Labor in early life, vulnerability for health in Brazilian schoolchildren: National Adolescent School-based Health Survey (PeNSE 2012)

Giatti, Luana; Campos, Maryane Oliveira; Crespo, Claudio Dutra; Andrade, Silvania Suely Caribé de Araújo; Barreto, Sandhi Maria

doi:10.1590/1809-4503201400050003

Brasil

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Original Articles • Rev. bras. epidemiol. 17 (suppl 1) • 2014 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1809-4503201400050003 linkcopy

Labor in early life, vulnerability for health in Brazilian schoolchildren: National Adolescent School-based Health Survey (PeNSE 2012)

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

OBJECTIVE: This study describes exposure labor among Brazilian 9^th grade students from public and private schools and investigates socio-demographic characteristics, behaviors, violent situations and psychosocial factors associated with labor among adolescents.

METHODS: The present study included 108,984 students from the National Adolescent School-based Health Survey carried out in 2012. Variables were grouped into sociodemographic characteristics, behavioral factors, violent situations and psychosocial aspects. Associations between labor and several health risk variables were identified by multiple logistic regression analysis, after adjustment for sex and age.

RESULTS: Approximately 13% of the students reported having a job: 17.4% of them were male. The chance of working was lower between females and individuals whose fathers' have incomplete superior education. Students who worked had greater chances to smoke (OR = 2.26; 95%CI 2.04 - 2.51), drink alcohol, use illicit drugs (OR = 2.63; 95%CI 2.29 - 3.02), drive motorized vehicles (OR = 2.15; 95%CI 2.03 2.27), have sexual intercourse (OR = 2.10; 95%CI 1.99 - 2.24), suffer physical violence (OR = 1.57; 95%CI 1.46 1.68), engage in fights (OR = 1.65; 95%CI 1.55 - 1.76), feel lonely (OR = 1.26; 95%CI 1.17 - 1.36) and report sleeping problems (OR = 1.46; 95%CI 1.34 - 1.60). They also have lower chances of having close friends (OR = 0.78; 95%CI 0.68 - 0.90).

CONCLUSION: The prevalence of labor among students is high. Socioeconomical disadvantages increase the chances of early working. Early working is also associated to health damaging behavior, violent situations, sleeping problems, and social isolation. Adolescents who study and work experiment expositions that may affect distinct health dimensions and perpetuate disadvantages over lifetime.

Child labor; Risk factors; Behavioral risk factors; Violence; Psychosocial impact; Students

	Does not work n = 53.929 (88.1%)	non-paid work n = 709 (1.14%)	paid work n = 6.444 (10.8%)
Sex*
Male	45.1 (43.3 – 47.7)	59.8 ( 56.4 – 63.0)	63.9 (62.1 – 65.6)
Female	54.5 (52.3 – 56.8)	40.2 (37.0 – 43.6)	36.1 (34.7 – 38.0)
Age group (years)*
< 13	24.1 (18.6 – 30.7)	20.3 (16.3 – 25.0)	14.5 (9.9 – 20.6)
14 – 15	64.1 (61.7 – 66.3)	58.3 (53.5 – 62.9)	63.4 (61.9 – 64.9)
>16	11.8 (7.9 – 17.3)	21.5 (15.8 – 28.6)	22.1 (16.9 – 28.4)
Ethnicity/skin color*
White	37.0 (31.9 – 42.4)	36.6 (27.3 – 47.0)	36.8 (31.8 – 42.2)
Black	13.2 (10.8 – 16.0)	15.4 (14.2 – 16.7)	13.4 (13.0 – 15.8)
Yellow	4.0 (3.4 – 4.7)	3.9 (2.1 – 6.1)	4.1 (3.8 – 4.9)
Mulatto	42.4 (39.4 – 45.4)	40.7(31.6 – 50.1)	42.2 (37.2 – 45.6)
Indigenous	3.4 (2.8 – 4.3)	3.4 (2.1 – 5.5)	4.2 (3.3 – 5.5)
School*
Private	18.1 (13.7 – 23.5)	18.1 (13.9 – 23.3)	10.6 (8.3 – 13.5)
Public	81.9 (76.5 – 86.3)	81.9 (76.8 – 86.2)	89.4 (86.5 – 91.7)
Macroregion - residency*
Southeast	45.1 (42.3 – 48.0)	41.8 (36.4 – 47.3)	38.7 (34.3 – 43.2)
North	7.8 (7.2 – 8.4)	9.0 (7.9 – 10.3)	8.9 (7.6 – 10.2)
Northeast	24.4 (23.6 – 27.3)	25.0 (20.3 – 30.4)	25.3 (22.6 – 26.8)
Center-West	7.7 (6.3 – 9.3)	8.8 (7.2 – 10.7)	9.5 (8.5 – 10.5)
South	14.0 (12.2 – 16.1)	15.4 (12.1 – 19.5)	14.6 (13.4 – 158)

