Tentativas de suicídio na população adulta mexicana: uma análise de fatores sociodemográficos e associados

Davila-Cervantes, Claudio Alberto; Luna-Contreras, Marisol

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Revista Brasileira de Epidemiologia

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Sumário

Original Article • Rev. bras. Epidemiol. 27 • 2024 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-549720240014 copiar

Tentativas de suicídio na população adulta mexicana: uma análise de fatores sociodemográficos e associados

Autoria SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

RESUMO

Objetivo:

O suicídio é o resultado de um processo ou continuidade conhecido como comportamento suicida, que parte da ideação e planejamento até a tentativa. O objetivo foi estimar a prevalência de tentativa de suicídio na população adulta mexicana e analisar seus principais fatores associados.

Métodos:

Realizamos um estudo observacional, transversal e descritivo com informações da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde e Nutrição (2018). Na análise, foi utilizado o relato de tentativa de suicídio ao longo da vida. Analisamos a depressão, a obesidade, o tabagismo e o consumo de álcool como fatores associados à tentativa de suicídio, usando um modelo de regressão logística multivariada.

Resultados:

A prevalência de tentativas de suicídio em adultos foi de 2,0% (intervalo de confiança de 95% — IC95% 1,8-2,2); foi mais alta entre as mulheres (2,4%; IC95% 2,2–2,8) e entre os jovens (2,9%; IC95% 2,4–3,4). Baixa educação (odds ratio — OR=1.6; IC95% 1.2–2.2), estado civil solteiro (OR=1.3; IC95% 1.0–1.6), obesidade (OR=1.4; IC95% 1.1–1.8), consumo de álcool (OR=2.4; IC95% 1.7–3.4) ou tabaco (OR=1.8; IC95% 1.4–2.4) e sintomas fortes de depressão (OR=10.1; IC95% 6.2–16.3) estão associados a uma maior prevalência de tentativas de suicídio.

Conclusão:

Esses resultados ajudam a entender melhor o comportamento suicida no México e a identificar os fatores que aumentam a probabilidade de tentativas de suicídio, o que é essencial para ajudar a reduzir a mortalidade por essa causa. Esta pesquisa é crucial para o desenvolvimento de intervenções precoces e programas de prevenção com o objetivo de reduzir o ônus de saúde pública do suicídio.

Palavras-chave:
Suicídio; Tentativa de suicídio; México; Fatores associados; Adultos

Characteristics	Variables	Operationalization	Observations
Sociodemographic	Sex	0: Females	Based on self-reported at the time of the survey
	Sex	1: Males	Based on self-reported at the time of the survey
	Age (years)	0: 20–29	Based on self-reported at the time of the survey
		1: 30–39
		2: 40–49
		3: 50 or more
	Education	Never attended school or incomplete elementary school	Based on self-reported educational stage and grade at the time of the survey
		0: Never attended school or incomplete elementary school
		1: Completed elementary school
		2: Completed middle school
		3: Completed high school or higher
	Marital status	0: Single	Based on self-reported at the time of the survey
	Marital status	1: Married or cohabiting	Based on self-reported at the time of the survey
Associated factors	Obesity	0: No	Based on the answer to the question "Have a doctor/dietician/nutritionist ever told you that you have had or currently have obesity?"
	Obesity	1: Yes
	Tobacco smoking	0: No	Based on the answer to the question "Have you smoked at least 100 cigarettes (5 packs) of tobacco in your entire life?"
	Tobacco smoking	1: Yes
	Alcohol consumption	0: Have never consumed	Based on self-reported consumption in the last month
		1: Do not consume
		2: Do consume
	Depression symptoms	0: Without symptoms	Based on the responses from the depressive symptoms module of the survey.
		1: Mild or moderate symptoms
		3: Strong symptoms

Characteristics		n	%	95%CI
Sex
	Males	19,122	45.4	(44.7–46.1)
	Females	23,147	54.6	(53.9–55.4)
Age (years)
	20–29	8,686	23.6	(22.9–24.2)
	30–39	9,543	21.0	(20.4–21.6)
	40–49	8,723	20.0	(19.5–20.6)
	50 or more	15,317	35.4	(34.7–36.2)
Education
	Never attended school or incomplete elementary school	7,998	16.9	(16.3–17.4)
	Completed elementary school	7,447	17.6	(17.0–18.1)
	Completed middle school	12,613	29.1	(28.4–29.8)
	Completed high school or higher	14,211	36.5	(35.7–37.3)
Marital status
	Single	16,134	36.1	(35.4–36.8)
	Married or cohabiting	26,135	63.9	(63.2–64.6)
Obesity
	No	32,374	77.2	(76.5–77.8)
	Yes	9,895	22.9	(22.2–23.5)
Tobacco smoking
	No	30,278	71.8	(71.1–72.5)
	Yes	11,991	28.2	(27.5–28.9)
Alcohol consumption
	Have never consumed	14,767	36.6	(35.9–37.4)
	Do not consume	17,168	40.4	(39.6–41.2)
	Do consume	10,334	23.0	(22.3–23.6)
Depression symptoms
	Without symptoms	18,272	44.9	(44.1–45.7)
	Mild or moderate symptoms	16,609	38.8	(38.1–39.6)
	Strong symptoms	7,388	16.3	(15.7–16.8)

