Identification key for drosophilid species (Diptera, Drosophilidae) exotic to the Neotropical Region and occurring in Brazil

Thirteen species of drosophilid exotic to the Neotropical Region are recorded in Brazil, and some of them are highly invasive and threaten significantly fruit cultures. We provide an illustrated key for identifying these species, and briefly discuss their taxonomic status, distribution, and occurrence in the Neotropics. The key should not only support newcomers to the study of Drosophila but also facilitate their identification by those interested in insects associated with cultivated areas.

Keywords:
biological invasions; Drosophila; invasive species; Scaptodrosophila; Zaprionus

Authorship

Keven Yuzuki

Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Brasília, DF, Brasil.Universidade de BrasíliaBrasilBrasília, DF, BrasilUniversidade de Brasília, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Brasília, DF, Brasil.

Rosana Tidon ^**Corresponding author Email: rotidon@unb.br (R.Tidon)

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6837-9972

*Corresponding author Email: rotidon@unb.br (R.Tidon)

Associate Editor

Claudio Carvalho

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Figures | Tables

Figures (3)
Tables (1)

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Figure 1
Zaprionus indianus, Drosophila busckii and D. virilis. A. Head of Z. indianus in frontal view, showing the two silvery stripes bordered by black. B. Thorax of Z. indianus in dorsal view, showing the four silvery stripes bordered by black. C. Profemur of Z. indianus, showing the row of characteristic strong setae. D. Thorax of D. busckii in dorsal view, showing its characteristic dark stripes, the middle one bifurcating at the base. E. Thorax of D. busckii in lateral view with its characteristic dark stripes. F. Abdomen of D. busckii, showing the bands interrupted in the middle. G. Head of D. virilis in frontal view, showing its carina with a longitudinal groove at midline. H. Divergent basal scutellar setae. I. D. virilis wing, showing the shaded crossveins. J. Convergent basal scutellar setae. Bar = 1mm. Illustrations of D. virilis were based on published images without scale (Miller et al., 2017Miller, M. E., Marshall, S. A., Grimaldi, D. A., 2017. A review of the species of Drosophila (Diptera: Drosophilidae) and genera of Drosophilidae of Northeastern North America. Can. J. Arthropod Identif. 31, 1-208. https://doi.org/10.5063/F11J97Q0.
https://doi.org/10.5063/F11J97Q0... ).

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Figure 2
Drosophila nasuta, D immigrans, Scaptodrosophila latifasciaeformis, and D. suzukii. A. Profemur with a row of cuneiform setae. B. Head of D. nasuta in frontal view, showing the characteristic silvery pigmentation in the face region. C. Thorax of D. nasuta in lateral view, showing the large brownish stripe on half dorsal area of pleura. D. D. immigrans protarsomeres, showing the brush like thin setae. E. D. immigrans wing, showing the shaded cross veins and ends of longitudinal veins. F. D. immigrans abdomen, showing the bands interrupted in the middle. G. Prescutellar setae. H. S. latifasciaeformis dark abdomen. I. D. suzukii protarsus with sex combs. Bar = 1mm.

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Figure 3
Drosophila suzukii, D. melanogaster, D. simulans, D. ananassae, D. malerkotliana and D. kikkawai. A. D. suzukii male spotted wing. B. D. suzukii female abdomen, showing the serrated oviscapt. C. D. melanogaster and D. simulans protarsus sex comb. D. D. melanogaster male epandrial posterior lobe. E. D. melanogaster female abdomen in lateral view, showing the large dark bands on the sixth tergite running to its ventral margin. F. D. simulans male epandrial posterior lobe. G. D. simulans female abdomen in lateral view, showing the pigmentation border line making an angle with the sixth tergite margin. H. D. ananassae protarsus sex combs. I. D. malerkotliana protarsus sex combs. J. D. kikkawai protarsus sex combs. Bar = 1mm.

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Table 1
Non-neotropical species of Drosophilidae recorded in Brazil.

