Association of child labor with risk and protective factors for Chronic Noncommunicable Diseases in Brazilian schoolchildren: National School Health Survey 2015

Ferreira, Alan Cristian Marinho; Silva, Alanna Gomes da; Gomes, Crizian Saar; Malta, Deborah Carvalho

doi:10.1590/1980-549720230012.supl.1

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Original Article • Rev. bras. Epidemiol. 26 (Suppl 1) • 2023 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-549720230012.supl.1 linkcopy

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Association of child labor with risk and protective factors for Chronic Noncommunicable Diseases in Brazilian schoolchildren: National School Health Survey 2015

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

Objective: To analyze the sociodemographic profile of adolescents working in Brazil and the association of child labor with risk and protection factors for Chronic Noncommunicable Diseases.

Methods: Cross-sectional study with data from sample 2 of the 2015 National School Health Survey (PeNSE). The variables gender, age, ethnicity/skin color, administrative dependence on school and maternal education, eating habits, physical activity and drug use were analyzed by prevalence and respective 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) and calculation of crude and adjusted Odds Ratio.

Results: A total of 10,926 students participated in the survey, of which 16.9% (95%CI 15.1–18.9) were currently working/employed. Child labor was higher among male adolescents (ORa: 1.82; 95%CI 1.55–2.15); aged between 16 and 17 years (ORa: 2.96; 95%CI 2.37–3.69); enrolled in public schools (ORa: 1.69; 95%CI 1.14–2.52); whose mothers had incomplete high school (ORa: 1.54; 95%CI 1.11–2.13); living in the South region of the country (ORa: 2.17; 95%CI 1.60–2.94). Adolescents who worked were more likely to smoke (ORa: 1.94; 95%CI 1.52–2.48); use alcohol (ORa: 2.01; 95%CI 1.71–2.36) and drugs (ORa: 1.76; 95%CI 1.35–2.31); perform physical activity (ORa: 1.24; 95%CI 1.07–1.44); consume sweets (ORa: 1.30; 95%CI 1.13–1.49), fried snacks (ORa: 1.41; 95%CI 1.15–1.74), and soft drinks (ORa: 1.23; 95%CI 1.06–1.44); however, they were less likely to present sedentary behavior (ORa: 0.68; 95%CI 0.59–0.79).

Conclusion: Child labor in Brazil is related to sociodemographic differences. Those who worked were more likely to show risk behaviors for NCDs, but they were more physically active.

Keywords: Child labor; Teenagers; Chronic non-communicable diseases; Risk factors; Protective factors

		Workers (%) (95%CI)	Crude OR (95%CI)	Adjusted OR^* * Adjusted OR: odds ratio adjusted for sex, age, administrative department of the school and region. Ref: reference group for the calculation crude and adjusted OR. (95%CI)
Total		16.7 (15.1–18.9)	-	-
Male		20.7 (18.4–23.2)	1.73 (1.47–2.04)	1.82 (1.55–2.15)
Female		13.1 (11.3–15.2)	Ref	Ref
Age group (years)
	13–15	11.1 (10.0–12.4)	Ref	Ref
	16–17	26.3 (22.5–30.5)	2.85 (2.28–3.55)	2.96 (2.37–3.69)
Ethnicity/Skin color
	White	18.4 (16.0–21.0)	Ref	Ref
	Brown	15.1 (13.4–17.00	0.79 (0.68–0.92)	0.92 (0.79–1.06)
	Black	19.0 (15.4–23.2)	1.04 (0.81–1.34)	1.10 (0.86–1.41)
	Others	16.8 (12.8–21.7)	0.90 (0.65–1.24)	1.08 (0.77–1.51)
School network
	Public	17.8 (15.8–19.9)	1.72 (1.09–2.71)	1.69 (1.14–2.52)
	Private	11.2 (7.6–16.1)	Ref	Ref
Mother's educational level
	Incomplete primary education	19.3 (16.4–22.7)	1.60 (1.19–2.16)	1.45 (1.05–2.01)
	Incomplete high school	20.4 (17.2–23.9)	1.71 (1.27–2.31)	1.54 (1.11–2.13)
	Incomplete higher education	17.7 (15.1–20.6)	1.43 (1.10–1.87)	1.26 (0.95–1.68)
	Complete higher education	13.0 (10.2–16.5)	Ref	Ref
	Does not know/not informed	13.9 (12.2–15.8)	1.08 (0.80–1.46)	1.17 (0.85–1.63)
Region
	North	14.5 (11.6–18.0)	Ref	Ref
	Northeast	12.7 (10.2–15.7)	0.85 (0.60–1.21)	0.83 (0.57–1.21)
	Southeast	16.6 (13.3–20.6)	1.17 (0.82–1.68)	1.18 (0.83–1.68)
	South	26.0 (22.2–30.3)	2.07 (1.52–2.83)	2.17 (1.60–2.94)
	Midwest	21.0 (17.4–25.3)	1.57 (1.13–2.18)	1.65 (1.18–2.30)

	Workers
	% No^a a: denominator used to calculate the odds ratio.; (95%CI)	% Yes^b b: numerator used to calculate the odds ratio; (95%CI)	Crude OR (95%CI)^a/b a/b: formula used to calculate the odds ratio;	Adjusted OR^* * Adjusted OR: odds ratio adjusted for sex, age, school network and region. (95%CI)
Cigarette use in the last 30 days	5.47 (4.8–6.22)	11.8 (9.9–14.1)	2.32 (1.84–2.92)	1.94 (1.52–2.48)
Alcohol intake in the last 30 days	25.9 (24.2–27.8)	45.9 (42.5–49.4)	2.43 (2.08–2.83)	2.01 (1.71–2.36)
Use of illicit drugs in the last 30 days	4.52 (3.9–5.24)	9.8 (8.0–11.9)	2.28 (1.77–2.94)	1.76 (1.35–2.31)
Physically active	18.8 (17.7–20.0)	24.1 (21.8–26.5)	1.37 (1.18–1.59)	1.24 (1.07–1.44)
Sedentary behavior	54.3 (52.2–56.4)	46.4 (43.2–49.5)	0.73 (0.63–0.84)	0.68 (0.59–0.79)
Regular consumption of fruits and vegetables	18.3 (16.9–19.8)	20.1 (17.2–23.3)	1.12 (0.91–1.38)	1.15 (0.93–1.43)
Regular consumption of sweets	39.8 (38.1–41.5)	44.4 (41.3–47.5)	1.21 (1.06–1.38)	1.30 (1.13–1.49)
Regular consumption of fried snacks	13.2 (12.1–14.4)	17.1 (14.9–19.7)	1.36 (1.12–1.64)	1.41 (1.15–1.74)
Regular consumption of soft drinks	26.4 (24.6–28.3)	31.5 (28.8–34.5)	1.29 (1.11–1.48)	1.23 (1.06–1.44)
Regular consumption of ultra-processed/industrialized foods	31.4 (29.5–33.5)	32.9 (29.9–33.5)	1.07 (0.90–1.26)	1.06 (0.90–1.25)

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[TFN1] ^*
Adjusted OR: odds ratio adjusted for sex, age, administrative department of the school and region. Ref: reference group for the calculation crude and adjusted OR.