Present/1	Cecidomyiidae^G Sciaridae^C	2a
		Stem	Fusiform Brown	Absent/1	Cecidomyiidae^G	2b
	Miconia cf. ceramicarpa (DC.) Cogn.	Leaf	Globoid Green	Present/1	Cecidomyiidae^G	2c
	Miconia nervosa (Sm.) Triana	Leaf	Globoid Red	Present/1	Cecidomyiidae^G Hymenoptera^P	2d
	Miconia prasina (Sw.) DC.	Leaf	Globoid Green	Present/1	Cecidomyiidae^G	2e
	Miconia pyrifolia Naudin	Leaf	Globoid Green	Present/1	Cecidomyiidae^G	2f
	Miconia sp.	Leaf	Globoid Yellow	Absent/1	Cecidomyiidae^G	2g
Meliaceae	Trichilia silvatica C. DC.	Leaf	Globoid Brown	Absent/1	Cecidomyiidae^G Hymenoptera^P	2h
		Leaf	Fusiform Green	Absent/1	Cecidomyiidae^G	2i
Monimiaceae	Mollinedia uleana Perkins	Leaf	Marginal roll Green	Absent/1	Cecidomyiidae^G	-
Myrtaceae	Eugenia sp.	Leaf	Conical Green	Absent/1	Cecidomyiidae^G	2j
		Leaf	Globoid Yellow	Absent/1	Cecidomyiidae^G	2k
	Myrcia aethusa (O. Berg) N. Silveira	Leaf	Leaf roll Green	Absent/1	Not determined^G	2l
		Bud	Conical Green	Present/1	Cecidomyiidae^G	2m
		Stem	Fusiform Brown	Present/multtichambered	Cecidomyiidae^G	2n
Nyctaginaceae	Guapira opposita (Vell.) Reitz.	Leaf	Conical Green	Absent/1	Bruggmannia acaudata^G Maia, 1994	2o
		Leaf	Globoid Green	Absent/1	Cecidomyiidae^G	2p
		Bud	Globoid Green	Absent/1	Cecidomyiidae^G	-
Phyllanthaceae	Phyllanthus sp.	Stem	Fusiform Brown	Absent/multichambered	Not determined^G	-
Piperaceae	Piper arboreum Aubl.	Leaf	Globoid Green	Absent/1	Cecidomyiidae^G	2q
	Piper sp.	Leaf	Globoid Green	Absent/1	Cecidomyiidae^G	2r
Rubiaceae	Amaioua sp.	Leaf(petiole and midvein)	Fusiform Green	Absent/multichambered	Cecidomyiidae^G	2s
	Faramea sp.	Leaf	Globoid Green	Absent/1	Cecidomyiidae^GHemiptera^S	2t
	Palicourea sp.	Leaf	Globoid Green	Absent/1	Cecidomyiidae^G	-
	Psychotria cf. bahiensis DC.	Leaf	Globoid Green	Absent/1	Cecidomyiidae^G	3a
		Leaf	Globoid green	Absent/1	Cecidomyiidae^G	3b
		Fruit	Globoid Green	Absent/1	Hymenoptera^P	-
		Leaf	CylindricalGreen	Absent/1	Hymenoptera^P	3c
		Leaf	Globoid Black	Absent/1	Cecidomyiidae^G	3d
		Stem	Fusiform Brown	Absent/multichambered	Cecidomyiidae^G	-
	Psychotria sp.	Leaf	Ovoid Green	Absent/1	Cecidomyiidae^G	3e
Salicaceae	Casearia sp.	Stem	Fusiform Brown	Absent	Cecidomyiidae^G	3f
		Leaf	Marginal roll Green	Absent/1	Not determined^G	3g
		Leaf Midvein	Fusiform Green	Absent/1	Cecidomyiidae^G	3h
		Leaf	Globoid	Absent/1	Liothrips sp. (Thysanoptera)	3i
	Homalium sp.	Leaf	Lenticular Green	Absent/1	Cecidomyiidae^G	3j
		Bud	Conical Green	Absent/1	Cecidomyiidae^G	3k
Sapindaceae	Cupania scrobiculata Rich.	Leaf	Globoid Green	Present/1	Cecidomyiidae^G	-
						-
	Serjania sp.	Leaf	Globoid Brown	Absent/1	Cecidomyiidae^G Hymenoptera^P
		Leaf midvein	Fusiform Green	Absent/1	Not determined^G	3l
		Leaf	Lenticular Yellowish	Absent/1	Not determined^G	3m
		Leaf	Conical Yellowish	,Absent/1	Cecidomyiidae^G	3n
		Stem	Fusiform Brown	Absent/multichambered	Cecidomyiidae^G	3o
		Tendril	Fusiform Brown	Absent/multichambered	Cecidomyiidae^G	3p
		Leaf	Conical Green	Absent/1	Cecidomyiidae^G	3q
Solanaceae	Lycianthes pauciflora (Vahl) Bitter	Leaf	Globoid Green	Absent/1	Cecidomyiidae^G	-
Sapotaceae	Pouteria sp.	Leaf	Globoid Green	Absent/1	Cecidomyiidae^G	-

