Surveillance of TB-HIV coinfection in Brazil: a space-time approach

Santos, Beatriz Almeida; Ribeiro, Caíque Jordan Nunes; Santos, Allan Dantas dos; Sousa, Álvaro Francisco Lopes de; Siqueira, Thayane Santos; Andrade, Lucas Almeida; Santos, Adriano José dos; Lima, Shirley Verônica Melo Almeida

doi:10.1590/1980-549720240037

Beatriz Almeida Santos

Writing – original draft

Investigation

Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Graduate Program in Nursing – São Cristóvão (SE), Brazil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1527-615X

Caíque Jordan Nunes Ribeiro

Formal Analysis

Methodology

Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Graduate Program in Nursing – São Cristóvão (SE), Brazil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9767-3938

Allan Dantas dos Santos

Conceptualization

Software

Validation

Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Graduate Program in Nursing – São Cristóvão (SE), Brazil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6529-1887

Álvaro Francisco Lopes de Sousa

Data curation

Validation

Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Institute of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine – Lisbon, Portugal.

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2710-2122

Thayane Santos Siqueira

Writing – review & editing

Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Graduate Program in Health Sciences – São Cristóvão (SE), Brazil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8370-0544

Lucas Almeida Andrade

Writing – review & editing

Visualization

Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Graduate Program in Health Sciences – São Cristóvão (SE), Brazil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5694-2094

Adriano José dos Santos

Writing – review & editing

Universidade Federal de Alagoas – Arapiraca (AL), Brazil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4619-5232

Shirley Verônica Melo Almeida Lima

Project administration

Conceptualization

Supervision

Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Graduate Program in Nursing – São Cristóvão (SE), Brazil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9062-0742

CORRESPONDING AUTHOR: Shirley Verônica Melo Almeida Lima. Avenida Marechal Rondon, s/n, Jardim Rosa Elze, CEP: 49107230, São Cristóvão (SE), Brazil. E-mail: shirleymelo.lima@gmail.com.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST: nothing to declare.

Variables	Frequency (n)	Frequency (%)
Age group
00–14	2,493	1.4
15–24	14,752	8.2
25–34	57,240	32.0
35–44	60,352	33.8
45–54	31,174	17.4
55–64	9,935	5.6
>65	2,872	1.6
Clinical form
Pulmonar	118,338	66.0
Extrapulmonar	40,628	22.7
Pulmonary and extrapulmonary	20,094	11.3
Region of residence
North	14,186	8.0
Northeast	32,346	18.0
Southeast	82,831	46.2
South	41,671	23.3
Midwest	7,036	4.0
Area of residence
Urban	123,817	69.1
Rural	937	2.8
Ignored	50,264	28.1
Level of education
Incomplete 1st to 4th grade of ES	17,910	10.0
Complete 4th grade of ES	6,920	3.9
Incomplete 5th to 8th grade of ES	42,549	23.8
Complete Elementary School	8,935	5.0
Incomplete High School	18,799	10.5
Complete High school	10,758	6.0
Incomplete higher education	2,936	1.6
Complete higher education	4,781	2.7
Illiterate	5,526	3.1
Ignored	59,953	42.5
Sex
Men	127,063	71.0
Women	51,976	29.0
Ethnicity
White	56,574	31.6
Black	24,063	13.4
Asian	888	0.5
Mixed-race	60,898	34.0
Indigenous	501	0.3
Ignored	36,137	20.2
Undergoing DOT
Yes	36,523	20.4
No	59,838	33.4
Ignored	82,706	46.2
Closure status
Cure	82,357	46.0
Dropout	34,567	19.3
Death	36,080	20.1
Transfer	15,845	8.9
Ignored	10,218	5.7