Figure 1 Zaprionus indianus, Drosophila busckii and D. virilis. A. Head of Z. indianus in frontal view, showing the two silvery stripes bordered by black. B. Thorax of Z. indianus in dorsal view, showing the four silvery stripes bordered by black. C. Profemur of Z. indianus, showing the row of characteristic strong setae. D. Thorax of D. busckii in dorsal view, showing its characteristic dark stripes, the middle one bifurcating at the base. E. Thorax of D. busckii in lateral view with its characteristic dark stripes. F. Abdomen of D. busckii, showing the bands interrupted in the middle. G. Head of D. virilis in frontal view, showing its carina with a longitudinal groove at midline. H. Divergent basal scutellar setae. I. D. virilis wing, showing the shaded crossveins. J. Convergent basal scutellar setae. Bar = 1mm. Illustrations of D. virilis were based on published images without scale (Miller et al., 2017Miller, M. E., Marshall, S. A., Grimaldi, D. A., 2017. A review of the species of Drosophila (Diptera: Drosophilidae) and genera of Drosophilidae of Northeastern North America. Can. J. Arthropod Identif. 31, 1-208. https://doi.org/10.5063/F11J97Q0.
https://doi.org/10.5063/F11J97Q0... ).

Figure 2 Drosophila nasuta, D immigrans, Scaptodrosophila latifasciaeformis, and D. suzukii. A. Profemur with a row of cuneiform setae. B. Head of D. nasuta in frontal view, showing the characteristic silvery pigmentation in the face region. C. Thorax of D. nasuta in lateral view, showing the large brownish stripe on half dorsal area of pleura. D. D. immigrans protarsomeres, showing the brush like thin setae. E. D. immigrans wing, showing the shaded cross veins and ends of longitudinal veins. F. D. immigrans abdomen, showing the bands interrupted in the middle. G. Prescutellar setae. H. S. latifasciaeformis dark abdomen. I. D. suzukii protarsus with sex combs. Bar = 1mm.

Figure 3 Drosophila suzukii, D. melanogaster, D. simulans, D. ananassae, D. malerkotliana and D. kikkawai. A. D. suzukii male spotted wing. B. D. suzukii female abdomen, showing the serrated oviscapt. C. D. melanogaster and D. simulans protarsus sex comb. D. D. melanogaster male epandrial posterior lobe. E. D. melanogaster female abdomen in lateral view, showing the large dark bands on the sixth tergite running to its ventral margin. F. D. simulans male epandrial posterior lobe. G. D. simulans female abdomen in lateral view, showing the pigmentation border line making an angle with the sixth tergite margin. H. D. ananassae protarsus sex combs. I. D. malerkotliana protarsus sex combs. J. D. kikkawai protarsus sex combs. Bar = 1mm.

Table 1 Non-neotropical species of Drosophilidae recorded in Brazil.

Genus	Subgenus	Species	Source
Drosophila	Dorsilopha	D. busckii Coquillett	collection
	Drosophila	D. immigrans Sturtevant	collection
		D. nasuta Lamb	lab strain
		D. virilis Sturtevant	literature^* * description and Miller et al. (2017) ** description and Bächli et al. (2005).
	Sophophora	D. ananassae Doleschall	lab strain
		D. kikkawai Burla	collection
		D. malerkotliana Parshad and Paika	lab strain
		D. melanogaster Meigen	lab strain
		D. simulans Sturtevant	lab strain
		D. suzukii Matsumura	collection
Scaptodrosophila		S. lebanonensis Wheeler	literature**
		S. latifasciaeformis Duda	collection
Zaprionus		Z. indianus Gupta	collection

^*
description and Miller et al. (2017)Miller, M. E., Marshall, S. A., Grimaldi, D. A., 2017. A review of the species of Drosophila (Diptera: Drosophilidae) and genera of Drosophilidae of Northeastern North America. Can. J. Arthropod Identif. 31, 1-208. https://doi.org/10.5063/F11J97Q0.
https://doi.org/10.5063/F11J97Q0... ** description and Bächli et al. (2005)Bächli, G., Haring, E., Vilela, C. R., 2005. On the phylogenetic relationships of Scaptodrosophila rufifrons and S. lebanonensis (Diptera, Drosophilidae). Bull. la Société Entomol. Suisse. 78, 349-364..

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Identification key for drosophilid species (Diptera, Drosophilidae) exotic to the Neotropical Region and occurring in Brazil

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[1] *Corresponding author Email: rotidon@unb.br (R.Tidon)