Host plant family	Nr. genera	Nr. species	Nr. gall morphotypes	Average of morphotypes/species
Achariaceae	1	1	1	1.0
Annonaceae	3	3	3	1.0
Araceae	2	2	2	1.0
Asteraceae	1	1	3	3.0
Bignoniaceae	2	2	2	1.0
Boraginaceae	1	1	1	1.0
Chrysobalanaceae	1	1	1	1.0
Clusiaceae	1	1	1	1.0
Euphorbiaceae	3	3	4	1.3
Fabaceae	2	2	6	3
Lauraceae	1	1	1	1.0
Melastomataceae	2	6	7	1.7
Meliaceae	1	1	2	2.0
Monimiaceae	1	1	1	1.0
Myrtaceae	2	2	5	2.5
Nyctaginaceae	1	1	3	3.0
Phyllanthaceae	1	1	1	1.0
Piperaceae	2	2	2	1.0
Rubiaceae	4	5	10	2.0
Salicaceae	2	2	6	3.0
Sapindaceae	2	2	8	4.0
Solanaceae	1	1	1	1.0
Sapotaceae	1	1	1	1.0

Plant organ	Nr. gall morphotypes (72)
Leaf	60 (83.3%)
Stem	7 (9.7%)
Bud	3 (4.2%)
Fruit	1 (1.4%)
Tendril	1 (1.4%)

Gall shape	Nr. gall morphotypes (72)
Globoid	32 (44.4%)
Fusiform	21 (29.1%)
Conical	9 (12.5%)
Marginal roll	3 (4.2%)
Lenticular	3 (4.2%)
Cylindrical	1 (1.4%)
Leaf roll	1 (1.4%)
Discoid	1 (1.4%)
Ovoid	1 (1.4%)

Gall color	Nr. gall morphotypes (72)
Green	45 (62.5%)
Brown	13 (18.1%)
Yellow	9 (12.5%)
Red	2 (2.8%)
Black	1 (1.4%)

Guild	Taxa	Nr. gall morphotypes
Parasitoids	Hymenoptera	5
Sucessors	Hemiptera	2
Cecidophages	Sciaridae	1

Localities	Nr. gall morphotypes	Host plant		References
		Nr. families	Nr. spp.
Serra dos Órgãos National Park¹	290	43	184	Maia and Mascarenhas (2023)
União Biological Reserve²	153	37	55	Maia and Siqueira (2020)
Guaxindiba State Ecological Station³	143	31	82	Maia and Carvalho-Fernandes (2016)
Tijuca National Park⁴	72	23	43	present study
Cicuta Forest³	43	15	24	Flor et al. (2018)

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[1] C: cecidophages; G: gall-inducer; P: parasitoid; S: successor.