Characteristics		n	%	95%CI
Sex^* * Significance of the χ2 independence test: p-value<0.05
	Males	290	1.4	(1.1– 1.6)
	Females	605	2.4	(2.2–2.8)
Age (years)^† † p-value<0.0001
	20–29	267	2.9	(2.4–3.4)
	30–39	214	1.9	(1.6–2.3)
	40–49	195	2.0	(1.6–2.5)
	50 or above	219	1.3	(1.1–1.6)
Education^‡ ‡ p-value<0.01.
	Never attended school or incomplete elementary school	145	1.6	(1.3–2.1)
	Completed elementary school	184	2.2	(1.8–2.6)
	Completed middle school	318	2.5	(2.1–3.0)
	Completed high school or higher	248	1.6	(1.3–1.9)
Marital status^† † p-value<0.0001
	Single	455	2.5	(2.1–2.8)
	Married or cohabiting	440	1.7	(1.4–1.9)
Obesity^† † p-value<0.0001
	No	602	1.7	(1.5–1.9)
	Yes	293	2.9	(2.4–3.4)
Tobacco smoking^† † p-value<0.0001
	No	523	1.6	(1.4–1.8)
	Yes	371	2.9	(2.5–3.3)
Alcohol consumption^† † p-value<0.0001
	Have never consumed	204	1.2	(1.0–1.5)
	Do not consume	414	2.2	(1.9–2.5)
	Do consume	264	2.7	(2.2–3.3)
Depression symptoms^† † p-value<0.0001
	Without symptoms	143	0.8	(0.6–1.0)
	Mild or moderate symptoms	311	1.7	(1.4–2.0)
	Strong symptoms	441	5.8	(5.1–6.7)

Characteristics		OR	95%CI
Sex
	Males^* * Reference category
	Females	3.6^† † p-value<0.000	(2.1–6.1)
Age (years)
	20–29	2.8^† † p-value<0.000	(1.9–4.0)
	30–39	1.7^‡ ‡ p-value<0.01	(1.2–2.4)
	40–49	1.7^† † p-value<0.000	(1.2–2.5)
	50 or above†
Education
	Never attended school or incomplete elementary school	1.4	(0.9–2.1)
	Completed elementary school	1.6^† † p-value<0.000	(1.2–2.2)
	Completed middle school	1.6^† † p-value<0.000	(1.2–2.1)
	Completed high school or higher^* * Reference category
Marital status
	Single	1.3^§ § p-value<0.05.	(1–1.6)
	Married or cohabiting^* * Reference category
Obesity
	No^* * Reference category
	Yes	1.4^‡ ‡ p-value<0.01	(1.1–1.8)
Tobacco smoking
	No^* * Reference category
	Yes	1.8^† † p-value<0.000	(1.4–2.4)
Alcohol consumption
	Have never consumed^* * Reference category
	Do not consume	1.9^† † p-value<0.000	(1.5–2.6)
	Do consume	2.4^† † p-value<0.000	(1.7–3.4)
Depression symptoms
	Without symptoms^* * Reference category
	Mild or moderate symptoms	2.9^† † p-value<0.000	(1.8–4.7)
	Strong symptoms	10.1^† † p-value<0.000	(6.2–16.3)
Sex and depression symptoms
	Male without symptoms^* * Reference category
	Female with mild or moderate symptoms	0.51^§ § p-value<0.05.	(0.3–1)
	Female with strong symptoms	0.54^§ § p-value<0.05.	(0.3–1)

Characteristics			Probability (%)	Marginal effect (%)
Sex		Males	0.6^* * p-value<0.0001
Sex		Females	1.6^* * p-value<0.0001	1.0^* * p-value<0.0001
Depression symptoms		Without symptoms	0.6^* * p-value<0.0001
		Mild or moderate symptoms	1.2^* * p-value<0.0001	0.6^* * p-value<0.0001
		Strong symptoms	4.2^* * p-value<0.0001	3.6^* * p-value<0.0001
Sex and depression symptoms
	Without symptoms	Males^† † Reference category	0.3^* * p-value<0.0001
	Without symptoms	Females	1.1^* * p-value<0.0001	0.8^* * p-value<0.0001
	Mild or moderate symptoms	Males^† † Reference category	1.1^* * p-value<0.0001
	Mild or moderate symptoms	Females	1.6^* * p-value<0.0001	0.7^‡ ‡ p-value<0.01.
	Strong symptoms	Males^† † Reference category	2.9^* * p-value<0.0001
	Strong symptoms	Females	5.6^* * p-value<0.0001	2.7^* * p-value<0.0001

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[1] CORRESPONDING AUTHOR: Marisol Luna-Contreras. Carretera al Ajusco 377, Colonia Héroes de Padierna, C.P. 14200, Tlalpan, Ciudad de México, México. E-mail: msluna@flacso.edu.mx