	Working (%)	p-value	OR	95%CI
Sex
Male	17.4	< 0.00001	1.00
Female	9.2		0.50	0.47 – 0.53
Age group (years)
< 13	8.6	< 0.00001	1.0
14 – 15	12.9		1.50	1.38 – 1.62
> 16	22.1		2.58	2.34 – 2.85
Skin color
White	12.6	< 0.00001	1.00
Black	14.3		1.03	0.94 – 1.13
Yellow	15.2		1.26	1.10 – 1.45
Mulatto	12.9		1.01	0.94 – 1.08
Indigenous	15.5		1.25	1.08 – 1.46
Maternal schooling
Incomplete elementary school	14.3	< 0.00001
Incomplete high school	14.4
Incomplete higher education	12.6
Complete higher education	10.8
Could not inform	11.9
Escolaridade paterna
Incomplete elementary school	14.9	< 0.00001	1.00
Incomplete high school	14.6		1.02	0.94 – 1.12
Incomplete higher education	11.9		0.90	0.83 – 0.97
Complete higher education	11.5		0.97	0.85 – 1.09
Could not inform	11.2		0.80	0.74 – 0.87
School administration
Private	8.6	< 0.00001	1.00
Public	14.1		1.51	1.37 – 1.67
Macroregion of residency
Southeast	11.6	< 0.00001	1.00
North	14.7		1.14	1.06 – 1.23
Northeast	12.8		1.05	0.97 – 1.13
Center-West	15.7		1.34	1.25 – 1.44
South	16.4		1.52	1.40 – 1.64

	%	p-value	OR_adj	95%CI
	Working		OR_adj	95%CI
Health-related behaviors
Current smoker
No	12.4		1.00
Yes	26.1	< 0.0001	2.26	2.04 – 2.51
Alcohol consumption in the past 30 days
No	10.9		1.00
Once or more	19.4	<0.0001	1.89	1.78 – 2.00
Use of illicit drugs in the past 30 days
No	12.7		1.00
Once or more	30.0	< 0.0001	2.63	2.29 – 3.02
Sexual intercourse in the past 12 months
No	10.4		1.00
Yes	23.2	< 0.0001	2.10	1.99 – 2.24
Driving a motorized vehicle in the past 30 days
No	9.8		1.00
Once or more	22.0	< 0.0001	2.15	2.03 – 2.27
Physical activity in leisure in the past 7 days
Up to 4 days	12.1		1.00
5 days or more	16.1	< 0.0001	1.26	1.19 – 1.34
Violent situations
Physical aggression in the past 12 months
None	12.2		1.00
Once or more	17.8	< 0.0001	1.57	1.46 – 1.68
Fights in the past 12 months
None	14.4		1.00
Once or more	19.5	< 0.0001	1.65	1.55 – 1.76
Being injured in the past 12 months
None	12.1		1.00
Once or more	20.7	< 0.0001	1.73	1.60 – 1.87
Psychosocial aspects
Close friends
None	18.0		1.00
One and more	12.9	< 0.0001	0.78	0.68 – 0.90
Feeling lonely in the past 12 months
Never/rarely	12.9		1.00
Sometimes, most of the time, always	13.9	= 0.02	1.26	1.17 – 1.36
Frequency of difficulty sleeping in the past 12 months
Never/rarely	12.7		1.00
Sometimes, most of the time, always	16.1	< 0.0001	1.46	1.34 – 1.60

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Statistically significant difference (p < 0.05).