Characteristics		Years	Period by inflection points				Full period
Characteristics		Years	APC	95%CI	p-value	Trend	AAPC	95%CI	p-value	Trend
TB-HIV incidence	Brazil	2001–2006	-0.6	-3.3; 2.0	0.608	Stable	0.0	-1.1; 1.1	0.973	Stable
		2006–2011	3.9^* * significant trend p<0.05.	0.3; 7.6	0.036	Increasing
		2011–2020	-1.7^* * significant trend p<0.05.	-2.7; -0.7	0.002	Decreasing
Regions of Brazil	North	2001–2014	10.8^* * significant trend p<0.05.	8.7; 12.9	<0.001	Increasing	7.1^* * significant trend p<0.05.	5.4; 8.9	<0.001	Increasing
	North	2014–2020	-0.5	-4.3; 3.4	0.776	Stable	7.1^* * significant trend p<0.05.	5.4; 8.9	<0.001	Increasing
	Northeast	2001–2011	11.1^* * significant trend p<0.05.	9.3; 13.0	<0.001	Increasing	6.0^* * significant trend p<0.05.	5.0; 7.1	<0.001	Increasing
	Northeast	2011–2020	0.6	-0.8; 2.0	0.359	Stable	6.0^* * significant trend p<0.05.	5.0; 7.1	<0.001	Increasing
	Midwest	2001–2009	6.6^* * significant trend p<0.05.	4.1; 9.2	<0.001	Increasing	2.8^* * significant trend p<0.05.	1.7; 4.0	<0.001	Increasing
	Midwest	2009–2020	0.2	-1.0; 1.4	0.739	Stable	2.8^* * significant trend p<0.05.	1.7; 4.0	<0.001	Increasing
	Southeast	2001–2020	-1.9^* * significant trend p<0.05.	-2.3; 1.5	<0.001	Decreasing	-	-	-	-
	South	2001–2013	1.9^* * significant trend p<0.05.	0.8; 2.9	<0.001	Increasing	-0.6	-1.6; 0.4	0.232	Stable
	South	2013–2020	-4.7^* * significant trend p<0.05.	-6.8; -2.5	<0.001	Decreasing	-0.6	-1.6; 0.4	0.232	Stable
Area of residence	Urban	2001–2020	1.5^* * significant trend p<0.05.	0.8; 2.3	<0.001	Increasing	-	-	-	-
	Rural	2001–2020	5.3^* * significant trend p<0.05.	3.8; 6.9	<0.001	Increasing	-	-	-	-
	Periurban	2001–2020	6.4^* * significant trend p<0.05.	3.2; 9.7	<0.001	Increasing	-	-	-	-
Sex	Men	2001–2014	1.3^* * significant trend p<0.05.	0.6; 2.1	<0.001	Increasing	0.3	-0.5; 1.1	0.483	Stable
	Men	2014–2020	-1.9	-4.2; 0.4	0.097	Stable	0.3	-0.5; 1.1	0.483	Stable
	Women	2001–2012	2.3^* * significant trend p<0.05.	1.4; 3.2	<0.001	Increasing	0.0	-0.7; 0.8	0.893	Stable
	Women	2012–2020	-3.0^* * significant trend p<0.05.	-4.3; -1.6	<0.001	Decreasing	0.0	-0.7; 0.8	0.893	Stable
Age group	0 to 14	2001–2020	-5.6^* * significant trend p<0.05.	-6.9; -4.3	<0.001	Decreasing	-	-	-	-
	15 to 24	2001–2020	1.2^* * significant trend p<0.05.	0.5; 1.9	0.003	Increasing	-	-	-	-
	25 to 34	2001–2020	-1.2^* * significant trend p<0.05.	-1.6; -0.7	<0.001	Decreasing	-	-	-	-
	35 to 44	2001–2020	0.3	-0.8; 0.3	<0.315	Stable	-	-	-	-
	45 to 54	2001–2020	2.8^* * significant trend p<0.05.	1.6; 3.9	<0.001	Increasing	-	-	-	-
	55 to 64	2001–2020	5.3^* * significant trend p<0.05.	4.2; 6.4	<0.001	Increasing	-	-	-	-
	65 or over	2001–2020	5.3^* * significant trend p<0.05.	4.3; 6.3	<0.001	Increasing	-	-	-	-
Closure status	Cure	2001–2008	11.3	-12.6; 41.6	0.361	Stable	2.8	-	0.361	Stable
	Cure	2008–2020	-1.8^* * significant trend p<0.05.	-11.4; 9.0	0.719	Stable	2.8		0.719	Stable
	Dropout	2001–2020	4.3^* * significant trend p<0.05.	-2.3; 11.2	< 0.001	Increasing	-	-	0.193	Stable
	Death	2001–2020	1.9	-4.3; 8.4	1	Stable	-	-	0.540	Stable

[1] CORRESPONDING AUTHOR: Shirley Verônica Melo Almeida Lima. Avenida Marechal Rondon, s/n, Jardim Rosa Elze, CEP: 49107230, São Cristóvão (SE), Brazil. E-mail: shirleymelo.lima@gmail.com.

Brasil

Brasil

Surveillance of TB-HIV coinfection in Brazil: a space-time approach

ABSTRACT

Objective

Methods:

Results:

Conclusion: